Digital twin systems can benefit from the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for providing for example some predictive capabilities or supporting internal decision-making. As AI algorithms are often opaque, it becomes necessary to explain their decisions to a human operator working with the digital twin. In this study, we investigate the integration of explainable AI techniques with digital twins, which we termed XAI-DT system. We define the concept of XAI-DT system and provide a use case in smart buildings, where explainable AI is used to forecast CO₂ concentration. Further, we present a core architectural model for our digital twin, outlining its interaction with the smart building and its internal processing. We evaluate five AI algorithms and compare their explainability for the operator and the entire digital twin model based on standard explainability properties from the literature.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 17th IFIP Working Conference on the Practice of Enterprise Modeling, PoEM 2024, which took place in Stockholm, Sweden, during December 3-5, 2024.

PoEM offers a forum for sharing experiences and knowledge between the academic community and practitioners from industry and the public sector. This year the theme of the conference is Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0.

The 17 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 48 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named as follows: Enterprise modeling for digital transformation and industry applications; advances in enterprise modelling techniques; process mining and business process analysis; security, compliance, and configuration in enterprise modeling.

In contrast to traditional business models, Digital Business Ecosystems (DBE) have several distinctive features - heterogeneity of involved actors, symbiosis in the exchange of resources, co-evolution of their interactions, and self-organisation. Designing DBEs is a task demanding a well-defined DBE’s scope, roles and responsibilities of the actors, their interactions and dependencies, as well as versatile technologies and data. The study focuses on two DBEs – Marispace-X and Skippo in the maritime domain to capture the tenets of the blue economy with dataspaces. Because the design approaches to DBE are scarce due to the paradigm’s novelty, the study aims to evaluate a model-based design method, DBEmap. The evaluation results concerning practitioners’ perceived usefulness of the DBEmap and its support for integrating DBE-related perspectives and designing and managing DBE resilience are presented.

The business world is nowadays characterized by complexity due to rapidly evolving market and customer requirements. As a consequence, software providers are facing the challenge of delivering products with higher pace and innovation. The agile methodology has a big impact on how software systems are developed - it should facilitate business value in short iterations. Requirements are the base of all software systems, and consequently, Requirements Engineering (RE) plays one of the most important roles in system development. Traditional elicitation techniques relying on stakeholders’ requests do not cover the increasing demands for considering unintended data from organisations' related digital sources, internal (transaction logs, sensors) or external (e.g., microblogs), amplifying thus the need for the elicitation of data-driven requirements. This study proposes a process that combines data-driven and traditional RE approaches for Agile software development, and specifically for the Scrum method. The process intends to assist Agile professionals to elicit requirements from digital sources in combination with intended data derived from the stakeholders without impacting the main Agile practices. The motivation for the research origins from the case studies carried in few companies having the challenge to include data-driven requirements into their Agile approaches. The usage of the proposal is illustrated on an enterprise software case, while several Scrum professionals were interviewed to evaluate its correctness and importance.

Artificial intelligence and digital twins have become more popular in recent years and have seen usage across different application domains for various scenarios. This study reviews the literature at the intersection of the two fields, where digital twins integrate an artificial intelligence component. We follow a systematic literature review approach, analyzing a total of 149 related studies. In the assessed literature, a variety of problems are approached with an artificial intelligence-integrated digital twin, demonstrating its applicability across different fields. Our findings indicate that there is a lack of in-depth modeling approaches regarding the digital twin, while many articles focus on the implementation and testing of the artificial intelligence component. The majority of publications do not demonstrate a virtual-to-physical connection between the digital twin and the real-world system. Further, only a small portion of studies base their digital twin on real-time data from a physical system, implementing a physical-to-virtual connection.

In military operations, the integration of emerging technologies into Command- and Control systems (C2-systems) presents anurgent issue. The introduction of potentially disruptive technologies such as AI, machine learning, and unmanned systems has thepotential to significantly enhance operational efficiency. However, such technologies come with ethical dilemmas and challengesconcerning their integration into C2-capability containing legacy doctrinal and organizational components. This paper is part of aresearch project following the Design Science research (DSR) process. The main goal of the research project is to develop aconceptual framework, with models and methods, that can help designers and commanders in assessing and understanding C2-systems from a socio-technical perspective. It also aims to provide insights into how individual subsystems influence the SoS as awhole. In previous articles, the authors have discussed the challenges associated with integrating new technology into military C2-systems. This paper further elaborates on findings indicating the need to shift focus from optimizing individual components orsubsystemsto considering the entire, large, and complex system (aka System of Systems, SoS). This shift highlights a comprehensiveand holistic approach which is crucial for ensuring that C2-systems are effective, precise, and adaptable to changing conditions andrequirements. However, currently there is a gap in existing research and methodologies that can explain and predict the dynamicsbetween information systems, methods, processes, and organizational development in a SoS. To bridge this gap, it is necessary toadjust the existing frameworks for capability development to adopt a broader, more adaptable, and exhaustive scope. Additionally,a socio-technical focus in system development would facilitate a deeper understanding of the interdependencies betweenorganization, processes, and technical system evolution. Previous surveys, conducted as interviews of stakeholders, identified arefined perception of the challenges encountered within specified domains, such as, operational and development. Thestakeholders' needs were analyzed and modeled as goals for the envisioned framework. The stakeholders communicated how anadjusted framework of methods should function to tackle the challenges with the emerging technologies. By employing DSR andEnterprise Modeling, this paper proposes (i) a concepts model that outlines the principles and the overarching construction of a C2-system. This concepts model provides the foundations to goal modeling ensuring coherence and interoperability among differentmodels. We also propose (ii) a goal model for C2-systems representing the objectives for what the envisioned framework needs toaccomplish. The study results indicate that the framework is to be useful in systematically identifying and aligning the goals of anartifact with the overarching objectives, i.e., for designing military C2-systems and understanding the integration of thetechnologies. This research project contributes to ongoing research on military innovation, offering insights into the systemicchallenges and opportunities that new technologies present within the complex ecosystem of military operations.

Digital technologies enable novel models of social and business interactions, where trust becomes a critical design consideration. A thorough analysis of trust issues and their implications at different enterprise levels, including strategies, processes and technological solutions, becomes an imperative part of socio-technical systems design. In this study we examine trust issues that emerge among the actors of a Digital Business Ecosystems (DBE) which, if not properly addressed, can jeopardize DBE functioning and resilience. An explicit mapping between the generic DBE roles and the social factors of trustworthiness is the main contribution of this work. We demonstrate how this mapping is used in the analysis of trust issues in the context of a Higher Education Alliance DBE. This analysis leads to the identification of explicit trustworthiness requirements that can guide (re)design of DBE strategies, processes and technical platforms.

In the current digital era, technology plays a crucial role in facilitating diverse interactions that are essential for pupil engagement in the learning process. This article delves into the perspectives of secondary school teachers regarding the active participation of pupils in school activities through the utilization of digital technologies. The concept of participation is approached from two dimensions: passive presence and active involvement, with a specific focus on the latter, emphasizing active engagement. The study centers on the application of digital resources in Swedish grades 7–9 to promote pupil participation and enhance the learning experience. We examine the use, effectiveness, and areas requiring improvement of existing digital resources. Drawing from prior workshops involving teachers, we aim to elucidate educators’ viewpoints on the role of technology in enhancing pupil participation. Grounded in the Garrison and Andersson’s theoretical framework, the study advances the comprehension of the interactions necessary to foster an effective learning environment, as perceived by educators. The results derived from the thematic analysis yield four themes: 1) Interaction between teacher and pupil, 2) Interaction between pupil and content, 3) Interaction between pupil and pupil and 4) Extended interaction. The study concludes by outlining a set of guidelines in how digital resources can support pupil participation as the response to identified challenges.