The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the principal international body for addressing threats to international peace and security, empowered by Article 39 of the UN Charter to determine and respond to such threats. Existing research on the argumentation in the UNSC has often focused either on single topics or on the occurrence of topics in resolutions and statements in isolation. However, this approach tends to overlook the nuances of the content and the basis of arguments. This article introduces a new dataset capturing the argumentation of UNSC members on threats and norm violations made in explanations of votes and in UNSC resolutions. The dataset spans the period of 1989–2019, offering insights into the evolving scope of what constitutes threats to international peace and security. Our analysis reveals significant temporal variation in the frequency and nature of threats and norm violations discussed, highlighting increased contestation among Council members since 2015. An application of the dataset demonstrates that wealthier, democratic states prioritize human rights and violence against women, while permanent members, especially the United States and Russia, emphasize terrorism. This dataset can contribute to understanding the dynamics of UNSC deliberations and allows researchers to explore crucial topics such as the level and nature of contestation and the decision-making capacity of international organizations.

Lagkommentar till 2 kap. Brottsbalken som bl.a. omfattar regler om jurisdiktion, immunitet och åtalsförordnande

Commentary to chapter 2 of the Swedish Penal Code which, inter alia, includes rules on jurisdiction, immunities and authorisation to prosecute. 

This section deals with collection and processing of personal data for law enforcement purposes and intelligence operations according to different stages of an information life cycle. The text focus on special problems and challenges whereof some are illustrated in two case studies: police registers on Roma and women.

Staten har som en av sina kärnuppgifter att värna nationell säkerhet och fysiskt skydda sina medborgare. Potentiella hot mot dessa intressen manifesteras inte enbart i form av brottslighet utan kan även handla om andra aktörers agerande inom områden som rör ekonomisk utveckling, politiskt oberoende och militär säkerhet. För att möta dessa hot inhämtar stater information som innehåller personuppgifter, och dessa uppgifter blir i allt högre utsträckning föremål för automatiserad databehandling.

Texten beskriver informationsbehandling inom brottsbekämpning och underrättelseverksamhet i form av i en informationslivscykel. Därefter behandlas följande problem och utmaningar särskilt: teknikneutral lagstiftning; ändamål som styrmedel för behandling av information och personuppgiftsbehandling; prevention jämfört med reaktion; tidpunkter för och gradering av integritetsintrång; och kontrollfunktioner. Avslutningsvis presenteras två fallstudier beträffande det s.k. "Romregistret" och det s.k. "Kvinnoregistret".

These two sections deal with privacy protection, in particular against surveillance and concering personal data under the European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Dessa två avsnitt beskriver skyddet för privatliv, särskilt gentemot övervakning och avseende personuppgifter enligt Europakonventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och Europeiska unionens stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna.

The United Nations (UN) Security Council has expanded its understanding of threats to the peace with varying support from states. Some members of the Council have simultaneously sought to temper this development, both by providing caveats in the text of resolutions and by making statements when adopting the resolutions. This article examines how the Security Council and its members have justified their positions and actions in situations that may constitute threats to the peace. Existing scholarship has covered conceptual matters relating to Chapters VI and VII of the UN Charter, often illustrated with selected incidents. The contribution of this study is a systematic empirical analysis of how references to threats to the peace have evolved at and within the UN Security Council 1989–2019. The study combines broad quantitative analysis with qualitative case studies illustrating both the expansion of the Council’s perception of threats and the attempts by some states to temper this expansion.

This is a book review of Yuji Iwasawa, Domestic Application of International Law: Focusing on Direct Applicability, Brill | Nijhoff, 2022. Iwasawa compellingly explains why the question of direct applicability is important and why this matter deserves more attention. He simultaneously gives a comprehensive account of the area while making a forceful argument on how to theoretically and practically approach questions where there is still disagreement. In addition, and acknowledging that the question of domestic application of international law is vast, Iwasawa’s book provides a highly suitable framework for future research.

Assessment of evidence is necessary for any international criminal tribunal or court at various stages of the proceedings, including when issuing arrest warrants, confirming charges, determining the admissibility of evidence, and when determining whether the defendant is guilty during the final deliberations. This in the entry Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law focuses on the assessment of evidence in the later sense, ie when determining whether the defendant is guilty during the final deliberations.

Regulation of military AI may take place in three ways. First, existing rules and principles in IHL is already or could be extended via reinterpretation to apply to military AI; second, new AI regulation may appear via “add-ons” to existing rules, finally, regulation of military AI may appear as a completely new framework, either through new state behavior that results in customary international law or through a new legal act or treaty. By introducing this typology, one may identify possible manners of regulation that are presently under-researched and/or ignored, for example how Rules of Engagement (ROE) may be a way to control the use of military AI. Expanding on existing scholarship, the articles discusses how military AI may operate under different forms of military command and control systems, how regulation of military AI is not only a question of “means” but also “methods” of warfare and how the doctrine of supervisory responsibility may go beyond the doctrine of command responsibility. In the case that fully-automated Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are available and considered for use, it is suggested that their use should be prohibited in densely populated areas following the same logic as incendiary weapons. Further, one could introduce certain export restrictions on fully-automated laws to prevent proliferation to non-state actors and rogue states.

What explains why the United Nations Security Council meets and deliberates on some armed conflicts but not others? We advance a theoretical argument centred on the role of conflict externalities, state interests and interest heterogeneity. We investigate data on the Security Council's deliberation on armed conflicts in the 1989–2019 period and make three key findings: (1) conflicts that generate substantive military or civilian deaths are more likely to attract the Security Council's attention; (2) permanent members are varyingly likely to involve the Security Council when their interests are at stake; and (3) in contrast to the conventional wisdom, conflicts over which members have divergent interests are more likely to enter the agenda than other conflicts. The findings have important implications for debates about the Security Council's attention, responsiveness to problems and role in world politics.

Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a technological upheaval with the potential to change human society. Because of its transformative potential, AI is increasingly becoming subject to regulatory initiatives at the global level. Yet, so far, scholarship in political science and international relations has focused more on AI applications than on the emerging architecture of global AI regulation. The purpose of this article is to outline an agenda for research into the global governance of AI. The article distinguishes between two broad perspectives: an empirical approach, aimed at mapping and explaining global AI governance; and a normative approach, aimed at developing and applying standards for appropriate global AI governance. The two approaches offer questions, concepts, and theories that are helpful in gaining an understanding of the emerging global governance of AI. Conversely, exploring AI as a regulatory issue offers a critical opportunity to refine existing general approaches to the study of global governance.

La inteligencia artificial (IA) representa una revolución tecnológica que tiene el potencial de poder cambiar la sociedad humana. Debido a este potencial transformador, la IA está cada vez más sujeta a iniciativas reguladoras a nivel global. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, el mundo académico en el área de las ciencias políticas y las relaciones internacionales se ha centrado más en las aplicaciones de la IA que en la arquitectura emergente de la regulación global en materia de IA. El propósito de este artículo es esbozar una agenda para la investigación sobre la gobernanza global en materia de IA. El artículo distingue entre dos amplias perspectivas: por un lado, un enfoque empírico, destinado a mapear y explicar la gobernanza global en materia de IA y, por otro lado, un enfoque normativo, destinado a desarrollar y a aplicar normas para una gobernanza global adecuada de la IA. Los dos enfoques ofrecen preguntas, conceptos y teorías que resultan útiles para comprender la gobernanza global emergente en materia de IA. Por el contrario, el hecho de estudiar la IA como si fuese una cuestión reguladora nos ofrece una oportunidad de gran relevancia para poder perfeccionar los enfoques generales existentes en el estudio de la gobernanza global.

L'intelligence artificielle (IA) constitue un bouleversement technologique qui pourrait bien changer la société humaine. À cause de son potentiel transformateur, l'IA fait de plus en plus l'objet d'initiatives réglementaires au niveau mondial. Pourtant, jusqu'ici, les chercheurs en sciences politiques et relations internationales se sont davantage concentrés sur les applications de l'IA que sur l’émergence de l'architecture de la réglementation mondiale de l'IA. Cet article vise à exposer les grandes lignes d'un programme de recherche sur la gouvernance mondiale de l'IA. Il fait la distinction entre deux perspectives larges : une approche empirique, qui vise à représenter et expliquer la gouvernance mondiale de l'IA; et une approche normative, qui vise à mettre au point et appliquer les normes d'une gouvernance mondiale de l'IA adéquate. Les deux approches proposent des questions, des concepts et des théories qui permettent de mieux comprendre l’émergence de la gouvernance mondiale de l'IA. À l'inverse, envisager l'IA telle une problématique réglementaire présente une opportunité critique d'affiner les approches générales existantes de l’étude de la gouvernance mondiale.