An Investigation into PFAS in Artificial Turf around Stockholm
2020 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE credits
Student thesis
Abstract [en]
Over the last few decades, it has become increasingly popular to replace natural grass on sports fields and playgrounds with artificial turf. Given the close contact of children with artificial turf, and the potential for substances present in the turf to be released into the environment over time, there is an increasing interest in characterizing the chemical content of artificial turf. One class of chemicals that was recently reported in artificial turf from the United States was the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS are a diverse class of substances used throughout society and are of concern because of their extreme persistence and links to adverse health effects in humans and wildlife. The objective of this work was to investigate the occurrence of PFAS in artificial turfs around Stockholm. A list of 103 football fields located in Stockholm containing artificial turf was provided by Stockholms Stad. A stratified design was used to randomly select a limited number of locations for sampling using a geographic information system (GIS). Following collection, samples were subjected to both total fluorine analysis using combustion ion chromatography (CIC), and extraction followed by targeted PFAS analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). PFAS were found in 76% of the backing samples at concentrations ranging from 0.04-0.89 ng/g and in 18% of filling material samples at concentrations ranging from 0.03-0.21 ng/g. A single field contained detectable PFAS concentrations (0.01 ng/g) in blades of artificial grass. Moreover, CIC analysis revealed detectable levels of total fluorine in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 13-310 µg/g in backing, 8-305 µg/g in filling materials, and 20-652 µg/g in blade samples. The identity of this fluorine remains unclear. However, it may include unknown low molecular weight PFAS or high molecular weight fluoropolymers. Overall, PFAS concentrations were significantly higher in backing and filling samples from new fields that used Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer rubber (EPDM) or styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), which is produced from recycled car and machine tires compared to older fields and fields using non-recycled materials. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were detected in five fields, ranging from 84-118 pg/g for PFOS and from 47-96 pg/g for PFOA. These PFAS are under the limit values for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in products regulated by European Parliament Commission. However, they are still a subject of concern regarding their impact on the environment because of their persistent and bioaccumulative properties.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020. , p. 55
Keywords [en]
PFAS, artificial turf, GIS, recycled tires
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-189493OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-189493DiVA, id: diva2:1544989
External cooperation
Stockholms stad
Presentation
2020-06-03, Zoom, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 08:30 (English)
Supervisors
Examiners
2021-04-232021-04-162021-04-23Bibliographically approved