Recent Arctic studies suggest that sea ice decline and permafrost thawing will affect phytoplankton dynamics and stimulate heterotrophic communities. However, in what way the plankton composition will change as the warming proceeds remains elusive. Here we investigate the chemical signature of the plankton-dominated fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) collected along the Siberian Shelf. POM (>10 mu m) samples were analysed using molecular biomarkers (CuO oxidation and IP25 ) and dual-carbon isotopes (delta C-13 and Delta C-14). In addition, surface water chemical properties were integrated with the POM (>10 mu m) dataset to understand the link between plankton composition and environmental conditions. delta C-13 and Delta C-14 exhibited a large variability in the POM (> 10 mu m) distribution while the content of terrestrial biomarkers in the POM was negligible. In the Laptev Sea (LS), delta C-13 and Delta C-14 of POM (> 10 mu m) suggested a heterotrophic environment in which dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Lena River was the primary source of metabolisable carbon. Within the Lena plume, terrestrial DOC probably became part of the food web via bacteria uptake and subsequently transferred to relatively other heterotrophic communities (e.g. dinoflagellates). Moving eastwards toward the sea-ice-dominated East Siberian Sea (ESS), the system became progressively more autotrophic. Comparison between delta C-13 of POM (> 10 mu m) samples and CO(2)aq concentrations revealed that the carbon isotope fractionation increased moving towards the easternmost and most productive stations. In a warming scenario characterised by enhanced terrestrial DOC release (thawing permafrost) and progressive sea ice decline, heterotrophic conditions might persist in the LS while the nutrient-rich Pacific inflow will likely stimulate greater primary productivity in the ESS. The contrasting trophic conditions will result in a sharp gradient in delta C-13 between the LS and ESS, similar to what is documented in our semi-synoptic study.