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Inconsistencies in How Environmental Risk Is Evaluated in Sweden for Dumping Dredged Sediment at Sea
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2892-4873
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1549-7449
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2021 (English)In: Frontiers in Marine Science, E-ISSN 2296-7745, Vol. 8, article id 755443Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Millions of tons of dredged sediment are dumped at sea annually. International conventions limit dumping when there is a risk of adverse ecological effects, for example if the sediment is contaminated. However, the perception of risk differs substantially among stakeholders and in Sweden there is a lack of guidelines for how to address such risk. In the current study, we examined exemptions to the Swedish ban on dumping at sea, to explore the extent of dumping and how ecological aspects were considered in the evaluation of risks. We analyzed data from all cases granted exemption by county administrative boards and all court cases considering exemption to the ban from the beginning of 2015 to June 2020. We found that while dumping is the least common alternative management method for dredged sediment in total number of cases (98/792), dumping is the main method in terms of volume (30.8/38.2 million m3). When considering exemptions, the courts mainly evaluated the risk of exposure to contaminants and resuspended sediment for the environment adjacent to the dumpsite. The risks from contaminants were characterized based on various lines of reasoning, mainly relying on reference values not based on a scientific correlation to environmental risk. We argue that the evaluations were not in line with current regulations and international conventions as they insufficiently accounted for the ecotoxicological risk of the dumped sediment. These issues are potentially similar in other Baltic Sea countries, where there is a similar dependency on binary chemical limit values.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2021. Vol. 8, article id 755443
Keywords [en]
sediment, contaminant, risk assessment, risk evaluation, risk management, regulation, sea dumping
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Marine Ecotoxicology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195035DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.755443ISI: 000716142000001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-195035DiVA, id: diva2:1582490
Available from: 2021-08-02 Created: 2021-08-02 Last updated: 2021-12-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A Deep Dive into Sediments: Exploring approaches to assess environmental risks and achieving environmental goals in management of contaminated sediments in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Deep Dive into Sediments: Exploring approaches to assess environmental risks and achieving environmental goals in management of contaminated sediments in Sweden
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Contaminated sediments are common, especially near urban and industrialized areas, and they can have negative ecological effects. In three studies, I explore the challenges for environmental management of contaminated sediments, focusing on environmental risk assessment (ERA) in Sweden. I investigate the scientific basis and ecological relevance of the knowledge that is produced in, and evaluated from, assessments. I then relate that knowledge to environmental goals set for general management, but also within individual assessments.

Study I identified environmental goals set by society that ERA of contaminated sediment sites should address through a survey conducted among governmental agencies working with contaminated sediment. To investigate to what extent the practice of ERA addressed the goals which had been identified in the survey, the study also analyzed seven cases of ERA, from 2008-2015. Study II reviewed established strategies for assessing risks from contaminated sediments, from four countries. Then, with the ERAs included in study I, the Swedish ERA practice was characterized and contrasted to the review. Study III investigated to what extent dumping dredged sediment at sea was used as an alternative to manage dredged sediments. The study further investigated how courts, in 14 cases from 2015-2020, evaluated environmental risk when considering to allow dumping.

The five environmental goals identified as most relevant focused on ecosystem services and management of environmental resources. While the ERAs occasionally addressed these goals, their priorities were not well aligned with that of the agencies (I). In studies II-III, the case-specific goals were not clearly addressed with the methods used. The results indicate that there is a focus on contaminant concentrations and sediment mobility. Four out of the seven ERAs in study II, and none in study III, measured potential effects from contaminants. The ERAs in study II surveyed benthic species and one conducted a toxicity test. When characterizing risk, there was also a frequent use of references not related to toxicity (II-III). Furthermore, uncertainties were not quantified and rarely discussed. Transparency was lacking regarding what weight individual types of measurements had in characterizing risk (II). In study III, sediment accumulation and contaminant concentrations were the decisive factors. However, in evaluating concentrations, the courts’ reasoning was inconsistent. The ERA practice in Sweden does not clearly produce the information needed to effectively characterize or evaluate risk in line with case specific or societal goals and risk underestimating the risks from contaminated sediments.

Additional development and research could improve the capability to produce information for efficient management. Issues that should be addressed are, for example, requirements and guidance for designing case specific ERAs, including setting measurement and assessment endpoints in line with the ERA goals; additional types of measurement of contaminant effects; a system for criteria when characterizing risk; and requirements and guidance for how to consider future changes of site-specific conditions, such as climate change.

This thesis highlights some of the potential and limitations in the Swedish practice to inspire management in how to incorporate existing best available methods as well as point to additional research needs.

Abstract [sv]

Förorenade sediment är vanliga, särskilt nära bebyggelse och industrier, och de kan ha negativa ekologiska effekter. Med de tre studierna i denna avhandling utforskar jag utmaningarna för att bedöma riskerna av förorenade sediment i Sverige. Jag undersöker den vetenskapliga grunden och ekologiska relevansen av den kunskap som produceras och utvärderas för att sedan relatera till de miljömål som satts. Studie I identifierade miljömål som satts av samhället som borde beaktas i miljöriskbedömningar. Detta gjordes bland annat med en enkät riktad till myndigheter som arbetar med förorenade sediment. För att undersöka i vilken utsträckning som miljöriskbedömningar i praktiken beaktar de identifierade målen analyserades sju miljöriskbedömningar från 2018-2015. Studie II granskade etablerade strategier, från fyra länder, för miljöriskbedömning av förorenade sediment. För att karaktärisera den svenska praktiken jämfördes strategierna mot de sju miljöriskbedömningar från studie I. Studie III undersökte utbredningen av dumpning av muddrade sediment till havs, relativt andra kvittblivningsmetoder. Vidare undersöktes hur domstolar utvärderade miljörisker när de bedömde huruvida dumpning skulle tillåtas, i 14 ärenden från 2015-2020. De fem miljömål som identifierades som högst relevanta fokuserade på ekosystemtjänster samt förvaltning av naturresurser. Miljöriskbedömningarna beaktade i viss utsträckning de mål som pekats ut som relevanta men bedöm-ningarnas prioriteringar var inte i linje med myndigheternas (I). Studierna II-III visade hur kopplingen mellan ärendespecifika mål och metoder var otydlig med ett fokus på föroreningskoncentrationer och sedimentmobilitet. Fyra av de sju ärendena i studie II och inget från studie III undersökte potentiella föroreningseffekter, därutöver användes mätvärden som inte relaterade till toxicitet återkommande när risk bedömdes. Miljöriskbedömningarna kvantifierade aldrig, och diskuterade bara undantagsvis, osäkerheterna i bedömningarna. De redovisade heller ej vikten olika faktorer gavs då de vägdes samman. I studie III var sedimentackumulation och föroreningskoncentrationer de avgörande faktorerna. Domstolarna skilde sig dock i hur de bedömde huruvida koncentrationerna utgjorde en risk. Det finns risk att sannolikheter och effekter undervärderas i Sverige. Det är inte tydligt att information konsekvent producera eller hanteras på lämpligt vis för att nå samhällets eller de enskilda ärendenas miljömål. För att förbättra förmågan att bedöma och utvärdera risk behöver flera frågor beaktas. Till exempel, krav och stöd för hur och vad som ska mätas i relation till lämpliga mål. Vidare behövs metoder för att bedöma risken för föroreningseffekter samt ett system för hur risk ska karaktäriseras. För framtiden behövs också krav och vägledning för hur, till exempel, klimatförändringar, kan komma att påverka risk. Den här avhandlingen belyser en del av potentialen och begränsningarna i svensk praxis. Särskilt betonas möjligheten till ett utökat användande av existerande tillvägagångssätt samt utvecklingsbehoven.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 2021. p. 52
Keywords
Sediment, risk assessment, risk evaluation, risk management, contaminants, regulations, weight of evidence, line of evidence, environmental goals, environmental management, guidelines
National Category
Environmental Sciences Ecology Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Marine Ecotoxicology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195040 (URN)978-91-7911-562-3 (ISBN)978-91-7911-563-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-09-16, Vivi Täckholmsalen (Q-salen), NPQ-huset, Svante Arrhenius väg 20. Also online via Zoom, public link will be available at the department website prior to the defense, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
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Available from: 2021-08-24 Created: 2021-08-02 Last updated: 2022-02-25Bibliographically approved

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Bruce, PeterBradshaw, ClareSobek, AnnaChristiernsson, Anna

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