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Enhancing clinical reasoning for management of non-communicable diseases: virtual patient cases as a learning strategy for nurses in primary healthcare centers: a pre-post study design
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences. University of Rwanda, Rwanda.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2097-182X
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3166-1640
Halmstad University, Sweden.
University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
Number of Authors: 42024 (English)In: BMC Medical Education, E-ISSN 1472-6920, Vol. 24, article id 441Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background In Rwanda, nurses manage all primary care at health centres, and therefore are their clinical reasoning skills important. In this study, a web-based software that allows the creation of virtual patient cases (VP cases) has been used for studying the possibility of using VP cases for the continuous professional development of nurses in primary health care in Rwanda. Previous studies in pre-service education have linked VP cases with the enhancement of clinical reasoning, a critical competence for nurses. This study investigated the feasibility of continuous professional development through VP cases to further train in-service nurses in clinical reasoning.

Method The study used a pre-post test design. Initially, seventy-six participants completed a questionnaire as part of the pre-test phase, subsequently invited to engage with all four VP cases, and finally responded to the post-test questionnaire evaluating clinical reasoning skills. Fifty-six participants successfully completed the entire study process and were considered in the analysis. The primary outcomes of this study were evaluated using a paired t-test for the statistical analysis.

Results The results show that the mean score of clinical reasoning increased significantly from the pre-test to the post-test for all four illness areas (p < 0.001). The study findings showed no statistically significant difference in participants’ scores based on demographic factors, including whether they worked in urban or rural areas. 

Conclusion and recommendation Utilizing VP cases appears to significantly enhance the continuous professional development of nurses, fostering a deliberate learning process that enables them to reflect on how they manage cases and, in turn, refine their clinical reasoning skills. This study strongly recommends incorporating VP cases in the continuous professional development of nurses at the primary health level (health centers). This is especially pertinent in a context where nurses are required to perform diagnostic processes similar to those employed by physicians.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2024. Vol. 24, article id 441
Keywords [en]
Virtual patient cases, Virtual case system, Continuous professional development, Nurses, Health care providers, Primary health care, Assessment, Clinical reasoning, Pre-posttest
National Category
Nursing Educational Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-228956DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05440-zISI: 001207202300001PubMedID: 38654323Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85191042768OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-228956DiVA, id: diva2:1857730
Available from: 2024-05-14 Created: 2024-05-14 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Exploring the Potential of Using Virtual Patient Cases: For Continuous Professional Development of Nurses Working in Primary Health Centres in Rwanda
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the Potential of Using Virtual Patient Cases: For Continuous Professional Development of Nurses Working in Primary Health Centres in Rwanda
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Countries around the world have embraced continuous professional development (CPD) as a key learning strategy through which healthcare professionals maintain or acquire the skills, knowledge, and competencies needed to improve or sustain the quality of healthcare service delivery. Various approaches, such as face-to-face training, mentorship, and online learning, are currently employed to support the CPD of healthcare providers. This thesis, composed of five sub-studies, investigates the potential of virtual patient (VP) cases - an element of digital education - to improve the CPD of nurses in Rwanda's primary healthcare settings. The research is guided by five key questions. The first two studies explore the needs, facilitators, and barriers that could influence the implementation of virtual patient cases in these healthcare settings. The remaining three studies examine how virtual patient cases can enhance clinical reasoning, how nurses perceive the benefits of using VP cases as a CPD approach, and how they accept VP cases as a CPD approach.

The thesis used a quantitative and qualitative research design. The analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data from the exploratory phase reveals that healthcare managers and providers view CPD as a crucial strategy for enhancing healthcare service delivery. However, they also report barriers, such as insufficient electronic devices and unstable internet connectivity, which could hinder the effective implementation of VP cases as a CPD approach. During the intervention phase, 56 nurses engaged with four virtual patient cases - hypertension, depression, gastric cancer, and prostate cancer -as part of their CPD. The findings indicate that nurses who participated in this intervention demonstrated improved clinical reasoning skills in the cases they managed. Additionally, the study found that nurses generally accept VP cases as a viable CPD approach. Furthermore, it was shown that VP cases can complement learning by motivating nurses, providing a safe learning environment, and improving clinical reasoning through reflective practice and comparison with experts' responses to the scenarios presented in the VP cases. These findings, therefore, suggest the possibility of using VP cases as a CPD approach in primary healthcare settings, specifically in health centres in Rwanda and similar contexts. Future research could explore the impact of VP cases on patient outcomes and assess the feasibility of using them for CPD in settings beyond primary healthcare settings.

Abstract [sv]

Många länder runt om i världen har anammat kontinuerlig professionell utveckling (Continuous Professional Development, CPD) som en viktig inlärningsstrategi genom vilken vårdpersonal upprätthåller eller förvärvar de färdigheter, kunskaper och kompetenser som behövs för att förbättra eller upprätthålla kvaliteten på hälso- och sjukvård. Olika tillvägagångssätt, som t.ex. campusbaserade kurser, mentorskap och/eller onlinekurser, används för närvarande för att stödja vårdpersonalens CPD. Den här avhandlingen, som består av fem delstudier, undersöker potentialen hos virtuella patientfall – en del av digitalt lärande – för att förbättra CPD för sjuksköterskor i Rwandas primärvårdsmiljö. Forskningen styrdes av fem forskningsfrågor. De två första studierna undersökte behov, möjligheter och barriärer som kan påverka implementeringen av virtuella patientfall (VP) i dessa vårdmiljöer. De återstående tre studierna undersöker hur VP-fall kan förstärka kliniskt resonemang, hur sjuksköterskor uppfattar möjligheterna med att använda VP-fall som ett CPD-upplägg och deras acceptans av VP-fall för CPD.

 

Avhandlingen använder en forskningsdesign med olika metoder per delstudie, såväl kvantitativa som kvalitativa. Analys av data från de första studierna visar att chefer inom vården ser CPD som en avgörande strategi för att kontinuerligt förbättra sjukvården. Men de rapporterar också olika hinder, som t.ex. otillräcklig tillgång till datorer och instabil internetanslutning, vilket kan hindra ett effektivt genomförande av VP-fall som en CPD-metod. Under interventionsfasen använde 56 sjuksköterskor fyra olika virtuella patientfall – hypertoni, depression, magcancer och prostatacancer – för att se om och hur dessa kunde användas för CPD. Resultaten visar att sjuksköterskorna som deltog i denna studie visade förbättrad klinisk resonemangsförmåga för sådana fall. Dessutom fann studien att sjuksköterskor i allmänhet accepterar VP-fall som en möjlig CPD-metod. Vidare visade det sig att VP-fall kan komplettera lärandet genom att motivera sjuksköterskor, tillhandahålla en säker lärandemiljö och förbättra det kliniska resonemanget genom reflekterande praktik och jämförelse med experters kommentarer som presenteras i VP-fallen. Sammantaget visar resultaten en god möjlighet att använda VP-fall som en bra metod för CPD i primärvårdsmiljöer, särskilt på vårdcentraler i Rwanda och liknande sammanhang. Framtida forskning kan t.ex. undersöka kliniska effekter av VP-fall för CPD och bedöma möjligheten att använda dem för CPD i miljöer utanför primärvården.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 2025. p. 97
Series
Report Series / Department of Computer & Systems Sciences, ISSN 1101-8526 ; 25-001
Keywords
Continuous professional development, clinical reasoning, nurses, primary healthcare settings, healthcare providers, virtual patient, virtual patient cases, Kontinuerlig professionell utveckling, kliniskt resonemang, sjuksköterskor, primärvårdsmiljöer, vårdgivare, virtuella patientfall
National Category
Health Sciences
Research subject
Information Society
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-236697 (URN)978-91-8107-060-6 (ISBN)978-91-8107-061-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-02-14, L70, NOD-huset, Borgarfjordsgatan 12 and online via Zoom, public link is available at the department website, Kista, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Medical and Health Sciences, Health Sciences
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 11277
Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2024-12-11 Last updated: 2025-01-16Bibliographically approved

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