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C-2 Selective Arylation of Indoles with Heterogeneous Nanopalladium and Diaryliodonium Salts
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9999-5137
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
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2014 (English)In: Chemistry - A European Journal, ISSN 0947-6539, E-ISSN 1521-3765, Vol. 20, no 42, p. 13531-13535Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A simple and efficient method to prepare synthetically useful 2-arylindoles is presented, using a heterogeneous Pd catalyst and diaryliodonium salts in water under mild conditions. A remarkably low leaching of metal catalyst was observed under the applied conditions. The developed protocol is highly C-2 selective and tolerates structural variations both in the indole and in the diaryliodonium salt. Arylations of both NH indoles and N-protected indoles with ortho-substituted, electron-rich, electron-deficient, or halogenated diaryliodonium salts were achieved to give the desired products in high to excellent isolated yields within 6 to 15 h at room temperature or 40 °C.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Weinheim, 2014. Vol. 20, no 42, p. 13531-13535
Keywords [en]
arylation, hypervalent iodine, indoles, nanopalladium, palladium catalysis
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Research subject
Organic Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-107700DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404017ISI: 000342797500013OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-107700DiVA, id: diva2:749595
Funder
Berzelii Centre EXSELENTEU, European Research Council, ERC AdG 247014Swedish Research Council, 621- 2011-3608Swedish Research Council, 621-2013-4653Available from: 2014-09-24 Created: 2014-09-24 Last updated: 2022-02-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Iodonium Salts: Preparation, Chemoselectivity and Metal-Catalyzed Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Iodonium Salts: Preparation, Chemoselectivity and Metal-Catalyzed Applications
2014 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis concerns the preparation and use of diaryliodonium salts. In Project I various unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts were reacted with three different nucleophiles in order to study the chemoselectivity of the reactions of the salts. The main focus of this project was to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying factors that affect the chemoselectivity in transition metal-free arylation reactions. They were found to be very nucleophile-dependent. Some nucleophiles were very sensitive to electronic effects, whereas others were sensitive to steric factors. Ultimately, some arenes are never transferred. A very interesting scrambling reaction was also observed under the reaction conditions, where unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts form symmetrical salts in situ.

Project II details the preparation of N-heteroaryliodonium salts via a one-pot procedure. The salts were designed so that the N-heteroaryl moiety was selectively transferred in applications both with and without transition metals. The chemoselectivity was demonstrated by selective transfer of the pyridyl group onto two different nucleophiles.

The third project in the thesis discusses the synthesis of alkynyl(aryl)iodonium salts and alkynylbenziodoxolones from arylsilanes. This protocol could potentially be a very useful complement to the existing procedures, in which boronic acids are used.

The last part of the thesis (Project IV) describes a C-2 selective arylation of indoles where diaryliodonium salts were used in combination with hetero-geneous palladium catalysis. This transformation was performed in water at ambient temperature to 50 °C, and tolerated variations of both the indole and the diaryliodonium salt. Importantly, several N-H indoles could be arylated. The MCF-supported Pd-catalyst showed very little leaching and it was demonstrated that the main part of the reaction occurred via heterogeneous catalysis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 2014. p. 75
Keywords
Diaryliodonium salts, chemoselectivity, heterogeneous catalysis
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Research subject
Organic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-107694 (URN)978-91-7447-999-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2014-10-24, Magnélisalen, Kemiska övningslaboratoriet, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 B, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Accepted.

Available from: 2014-10-02 Created: 2014-09-24 Last updated: 2022-02-23Bibliographically approved
2. Catalytic reactions with palladium supported on mesocellular foam: Applications in hydrogenation, isomerization, and C-C bond forming reactions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Catalytic reactions with palladium supported on mesocellular foam: Applications in hydrogenation, isomerization, and C-C bond forming reactions
2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The major part of this thesis concerns the development of catalytic methodologies based on palladium nanoparticles immobilized on aminopropyl-functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam (Pd0-AmP-MCF). The catalytic activity of the precursor to the nanocatalyst, PdII-AmP-MCF is also covered by this work.

In the first part the application of Pd0-AmP-MCF in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and transfer hydrogenation of alkenes under microwave irradiation is described. Excellent reactivity was observed and a broad range of substrates were tolerated for both transformations. The Pd0-AmP-MCF exhibited high recyclability as well as low metal leaching in both cases.

The aim of the second part was to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of the closely related PdII-AmP-MCF for cycloisomerization of various acetylenic acids. The catalyst was able to promote formation of lactones under mild conditions using catalyst loadings of 0.3 - 0.5 mol% at temperatures of up to 50 oC in the presence of Et3N. By adding 1,4-benzoquinone to the reaction, the catalyst could be recycled four times without any observable decrease in the activity.

The selective arylation of indoles at the C-2 position using Pd-AmP-MCF and symmetric diaryliodonium salts is presented in the third part. These studies revealed that Pd0-AmP-MCF was more effective than PdII-AmP-MCF for this transformation. Variously substituted indoles as well as diaryliodonium salts were tolerated, giving arylated indoles in high yields within 15 h at 20 - 50 oC in H2O. Only very small amounts of Pd leaching were observed and in this case the catalyst exhibited moderate recyclability.

The final part of the thesis describes the selective hydrogenation of the C=C in different α,β-unsaturated systems. The double bond was efficiently hydrogenated in high yields both under batch and continuous-flow conditions. High recyclability and low metal leaching were observed in both cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 2015. p. 83
Keywords
Mesocellular foam, Heterogeneous palladium catalysis, nanopalladium
National Category
Organic Chemistry
Research subject
Organic Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-122061 (URN)978-91-7649-280-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2015-12-11, Magnélisalen, Kemiska övningslaboratoriet, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 B, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Submitted.

Available from: 2015-11-19 Created: 2015-10-22 Last updated: 2022-02-23Bibliographically approved

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Malmgren, JoelNagendiran, AnujaTai, Cheuk-WaiBäckvall, Jan-ErlingOlofsson, Berit

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