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Chimeric gene delivery vectors: Design, synthesis, and mechanisms from transcriptomics analysis
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. (Ülo Langel)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6189-3020
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Delivery of nucleic acid is a promising approach for genetic diseases/disorders. However, gene therapy using oligonucleotides (ONs) suffers from low transfection efficacy due to negative charges, weak cellular permeability, and enzymatic degradation. Thus, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), is a short cationic peptide, is used to improve the cell transfection. In this thesis, new strategies for gene transfection using the CPP vectors in complex with ONs without and with nanoparticles, such as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs, Fe3O4), and graphene oxide (GO), are investigated. Furthermore, the possible CPP uptake signalling pathways are also discussed.

A fragment quantitative structure-activity relationship (FQSAR) model is applied to predict new effective peptides for plasmid DNA transfection. The best-predicted peptides were able to transfect plasmids with significant enhancement compared to the other peptides. CPPs (PeptFect220 (denoted PF220), PF221, PF222, PF223, PF224) generated from the FQSAR, and standard PF14 were able to form self-assembled complexes with MNPs and GO. The formed new hybrid vectors improved the cell transfection for plasmid (pGL3), splicing correcting oligonucleotides (SCO), and small interfering RNA (siRNA). These vectors showed high cell biocompatibility and offered high transfection efficiency (> 4-fold for MNPs, 10–25-fold for GO) compared to PF14/SCO complex, which was before reported with a higher efficacy compared to the commercial lipid-based transfection vector Lipofectamine™2000. The high transfection efficiency of the novel complexes (CPP/ON/MNPs and CPP/ON/GO) may be due to their low cytotoxicity, and the synergistic effect of MNPs, GO, and CPPs. In vivo gene delivery using PF14/pDNA/MNPs was also reported. The assembly of CPPs/ON with MNPs or GO is promising and may open new venues for potent and selective gene therapy using external stimuli. The uptake signaling pathways using CPPs vectors, the RNA expression profile for PF14, with and without ON were investigated using RNA sequencing and qPCR analysis. Data showed that the signaling pathways are due to the regulation of autophagy-related genes. Our study revealed that the autophagy regulating proteins are concentration-dependent. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy have demonstrated the autophagy initiation and colocalization of ON with autophagosomes. Results showed that the cellular uptake of CPP-based transfection activates the autophagy signaling pathway. These findings may open new opportunities to use autophagy modifiers in gene therapy.

Abstract [sv]

Genterapi med hjälp av av oligonukleotider (ON) har en enorm potential för behandling av olika genetiska sjukdomar. För att ha terapeutisk effekt måste dock oligonukleotiderna nå in i cellen och detta försvåras på grund av deras negativa laddningar och snabba nedbrytning. Cellpenetrerande peptider (CPP), är korta katjoniska peptider, som kan användas för att förbättra det cellulära upptaget (transfektionen) av oligonukleotider. I denna avhandling undersöks nya strategier för hur CPP tillsammans med magnetiska nanopartiklar, såsom MNP och Fe3O4, eller grafenoxid (GO) nanopartiklar, kan möjliggöra effektivare transfektion av ON.  Vidare studeras även de möjliga cellulära signalvägar som reglerar CPP-medierat upptag.

En så kallad ”fragment quantitative structure-activity relationship” (FQSAR) modell  användes för att förutsäga nya effektiva CPP för leverans av plasmider (ringformade DNA-molekyler med omkring 5000 nukleotidbaspar). De bäst prediktade peptiderna visade en signifikant ökad transfektionsförmåga jämfört med den tidigare använda peptiden PeptFect 14 (PF14). De nya peptiderna PF220, PF221, PF222, PF223 och PF224 som identifierades med FQSAR kunde dessutom bilda självmonterande komplex med MNP eller GO nanopartiklar. I cellulära försök uppvisade dessa nya hybridvektorer (CPP/MNP och CPP/GO) en klart förbättrad transfektionsförmåga av såväl plasmider, som splitsningskorrigerande oligonukleotider (SCO) och små interfererande RNA (siRNA), jämfört med PF14-nanopartikel hybridvektorer, såväl som den kommersiella lipidbaserade transfektionsvektorn Lipofectamine™ 2000. Den höga transfektionseffektiviteten hos dessa nya hybridvektorer beror troligen på deras låga cellulära toxicitet och en möjlig synergistisk effekt vid kombinationen av CPP och MNP/GO nanopartiklar. Förmågan hos en CPP/MNP hybridvektor att levera plasmider in vivo undersöktes också och transfektion av celler i såväl lunga och mjälte i behandlade djur kunde påvisas. Dessa nya hybridvektorer utgör således en ny lovande strategi för leverans av ON vid genterapi.

För att kartlägga de signalvägar som kontrollerar upptaget av CPP-baserade vektorer analyserades  genuttrycket hos celler som transfekterats med PF14 eller PF14-ON, med hjälp av  RNA-sekvensering och qPCR-analys. Resultaten påvisade att en ökning i uttrycket av flera autofagirelaterade gener sker tidigt vid transfektionen. Konfokal- och transmissionselektronmikroskopi demonstrerade vidare en ökad initiering av autofagi och samlokalisering av ON med autofagosomer. Detta visar att CPP-medierad transfektion aktiverar signalvägar som stryr autofagi och öppnar nya möjligheter att använda autofagimodifierare för att förbättra genterapi.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University , 2018.
Keywords [en]
Cell-penetrating peptides, magnetic nanoparticles, graphene oxide, autophagy, siRNA, SCO, QSAR
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Neurochemistry with Molecular Neurobiology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-158574ISBN: 978-91-7797-420-8 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7797-421-5 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-158574DiVA, id: diva2:1242000
Public defence
2018-10-11, Magnélisalen, Kemiska övningslaboratoriet, Svante Arrhenius väg 16B, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-09-18 Created: 2018-08-27 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Refinement of a Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Model for Prediction of Cell-Penetrating Peptide Based Transfection Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Refinement of a Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Model for Prediction of Cell-Penetrating Peptide Based Transfection Systems
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2017 (English)In: International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, E-ISSN 1573-3904, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 91-100Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) based transfection systems (PBTS) are a promising class of drug delivery vectors. CPPs are short mainly cationic peptides capable of delivering cell non-permeant cargo to the interior of the cell. Some CPPs have the ability to form non-covalent complexes with oligonucleotides for gene therapy applications. In this study, we use quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR), a statistical method based on regression data analysis. Here, a fragment QSAR (FQSAR) model is developed to predict new peptides based on standard alpha helical conformers and Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement molecular mechanics simulations of previous peptides. These new peptides were examined for plasmid transfection efficiency and compared with their predicted biological activity. The best predicted peptides were capable of achieving plasmid transfection with significant improvement compared to the previous generation of peptides. Our results demonstrate that FQSAR model refinement is an efficient method for optimizing PBTS for improved biological activity.

Keywords
CPP, PBTS, QSAR, AMBER, Peptide based transfection systems, Cell penetrating peptides, fragmentatio
National Category
Chemical Sciences Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Research subject
Neurochemistry with Molecular Neurobiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-140132 (URN)10.1007/s10989-016-9542-8 (DOI)000393954000009 ()
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 115363EU, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme
Available from: 2017-02-28 Created: 2017-02-28 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. Magnetic Nanoparticle Assisted Self-assembly of Cell Penetrating Peptides-Oligonucleotides Complexes for Gene Delivery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Magnetic Nanoparticle Assisted Self-assembly of Cell Penetrating Peptides-Oligonucleotides Complexes for Gene Delivery
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2017 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 9159Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs, Fe3O4) incorporated into the complexes of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs)-oligonucleotides (ONs) promoted the cell transfection for plasmid transfection, splice correction, and gene silencing efficiencies. Six types of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs; PeptFect220 (denoted PF220), PF221, PF222, PF223, PF224 and PF14) and three types of gene therapeutic agents (plasmid (pGL3), splicing correcting oligonucleotides (SCO), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were investigated. Magnetic nanoparticles incorporated into the complexes of CPPs-pGL3, CPPs-SCO, and CPPs-siRNA showed high cell biocompatibility and efficiently transfected the investigated cells with pGL3, SCO, and siRNA, respectively. Gene transfer vectors formed among PF14, SCO, and MNPs (PF14-SCO-MNPs) showed a superior transfection efficiency (up to 4-fold) compared to the noncovalent PF14-SCO complex, which was previously reported with a higher efficiency compared to commercial vector called Lipofectamine™2000. The high transfection efficiency of the new complexes (CPPs-SCO-MNPs) may be attributed to the morphology, low cytotoxicity, and the synergistic effect of MNPs and CPPs. PF14-pDNA-MNPs is an efficient complex for in vivo gene delivery upon systemic administration. The conjugation of CPPs-ONs with inorganic magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) may open new venues for selective and efficient gene therapy.

National Category
Biological Sciences Chemical Sciences
Research subject
Inorganic Chemistry; Neurochemistry with Molecular Neurobiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146301 (URN)10.1038/s41598-017-09803-z (DOI)000408285200003 ()
Available from: 2017-08-29 Created: 2017-08-29 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved
3. Graphene oxide nanosheets in complex with cell penetrating peptides for oligonucleotides delivery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Graphene oxide nanosheets in complex with cell penetrating peptides for oligonucleotides delivery
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2017 (English)In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, ISSN 0304-4165, E-ISSN 1872-8006, Vol. 1861, no 9, p. 2334-2341Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A new strategy for gene transfection using the nanocarrier of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs; PepFect14 (PF14) or PepFect14 (PF14) (PF221)) in complex with graphene oxide (GO) is reported. GO complexed with CPPs and plasmid (pGL3), splice correction oligonucleotides (SCO) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) are performed. Data show adsorption of CPPs and oligonucleotides on the top of the graphenic lamellar without any observed change of the particle size of GO. GO mitigates the cytotoxicity of CPPs and improves the material biocompatibility. Complexes of GO-pGL3-CPPs (CPPs; PF14 or PF221) offer 2.1–2.5 fold increase of the cell transfection compared to pGL3-CPPs (CPPs; PF14 or PF221). GO-SCO-PF14 assemblies effectively transfect the cells with an increase of > 10–25 fold compared to the transfection using PF14. The concentration of GO plays a significant role in the material nanotoxicity and the transfection efficiency. The results open a new horizon in the gene treatment using CPPs and offer a simple strategy for further investigations.

Keywords
Graphene oxide, Cell penetrating peptides, Transfection, Gene delivery
National Category
Biological Sciences Chemical Sciences
Research subject
Inorganic Chemistry; Neurochemistry with Molecular Neurobiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146293 (URN)10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.002 (DOI)000408071800018 ()
Available from: 2017-08-29 Created: 2017-08-29 Last updated: 2022-02-28Bibliographically approved
4. Role of autophagy in cell-penetrating peptide transfection model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role of autophagy in cell-penetrating peptide transfection model
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2017 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 12635Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) uptake mechanism is still in need of more clarification to have a better understanding of their action in the mediation of oligonucleotide transfection. In this study, the effect on early events (1 h treatment) in transfection by PepFect14 (PF14), with or without oligonucleotide cargo on gene expression, in HeLa cells, have been investigated. The RNA expression profile was characterized by RNA sequencing and confirmed by qPCR analysis. The gene regulations were then related to the biological processes by the study of signaling pathways that showed the induction of autophagy-related genes in early transfection. A ligand library interfering with the detected intracellular pathways showed concentration-dependent effects on the transfection efficiency of splice correction oligonucleotide complexed with PepFect14, proving that the autophagy process is induced upon the uptake of complexes. Finally, the autophagy induction and colocalization with autophagosomes have been confirmed by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We conclude that autophagy, an inherent cellular response process, is triggered by the cellular uptake of CPP-based transfection system. This finding opens novel possibilities to use autophagy modifiers in future gene therapy.

National Category
Biological Sciences
Research subject
Neurochemistry with Molecular Neurobiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-147911 (URN)10.1038/s41598-017-12747-z (DOI)000412138800071 ()28974718 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2017-10-17 Created: 2017-10-17 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved

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