Open this publication in new window or tab >>2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]
The aim of this presentation is to discuss how models used in social studies teaching can help students grasp the complexity and changeability in economic issues and systems in the context of social science education (SSE). Models are often used in SSE teaching to help students grasp complexity and changeability. However, students often find models difficult to understand and there is a risk that seemingly fixed models do not offer an understanding of the changeability in societal issues. The project investigates students’ conceptions of two different models that are commonly used in SSE (one flowchart and one plot diagram) and what aspects need to be discerned in order for students to reason in a qualified way about the content illustrated. Results from a phenomenographic analysis of 21 group discussions (with students from both compulsory and upper secondary school) show that the critical aspects identified in part can be understood as model and content specific, but in part as model generic. By comparing the critical aspects for the two different models, it is evident that in order to read both models, aspects pertaining to structure, casual expansion, and human agency are important.
Extended summary
In teaching social studies, helping students to understand social issues and systems related to economics is central. Many of those socio-economics issues and systems are characterised by complex relations and changeability and are thus not always easy for students to grasp. Examples of such systems and issues are the “socio-economic cycle” of economic relations between households, companies, state and finance institutions, as well as the issue of how and why a country’s GDP is related to its emissions of carbon dioxide. One common way of helping students to grasp the complex relations and the changeability involved in such socioeconomic systems and issues, is to use visual models. However, even though there seems to be a great potential in using visual models when helping students to grasp economic relations in social science, teacher experience as well as earlier research also indicate that there are several challenges involved when such models are used. One such challenge seems to be that dynamic and complex systems and processes are simplified and therefore easily misunderstood when presented as a statically drawn visual representation (Cohn et al., 2001; Davies & Mangan, 2013; Wheat 2007a). A key challenge here seems to be that a two-dimensional graphical representation cannot simultaneously visualise interaction of several variables within the same graphical space and this limits the complexity that can be visualised (Ruiz Estrada, 2012; Reingewertz, 2013). Another challenge is the risk of the model discouraging a deeper thinking about the inner workings of the model and the phenomena behind it (Colander, 1995). Identifying challenges with visual representations used in economics teaching is important. However, this research needs to be complemented with research identifying what teaching needs to focus upon in order for those visual models to function as a support in qualifying students’ reasoning and understanding of the issue or system illustrated. This study aims at doing just that.
The presentation is based on a project aiming at identifying students’ understanding of two kinds of models (flowcharts and plot diagrams) frequently used in social studies teaching. The project also aims at identifying what students need to discern in order to develop the ability to reason in a qualified way about the content represented by a model, and thus what needs to be focused upon in teaching when those models are used. The material analysed for this presentation consists of 21 recorded and transcribed small group discussions from students in year 6 and 8 in compulsory school and year 1 in upper secondary school. In the material, the students discuss a question that concerns either a flowchart of the socio-economic cycle or a plot diagram illustrating the relationship between different countries’ GDP and level of CO2 emissions. The transcribed material was analysed using phenomenographic methods, and critical aspects were identified for the two different models investigated (Marton, 2015). Critical aspects could be described as aspects of a powerful conception of a phenomenon, that are necessary for learners to discern in order to experience the phenomenon in this powerful way. In this project, the aim was thus to describe how powerful conceptions of the two models investigated distinguished themselves from less powerful conceptions of the same models.
Results show that in order for students to qualify their reasoning about the socio-economic system with the help of the socio-economic cycle model, it is crucial that they discern the changeability and complexity in the relations illustrated in the flowchart. More specifically, what is needed to be discerned by the students in relation to the socio-economic cycle, and thus what needs to be focused upon in teaching when using this model, is i) the wholeness of the model, ii) the reciprocity of in the relationships visualised and iii) the openness of the model and thus also of the system itself. Aspects of changeability and complexity were central also in relation to students’ understanding of the plot diagram illustrating the relation between different countries’ GDP and level of CO2 emissions. Aspects that were identified as important for students to discern in order to qualify their reasoning about the economic/societal issue at hand were i) the general pattern between the two factors in the diagram, ii) the existence of outliers (thus understanding that the pattern is general, not consistent, iii) the fact that the pattern can be explained by other societal and economic factors, and iv) the fact that the pattern could be changed by changed human behaviour.
By comparing the critical aspects for the two different models, it is evident that in order to read both models, aspects pertaining to structure, casual expansion, and human agency are important.
In sum, the results suggest that in order for visual models to be helpful in teaching about economic issues and systems, it is vital that students understand visual representations such as plot charts and flow charts, as representations of dynamic socio-economic issues or systems, that are possible to change.
Keywords
Visual representations, graphs, charts, economic education/ social science education
National Category
Didactics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-231623 (URN)
Conference
EARLI Conference for Research on Learning and Instruction: Education as a Hope in Uncertain Times, Thesaloniki, Grekland, augusti 22-26, 2023
2024-06-252024-06-252024-06-27Bibliographically approved