Food is at the core of cultural identity, fundamental for survival, yet intrinsically linked to culture. To study activities related to food is, therefore, in effect a way to study cultural practices and cultural differences. This chapter approaches Mesolithic food and diet through the concept of châine opératoire, which is a valuable tool to move beyond simple facts on what foodstuffs were eaten, or what resources were utilized, and instead consider the full spectrum of food practices during the Mesolithic. It is a structured way to describe the mental processes and actions involved in transforming environmental resources into foods, their consumption, and subsequent disposal. These activities require extensive knowledge, technology, and skills, all of which are culturally transmitted. Therefore, they are not only of great archaeological relevance, but they also potentially leave traces in the archaeological record, which can be studied by various approaches. Through a survey of the literature, this chapter provides examples of various Mesolithic food practices throughout Europe, and how these can be detected and interpreted. In addition, it presents a case study of the diverse Mesolithic diets in the Circum-Baltic area as evidenced by stable isotope analysis.

The archaeological record of the mid-1st millennium AD in Lithuania reveals marked changes in culture and influences from various regions of Europe, which are typically attributed to immigration. To assess the immigration hypothesis and mobility, we carried out 87Sr/86Sr analysis on human teeth (n = 40) from 11 cemeteries. Samples were selected to evaluate the two supposed directions of immigration as well as mobility, both for individuals of different sexes and between different social groups. Even though 12 (30%) individuals were identified as non-locals, it is impossible to determine whether these individuals originated from other regions in Lithuania or from more distant regions due to the overlap of 87Sr/86Sr baseline values. However, our results allowed us to dismiss the areas of origin that dominate in the archaeological debates, viz., Southeastern and Central Europe. The majority of non-local individuals were identified in Western and Central Lithuania, indicating that this region was characterised by a different mobility structure than that of Southern and Eastern Lithuania. There were no differences in mobility between males and females or between social groups. The identified mobility patterns most likely reflect established models of social behaviour rather than sudden transformations.

The middle of the first millennium AD in Sweden witnessed significant changes in the archaeological record, prompting various discussions about the underlying causes. This paper reviews the research developments surrounding the global climate cooling, which was caused by severe volcanic eruptions in AD 536/540 and is referred to as the Late Antique Little Ice Age or Fimbulwinter, and its potential impacts, with a specific focus on Swedish Iron Age societies, drawing upon published climatic and archaeological data. Furthermore, it discusses the research gaps that impede a comprehensive understanding of the potential relationship between the AD 536/540 event and socioeconomic changes in Iron Age Sweden. Additionally, it suggests that isotopic analysis will offer additional insights and help bridge the research gap.

The now-extinct harp seal population that inhabited the Baltic Sea from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age is an enigma. It occurred outside the species' contemporary Arctic range, likely deviated from typical harp seal migratory behaviour, and experienced body size reductions and dramatic population fluctuations leading up to its extinction. Here we use ancient DNA analyses to shed more light on the evolutionary history of the Baltic Sea harp seal population, including its origin, timing of colonisation, diversity and factors contributing to its demise. We generated 49 ancient Baltic and eight ancient Arctic harp seal mitogenomes, which we analysed together with 53 contemporary Arctic harp seal mitogenomes. We detected limited phylogeographic resolution among ancient and contemporary populations, which we interpret as a late Pleistocene range expansion from a common refugial population with subsequent gene flow. Ancient Baltic harp seals were significantly genetically differentiated from contemporary harp seal populations and retained their own genetic composition throughout time. The genetic diversity of Baltic harp seals decreased over time, yet was comparable to that of contemporary populations. This suggests that Baltic harp seals formed a distinct breeding population, which may occasionally have received immigrants from the Arctic but was itself confined in the Baltic Sea until the end. We hypothesise that loss of genetic diversity and the ultimate extinction of the Baltic harp seal population was a consequence of population fluctuations caused by climatic change, reduced salinity and biological productivity, and periodic intense human harvest.

The trophic structures of tundra ecosystems are often viewed as a result of local terrestrial primary productivity. However, other resources can be brought in through long-distant migrants or be directly accessible in coastal areas. Hence, trophic structures may deviate from predictions based on local terrestrial resources. The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is a small canid that may use marine resources when available. We used stable isotope values in Arctic fox fur and literature data on potential prey to evaluate Arctic fox summer resource use in a mountain tundra without coastal access. The dietary contribution of local prey, presumably mostly rodents, declined with declining rodent abundance, with a subsequent increased contribution of migratory prey relying on marine resources. Stable isotope values did not differ between this terrestrial area and an area with direct coastal access during years of high rodent abundance, but isotope values during low rodent abundances suggested less marine input than in a coastal population feeding primarily on marine prey. Our study shows that marine resources may be used by animals in areas without any coastal access, and we highlight that such partial coupling of ecosystems must be included in the modeling and assessments of tundra environments.

In 1953 a human skeleton and a set of tools made from antler, bone, bronze, stone and wood was found embedded in marine clay under a former inlet of Lake Mälaren at Granhammar in Västra Ryd parish, Uppland province, Sweden. Andreas Oldeberg and Nils-Gustaf Gejvall published the find in 1959, and for half a century it did not see continued study.

This paper reports on a comprehensive series of re-studies and laboratory analyses of the skeleton and the artefact finds. Among the results are an unambiguous date by multiple methods in the late 800s cal BC, i.  e. late Period V in Montelius’ chronology. Inferences are made about the individual’s geographical origin, diet and main occupation. Comparisons are made with the victims of mass violence from Tollense Valley in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

In a time and place where almost every dead person was cremated and no human remains were buried under anything but the strictest ritualised circumstances, Granhammar Man offers something unique and valuable. He was killed in combat far from home and sank to the sea floor with his leather-working equipment.

1953 wurden in Granhammar in der Gemeinde Västra Ryd in der schwedischen Provinz Uppland ein menschliches Skelett und eine Reihe von Werkzeugen aus Geweih, Knochen, Bronze, Stein und Holz in marinem Lehm eingebettet unter einem ehemaligen Inlet des Mälarsees gefunden. Andreas Oldeberg und Nils-Gustaf Gejvall veröffentlichten den Fund 1959, ein halbes Jahrhundert lang wurde der Befund jedoch nicht weiter untersucht.

Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über eine umfassende Reihe von erneuten Untersuchungen und Laboranalysen des Skeletts und der Artefaktfunde. Zu den Ergebnissen gehört eine eindeutige Datierung mit mehreren Methoden in die späten 800er Jahre des vorchristlichen Zeitalters, d.  h. in die späte Periode V der Chronologie nach Oscar Montelius. Es werden Rückschlüsse auf die geografische Herkunft, die Ernährung und die Haupttätigkeit der Person gezogen, außerdem Vergleiche mit den Opfern der Massengewalt aus dem Tollensetal in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern gezogen.

In einer Zeit und an einem Ort, zu der nahezu jeder Tote eingeäschert wurde und menschliche Überreste nur unter strengsten rituellen Bedingungen bestattet wurden, bietet der Granhammar-Mann etwas Einzigartiges und Wertvolles. Er wurde fern der Heimat im Kampf getötet und sank mitsamt seiner Ausrüstung zur Lederverarbeitung auf den Meeresgrund.

I Blekinge skärgård vid Stora Ekön ligger på knappt tio meters djup vraket efter den danske unionskungen Hans skepp. Fartyget som av sin samtid kallades Gripen och även vid några tillfällen Griphund förliste år 1495 efter en brand ombord när hon låg för ankar. 

Södertörns högskola har bedrivit marinarkeologiska undersökningar på platsen sedan 2013 och denna rapport redogör för fortsatt dokumentation av vraket under 2023 tillsammans med Stockholms universitet. Huvudsyftet med insatsen var att studera överbyggnaden på skeppet för att förstå hur fartyget fungerade i strid med speciellt fokus på knektarnas roll ombord och deras samspel med den befintliga vapenteknologin.

Rapporten innehåller även en omfattande analys av tidigare bärgade delar från ringvävnadsplagg samt synpunkter på vrakets bevarandestatus. Gripen/Griphund utgör som skeppskonstruktion samt med vapnen och föremålen ombord ett unikt exempel på ett kungligt skepp från slutet av medeltiden. Det är en representant för de nya kravellbyggda skepp som tillsammans med sina furstar var med och bidrog till den tidigmoderna samhällsförändringen.

With the Neolithic transition, human lifestyle shifted from hunting and gathering to farming. This change altered subsistence patterns, cultural expression, and population structures as shown by the archaeological/zooarchaeological record, as well as by stable isotope and ancient DNA data. Here, we used metagenomic data to analyse if the transitions also impacted the microbiome composition in 25 Mesolithic and Neolithic hunter-gatherers and 13 Neolithic farmers from several Scandinavian Stone Age cultural contexts. Salmonella enterica, a bacterium that may have been the cause of death for the infected individuals, was found in two Neolithic samples from Battle Axe culture contexts. Several species of the bacterial genus Yersinia were found in Neolithic individuals from Funnel Beaker culture contexts as well as from later Neolithic context. Transmission of e.g. Y. enterocolitica may have been facilitated by the denser populations in agricultural contexts.

We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.