The “Soviet school of translation” was an official matter of pride, a Soviet symbolic item which survived into post-Soviet times, retaining its high status both in Russia and worldwide. Tracing the construction of the concept through the late 1940s and 1950s on the basis of archival material pertaining to the Union of Soviet Writers as well as files of individual translators, this chapter unveils a battle over the content of the concept which was intimately linked to questions of power and ideology in post-war Soviet culture and the positioning of translators.