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Total tin and organotin speciation in historic layers of antifouling paint on leisure boat hulls
Stockholms universitet, Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-7526-5295
Stockholms universitet, Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi.
Antal upphovsmän: 42017 (Engelska)Ingår i: Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, E-ISSN 1873-6424, Vol. 220, s. 1333-1341Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Despite their ban on small vessels in 1989 in the EU, organotin compounds (OTCs) are still being released into the environment due to their presence in historic paint layers on leisure boats. 23 paint samples scraped from recreational boats from three countries around the Baltic Sea were analyzed for total tin (Sn) and OTCs. Two antifouling paint products were also subjected to the same analyses. A new method for the detection of Sn in paint flake samples was developed and found to yield more accurate results compared to four different acid digestion methods. A new method was also developed for the extraction of OTCs from ground paint flakes. This endeavor revealed that existing methods for organotin analysis of sediment may not have full recoveries of OTCs if paint flakes are present in the sample. The hull paint samples had Sn concentrations ranging from 25 to 18,000 mg/kg paint and results showed that tributyltin (TBT) was detected in all samples with concentrations as high as 4.7 g (as Sn)/kg paint. TBT was however not always the major OTC. Triphenyltin (TPhT) was abundant in many samples, especially in those originating from Finland. Several other compounds such as monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tetrabutyltin (TeBT), monophenyltin (MPhT) and diphenyltin (DPhT) were also detected. These could be the result of degradation occurring on the hull or of impurities in the paint products as they were also identified in the two analyzed paint products. A linear correlation (r(2) = 0.934) was found between the total tin content and the sum of all detected OTCs. The detection of tin can therefore be used to indicate the presence of OTCs on leisure boats. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
2017. Vol. 220, s. 1333-1341
Nyckelord [en]
Organotin compounds, Tributyltin, Triphenyltin, Antifouling paint, Paint particles
Nationell ämneskategori
Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap
Forskningsämne
tillämpad miljövetenskap
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-139376DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.001ISI: 000390732300061PubMedID: 27836476OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-139376DiVA, id: diva2:1072382
Tillgänglig från: 2017-02-07 Skapad: 2017-02-06 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-03-23Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of antifouling paint biocides from leisure boats
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of antifouling paint biocides from leisure boats
2019 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

The use of biocidal antifouling (AF) paints is the most common way to prevent fouling on leisure boat hulls. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the pathways through which AF biocides, past and present, may reach the environment through their use on leisure boats and to improve the risk assessment of biocidal AF paints intended for amateur use. The work presented focuses mainly on the Baltic Sea, with emphasis on regulation and risk assessment procedures in Sweden. A new method was developed for the quantification of nowadays banned organotin compounds (OTCs) such as tributyltin (TBT) in paint flakes (paper I). OTCs were detected in hull paint scrapings from three countries around the Baltic Sea. Thus, historic layers of organotin paint on leisure boats may constitute as sources of TBT to the marine environment. Total tin was identified as an indicator for the presence of OTCs on boat hulls, allowing for quicker identification of vessels in need of remediation. Nowadays, most AF paints tend to contain high amounts of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The use of AF paints was shown to cause exceedance of guideline values for these two metals in soil, sediment and water in various investigated marinas (papers II and IV). The pollution of boatyard soil was linked to hull maintenance activities carried out over unprotected ground (paper II). AF paints were also found to impact both the concentration and speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in two Baltic Sea marinas, with increased concentrations as well as an increased proportion of bioavailable species as a function of an increased number of moored boats (paper IV). A new method utilizing X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to derive the release rates of Cu and Zn in the field for five commercially available AF paints for amateur use (paper III). Salinity and paint properties were found to be important parameters affecting the release. The in situ release rates were also found to exceed those derived with current standardized release rate methods. Given the high release rates, none of the studied paints should have been approved for the Swedish market. This finding likely explains the exceedance of guideline values for dissolved Cu and Zn in investigated Baltic Sea marinas (paper IV). In conclusion, there is a need for caution when authorizing new biocides as the phasing out of banned substances can be a lengthy process due to their continued presence in historic paint layers. Additionally, paint-specific release rates determined under conditions reflecting the intended use of the product should be used for a more realistic environmental risk assessment of AF paints.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 2019. s. 49
Nyckelord
Antifouling paint, XRF, leisure boat, recreational boating, copper, zinc, tributyltin, organotin compounds, risk assessment, biocide, metals, release rate
Nationell ämneskategori
Miljövetenskap
Forskningsämne
tillämpad miljövetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167281 (URN)978-91-7797-655-4 (ISBN)978-91-7797-663-9 (ISBN)
Disputation
2019-05-24, William-Olssonsalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 14, Stockholm, 10:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Forskningsfinansiär
BONUS - Science for a better future of the Baltic Sea regionNaturvårdsverket
Anmärkning

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.

Tillgänglig från: 2019-04-29 Skapad: 2019-03-25 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-02-26Bibliografiskt granskad

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Lagerström, MariaEklund, Britta

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