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Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is not involved in base excision repair but PARP inhibition traps a single-strand intermediate
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology.
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2011 (English)In: Nucleic Acids Research, ISSN 0305-1048, E-ISSN 1362-4962, Vol. 39, no 8, p. 3166-3175Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Base excision repair (BER) represents the most important repair pathway of endogenous DNA lesions. Initially, a base damage is recognized, excised and a DNA single-strand break (SSB) intermediate forms. The SSB is then ligated, a process that employs proteins also involved in SSB repair, e.g. XRCC1, Ligase III and possibly PARP1. Here, we confirm the role of XRCC1 and PARP in direct SSB repair. Interestingly, we uncover a synthetic lethality between XRCC1 deficiency and PARP inhibition. We also treated cells with alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and monitored the SSB intermediates formed during BER. DMS-induced SSBs were quickly repaired in wild-type cells; while a rapid accumulation of SSBs was observed in cells where post-incision repair was blocked by a PARP inhibitor or by XRCC1 deficiency (EM9 cells). Interestingly, DMS-induced SSBs did not accumulate in PARP1 siRNA depleted cells, demonstrating that PARP1 is not required for efficient completion of BER. Based on these results we suggest no immediate role for PARP1 in BER, but that PARP inhibitors trap PARP on the SSB intermediate formed during BER. Unexpectedly, addition of PARP inhibitor 2 h after DMS treatment still increased SSB levels indicating ongoing repair even at this late time point.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2011. Vol. 39, no 8, p. 3166-3175
National Category
Biological Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55787DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1241ISI: 000290055200021PubMedID: 21183466OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-55787DiVA, id: diva2:406715
Note
authorCount :6Available from: 2011-03-28 Created: 2011-03-28 Last updated: 2022-02-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Post-translational modifications in DNA base excision repair: The roles of CK2 and PARP-1
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Post-translational modifications in DNA base excision repair: The roles of CK2 and PARP-1
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Base lesions and DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) are very common types of DNA damage. The base excision repair (BER) and single-strand break repair (SSBR) machineries both require a succession of enzymatic events in order to remove these types of endogenous lesions and to restore the DNA. Coordinated repair involves signalling between the proteins concerned and is achieved by post-translational modification. Here, we study two types of modifications in the context of BER and SSBR.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a known SSB sensor, which utilizes NAD+ and converts these to ADP-ribose polymers as a post-translational modification of primarily itself, to accelerate repair. However, its role in BER is not as clear. By quantification of SSBs in vivo, we find that PARP inhibition prevents the completion of BER, while siRNA knockdown of PARP-1 leaves repair unaffected. Our results indicate that PARP-1 is not required for BER to progress, but that the enzyme interferes with the SSB intermediate.

Another known post-translational modification in SSBR is the phosphorylation of XRCC1 by CK2. Here, we show that the majority of the cellular XRCC1 is phosphorylated and that CK2 is the main kinase responsible for this. We find that this modification prevents degradation of XRCC1 by the proteasome, resulting in faster repair of oxidative damage in the DNA. In addition, we propose a new role for CK2 modifications of XRCC1 in BER. We demonstrate that, even though the presence of XRCC1 or the activity of PARP are not required for SSB intermediate formation, the expression of a non-phosphorylated form of XRCC1 results in reduced SSB levels. Furthermore, the affinity of XRCC1 for a nicked DNA substrate increases when the CK2 phosphorylation sites are mutated.

To summarise, our findings increase the knowledge of the BER and SSBR processes and demonstrate that the impact of post-translational modifications is more complex than it originally appeared.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, 2011. p. 55
Keywords
base excision repair, single-strand break repair, PARP-1, CK2, XRCC1, mammalian cells
National Category
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Research subject
Molecular Genetics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55792 (URN)978-91-7447-267-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2011-04-29, sal G, Arrheniuslaboratorierna, Svante Arrhenius väg 20 C, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Note
At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.Available from: 2011-04-07 Created: 2011-03-28 Last updated: 2022-02-24Bibliographically approved

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Ström, Cecilia E.Johansson, FredrikErixon, KlausHelleday, Thomas

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