This chapter summarizes the state of the art for the specific phobias, bringing both updates and discussion on the preliminary recommendations put forward to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) work group. It discusses diagnostic criteria for specific phobia, and two important issues: how we might categorize dental phobia and test anxiety, and the boundary between specific phobia and agoraphobia. It also highlights clinical features (e.g., age of onset, gender, focus of fear, neurobiology and physiology, comorbidity, impairment, risk factors, and treatment response) of specific phobia. Then, it presents a broad overview of evidence-based treatment methods (variants of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)) and the efficacy of these. The chapter concludes with a description of the treatment of a complex case of specific phobia.