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Intercalation Compounds from LiH and Graphite: Relative Stability of Metastable Stages and Thermodynamic Stability of Dilute Stage I-d
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2001-4410
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0598-4769
Number of Authors: 32015 (English)In: Chemistry of Materials, ISSN 0897-4756, E-ISSN 1520-5002, Vol. 27, no 7, p. 2566-2575Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The intercalation of lithium into graphite was studied at temperatures between 400 and 550 degrees C by heating mixtures of LiH and graphite powders with molar ratios 4:1, 1:1, and 1:6 under dynamic vacuum for periods between 1 and 72 h. These conditions probe the formation and thermal stability of metastable staged Ligraphite intercalation compounds (Li-GICs) close to the competing formation of the thermodynamically stable carbide Li(2)C2. Li-GICs of stages I (LiC6, A alpha), IIa (Li0.5C6, A alpha A), IIb (Li similar to C-0.33(6), A alpha AB beta B), III (Li similar to C-0.22(6), A alpha AB), IV (Li similar to C-0.167(6)), and dilute stage lithium Id have been identified and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The rate and extent of intercalation (i.e., the achieved stage of Li-GIC) depends on LiH activity and temperature. Stage I was only observed for temperatures above 500 degrees C. At 400 degrees C, the highest intercalation corresponded to stage IIb, which was obtained after 2 and 24 h for 4:1 and 1:1 reaction mixtures, respectively. Lower-staged Li-GICs attained at temperatures below 500 degrees C deintercalate upon prolonged dwelling with the exception of stage IIa, which can be maintained for very long periods (several days) in the presence of LiH. At temperatures above 500 degrees C, the kinetically controlled formation of Li-GICs is followed by Li2C2 carbide formation. It is shown that the Li-GIC I-d coexists with Li2C2 at temperatures up to 800 degrees C and that the Li content of I-d (solubility of Li in graphite) increases between 550 and 800 degrees C. Consequently, I-d with a temperature-dependent homogeneity range should be added as a stable phase in the Li-C phase diagram. A sketch of a revised Li-C phase diagram is provided.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2015. Vol. 27, no 7, p. 2566-2575
National Category
Chemical Sciences Materials Engineering
Research subject
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-117731DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00235ISI: 000353176100038OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-117731DiVA, id: diva2:818899
Available from: 2015-06-09 Created: 2015-06-01 Last updated: 2022-02-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Structure and Phase Stability of CaC2 Polymorphs, Li2C2 and Lithium Intercalated Graphite: A Revisit with High Pressure Experiments and Metal Hydride–Graphite Reactions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structure and Phase Stability of CaC2 Polymorphs, Li2C2 and Lithium Intercalated Graphite: A Revisit with High Pressure Experiments and Metal Hydride–Graphite Reactions
2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Alkali (A) and alkaline earth (AE) metals can form carbides and intercalated graphites with carbon. The carbides mostly represent acetylides which are salt-like compounds composed of C22− dumbbell anions and metal cations. Both the acetylide carbides and intercalated graphites are technologically important. Superconductivity has been observed in several intercalated graphites such as KC8 and CaC6. Li intercalated graphites are a major ingredient in Li ion batteries. CaC2 is an important commodity for producing acetylene and the fertilizer CaCN2.

In spite of the extensive research on A–C and AE–C compounds, phase diagrams are largely unknown. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of both carbides and intercalalated graphites are discussed controversially. Recent computational studies indicated that well-known carbides, like CaC2 and BaC2, are thermodynamically unstable. Additionally, computational studies predicted that acetylide carbides will generally form novel polymeric carbides (polycarbides) at high pressures. This thesis is intended to check the validity of theoretical predictions and to shed light on the complicated phase diagrams of the Li–C and the Ca–C systems.

The Li–C and the Ca–C systems were investigated using well-controllable metal hydride–graphite reactions. Concerning the Li–C system, relative stabilities of the metastable lithium graphite intercalation compounds (Li-GICs) of stages I, IIa, IIb, III, IV and Id were studied close to the competing formation of the thermodynamically stable Li2C2. The stage IIa showed distinguished thermal stability. The phase Id showed thermodynamic stability and hence, was included in the Li–C phase diagram. In the Ca–C system, results from CaH2–graphite reactions indicate compositional variations between polymorphs I, II and III. The formation of CaC2  I was favored  only  at  1100  ◦C or  higher  temperature  and  with  excess calcium, which speculates phase I as carbon deficient CaC2−δ .

To explore the potential existence of polycarbides, the acetylide carbides Li2C2 and CaC2 were investigated under various pressure and temperature conditions, employing diamond anvil cells for in situ studies and multi anvil techniques for large volume synthesis. The products were characterized by a combination of diffraction and spectroscopy techniques. For both Li2C2 and CaC2, a pressure induced structural transformation was observed at relatively low pressures (10–15 GPa), which was followed by an irreversible amorphization at higher pressures (25–30 GPa). For Li2C2 the structure of the high pressure phase prior to amorphization could be elucidated. The ground state with an antifluorite Immm structure (coordination number (CN) for C22− dumbbells = 8) transforms to a phase with an anticotunnite Pnma structure (CN for C22− dumbbells = 9). Polycarbides, as predicted from theory, could not be obtained.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, 2015. p. 80
Keywords
acetylide carbides, high pressure, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement
National Category
Inorganic Chemistry
Research subject
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120109 (URN)978-91-7649-247-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2015-10-09, Magnélisalen, Kemiska övningslaboratoriet, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 B, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2012-2956
Note

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

Available from: 2015-09-17 Created: 2015-09-01 Last updated: 2022-02-23Bibliographically approved

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Konar, SumitHäusserman, UlrichSvensson, Gunnar

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