This thesis addresses the open questions of providing a cosmological model describing an accelerated expanding Universe without violating the energy conditions or a model that contributes to the physical interpretation of the dark energy. The former case is analyzed considering a closed model based on a regular lattice of black holes using the Einstein equation in vacuum. In the latter case I will connect the dark energy to the Shan-Chen equation of state. A comparison between these two proposals is then discussed. As a complementary topic I will discuss the motion of test particles in a general relativistic spacetime undergoing friction effects. This is modeled following the formalism of Poynting-Robertson whose link with the Stokes’ formula is presented. The cases of geodesic and non-geodesic motion are compared and contrasted for Schwarzschild, Tolman, Pant-Sah and Friedman metrics respectively.