Change search
Refine search result
1234567 1 - 50 of 11575
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Rows per page
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sort
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
Select
The maximal number of hits you can export is 250. When you want to export more records please use the Create feeds function.
  • 1. Aaberge, Rolf
    et al.
    Bourguignon, François
    Brandolini, Andrea
    Ferreira, Francisco H. G.
    Gornick, Janet G.
    Hills, John
    Jäntti, Markus
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    Jenkins, Stephen P.
    Marlier, Eric
    Micklewright, John
    Nolan, Brian
    Piketty, Thomas
    Radermacher, Walter J.
    Smeeding, Timothy M.
    Stern, Nicholas H.
    Stiglitz, Joseph
    Sutherland, Holly
    Tony Atkinson and his Legacy2017In: The Review of Income and Wealth, ISSN 0034-6586, E-ISSN 1475-4991, Vol. 63, no 3, p. 411-444Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tony Atkinson is universally celebrated for his outstanding contributions to the measurement and analysis of inequality, but he never saw the study of inequality as a separate branch of economics. He was an economist in the classical sense, rejecting any sub-field labelling of his interests and expertise, and he made contributions right across economics. His death on 1 January 2017 deprived the world of both an intellectual giant and a deeply committed public servant in the broadest sense of the term. This collective tribute highlights the range, depth and importance of Tony's enormous legacy, the product of almost fifty years’ work.

  • 2. Aalto, A
    et al.
    Nikkinen, J
    Peltomäki, Jarkko
    Vähämaa, S
    Profitability and Diversification Benefits of Momentum Strategies on Commodity Index Futures2011In: International Journal of Accounting and Finance, ISSN 1752-8232, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 21-32Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Aalto, Aino-Maija
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    Müller, Dagmar
    Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN Stockholm), Sweden.
    Tilley, Lucas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    From Epidemic to Pandemic: Did the COVID-19 Outbreak Affect High School Program Choices in Sweden?2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We study whether the onset of the COVID-19 crisis affected the program choices of highschool applicants in Sweden. Our analysis exploits the fact that the admission processconsists of two stages: a preliminary round in which applicants rank programs in orderof preference and a final round in which they have full flexibility to alter their preliminaryrankings. In 2020, the timing of the two rounds happened to provide a unique pre- and post-crisis snapshot of applicants’ preferences for various fields of study. Using school-leveldata on applicants’ top-ranked programs for all admission rounds between 2016 and 2020,we implement a difference-in-differences method to identify the immediate effect of thecrisis on program preferences. We find no change in preferences for academic programs,but a decline in top-ranked applications to some of the vocational programs. The declinesare most pronounced and robust for several service-oriented programs, in particular thoserelated to hotel and restaurant, which was the most adversely affected industry during thecrisis. This finding suggests that labor market considerations influence the study choicesmade by relatively young students.

  • 4.
    Abarca-Pereda, Enrique
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Hungria Garcia, Rosane
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Technology Reshaping Relationships:: The case of FöreningsSparbanken2001Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The financial system is currently undergoing structural changes all over the world. Thanks to the advances of technology, banks are also changing the way they interact with their customers. From a face-to-face to a faceless contact, via cash machines and the Internet, banks are urging to create effective communication channels that maintain close relationships with their customers. To better illustrate this situation, this study was based on the case of FöreningsSparbaken, a Swedish retail bank, which has a traditional structure and is also undergoing structural changes. With the implementation of new technologies, the bank's customers are experimenting some dissatisfaction concerning the new services provided. Little personal contact, reduction in service options and payment of Internet service fees are the major negative aspects that customers are facing with the bank's changes. These issues are addressed and discussed in this research on the basis of marketing approach.

  • 5.
    Abbasian, Saeid
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Yazdanfar, Darush
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Hedberg, Charlotta
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    The determinant of external financing at the start-up stage: Empirical evidences from Swedish data2014In: World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, ISSN 1746-0573, E-ISSN 1746-0581, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 124-141Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Small firms in general have limited access to funding, which is a major problem for entrepreneurs. In particular, this problem is evident for women and ethnic minority groups. The purpose of the study is to examine empirically the impact of gender, ethnicity and other relevant variables on the access to external financing of new small firms. A sample of 2,764 female– and male–owned small businesses, based on a unique and large database gathered through interviews, was investigated employing binary logistic regression models. The results suggest that both gender and ethnicity are significant explanatory variables influencing the access to external capital at the start–up stage. Entrepreneurs' age, experience of starting businesses and education, as well as additional jobs beside their own business, are other variables that influence the way in which entrepreneurs finance their business. Moreover, firm characteristics in terms of personal start–up capital, firm size and legal form have an impact on financing behaviour at start–up. Since the knowledge about this issue is limited, the results of this study add to our understanding of the variables affecting the behaviour of small business endeavours in seeking funding at start–up

  • 6.
    Abdel-Khalik, Ahmed R. Z.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School.
    The production and distribution of milk and dairy products in Egypt: towards a co-operative system1981Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Abdulahi, Adan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Invandrarföretagares möjlighet till ekonomiskt stöd från statliga institutioner2005Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Vid slutet av 80-talet ökade invandringen till Sverige samtidigt som dess karaktär förändrades. Idag pratar man om flyktinginvandring till skillnad från 80-talet då arbetskraftsinvandring dominerade de invandrare som fanns i Sverige. Det har blivit svårare för invandrare som kom till Sverige som flyktingar att integrera sig eftersom det råder hög arbetslöshet.

  • 8.
    Abelin, Matthias
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Processorientering och lärande organisation på Huddinge Universitetssjukhus AB - En beskrivning av ett pågående förändringsarbete inom sjukvården2000Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    En beskrivning och kategorisering av ett arbete med att processorientera och skapa en lärande organisation på Huddinge Universitetssjukhus AB, som pågått sedan 1996. En observation är att metodik förknippad med pragmatism och lärande organisation vid organisationsförändring kan minska risken pga större flexibilitet och lyhördhet för organisationskulturen och det specifika för en viss verksamhet.

  • 9.
    Abidi, Sami
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Björklund, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Mosseby, Per
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Living the Brand: A case study of Stadium Sweden AB2002Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    No summary is available.

  • 10. Abor, J
    et al.
    Graham, Michael
    School of Economics, Finance, and Marketing, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT) University.
    Yawson, A
    Corporate Governance and Restructuring Activities following Completed Bids2011In: Corporate governance: An International Review, ISSN 0964-8410, E-ISSN 1467-8683, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 61-76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research Question/Issue: We examine the extent to which effective corporate governance impacts three restructuring choices following completed acquisitions – significant adjustment to workforce; sale of subsidiaries; and further acquisitions. We also investigate the relative firm performance in the post-restructuring period for the three respective options examined.

    Research Findings/Insights: Based on a sample of 649 US firms between the period 1991 and 2009, we find support for the assertion that corporate governance impacts layoffs and further acquisitions. We, however, find no evidence to support a measurable governance effect on divestiture likelihood. In examining the post-acquisition performance following restructuring, we find no significant difference in performance between acquirers that made further acquisitions and those that did not. There is evidence, however, suggesting that acquirers who laid off workers and those that divested assets performed significantly poorer relative to a comparable group of acquirers.

    Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study adds to the empirical literature on the relation between governance and restructuring choices. We provide evidence on the impact of governance on restructuring choices that has not been documented in the academic literature. An implication of this study is that performance in post-restructuring period would not necessarily be enhanced even when governance exerts positive influences on restructuring choice.

    Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our empirical results demonstrate the relative importance of corporate governance in organizational strategic choices. This study offers insights to stakeholders interested in enhancing governance structures to influence restructuring decisions following completed bids.

  • 11. Abraham, Arpad
    et al.
    Koehne, Sebastian
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Pavoni, Nicola
    On the first-order approach in principal agent models with hidden borrowing and lending2011In: Journal of Economic Theory, ISSN 0022-0531, E-ISSN 1095-7235, Vol. 146, no 4, p. 1331-1361Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We provide sufficient conditions for the validity of the first-order approach for two-period dynamic moral hazard problems where the agent can save and borrow secretly. The first-order approach is valid if the following conditions hold: (i) the agent has non-increasing absolute risk aversion utility (NIARA), (ii) the output technology has monotone likelihood ratios (MLR), and (iii) the distribution function of output is log-convex in effort (LCDF). Moreover, under these three conditions, the optimal contract is monotone in output. We also investigate a few possibilities of relaxing these requirements.

  • 12. Abraham, Arpad
    et al.
    Koehne, Sebastian
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies. CESifo, Germany.
    Pavoni, Nicola
    Optimal income taxation when asset taxation is limited2016In: Journal of Public Economics, ISSN 0047-2727, E-ISSN 1879-2316, Vol. 136, p. 14-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several frictions restrict the government's ability to tax assets. First, it is very costly to monitor trades on international asset markets. Second, agents can resort to nonobservable low-return assets such as cash, gold or foreign currencies if taxes on observable assets become too high. This paper shows that limitations in asset taxation have important consequences for the taxation of labor income. We study a simple dynamic moral hazard model of social insurance with observable and nonobservable saving decisions. We find that optimal labor income taxes become less progressive when the ability to tax savings is limited.

  • 13.
    Abrahamsson, Martin Otto
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Lavesson, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Tranan - upplevelseekonomi i liten skala2001Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Sammanfattning saknas.

  • 14.
    Abril-Ojeda, Galo
    Stockholm University.
    The role of disaster relief for long-term development in LDCs: with special reference to Guatemala after the 1976 earthquake1982Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Acar, Nilgün
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Lundberg, Josefine
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Fastighetsvärdering utomlands: En studie om investering i fastigheter på den Franska Rivieran2004Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Uppsatsen hör till ämnet fastighetsmarknaden med inriktning sekundärt boende utomlands för privatpersoner.

  • 16. Acemoglu, Daron
    et al.
    Aghion, Philippe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Bursztyn, Leonardo
    Hemous, David
    The Environment and Directed Technical Change2012In: The American Economic Review, ISSN 0002-8282, E-ISSN 1944-7981, Vol. 102, no 1, p. 131-166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper introduces endogenous and directed technical change in a growth model with environmental constraints. The final good is produced from dirty and clean inputs. We show that: (i) when inputs are sufficiently substitutable, sustainable growth can be achieved with temporary taxes/subsidies that redirect innovation toward clean inputs; (ii) optimal policy involves both carbon taxes and research subsidies, avoiding excessive use of carbon taxes; (iii) delay in intervention is costly, as it later necessitates a longer transition phase with slow growth; and (iv) use of an exhaustible resource in dirty input production helps the switch to clean innovation under laissez-faire.

  • 17.
    Acemoglu, Daron
    et al.
    MIT.
    Aghion, Philippe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Bursztyn, Leonardo
    Harvard.
    Hemous, David
    Harvard.
    The Environment and Directed Technical Change2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper introduces endogenous and directed technical change in a growth model with environmental constraints. A unique final good is produced by combining inputs from two sectors. One of these sectors uses “dirty” machines and thus creates environmental degradation. Research can be directed to improving the technology of machines in either sector. We characterize dynamic tax policies that achieve sustainable growth or maximize intertemporal welfare. We show that: (i) in the case where the inputs are sufficiently substitutable, sustainable long-run growth can be achieved with temporary taxation of dirty innovation and production; (ii) optimal policy involves both “carbon taxes” and research subsidies, so that excessive use of carbon taxes is avoided; (iii) delay in intervention is costly: the sooner and the stronger is the policy response, the shorter is the growth transition phase; (iv) the use of an exhaustible resource in dirty input production helps the switch to clean innovation under laissez-faire when the two inputs are substitutes. Under reasonable parameter values and with sufficient substitutability between inputs, it is optimal to redirect technical change towards clean technologies immediately and optimal environmental regulation need not reduce long-run growth.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 18.
    Acemoglu, Daron
    et al.
    MIT Department of Economics.
    Aghion, Philippe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Griffith, Rachel
    UCL.
    Zilibotti, Fabrizio
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Vertical Integration and Technology: Theory and Evidence2010In: Journal of the European Economic Association, ISSN 1542-4766, E-ISSN 1542-4774, Vol. 8, no 5, p. 989-1033Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 19.
    Acemoglu, Daron
    et al.
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    Zilibotti, Fabrizio
    Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
    Agency Costs in the Process of Development1996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We analyze an economy where production is subject to moral hazard. The degree of the incentive (agency) costs introduced by the presence of moral hazard naturally depends on the information structure in the economy; it is cheaper to induce correct incentives in a society which posesses better ex post information. The degree of ex post information depends on the number of projects and entrepreneurs in the economy; the more projects, the better the information. This implies that at the early stages of development, the range of projects and the amount of information are limited and agency costs are high. Since the information created by a project is an externality on others, the decentralized economy is constrained inefficient; in particular, it does not 'experiment' enough. The analysis of the role of information also opens the way to an investigation of the development of financial institutions. We contrast the information aggregation role of stock markets and information production role of banks. Because the amount of available information increases with development, our model predicts the pattern of financial development observed in practice; banks first and stock markets later.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 20.
    Acemoglu, Daron
    et al.
    Masachusetts Institute of Technology.
    Zilibotti, Fabrizio
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Information Accumulation in Development1998Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose a model in which economic relations and intritutions in advanced and less developed countries differ as these societies have access to different amounts of information. The lack of information in less developed economies makes it hard to evaluate the performance of manager, and leads to high "agency costs". Differences in the amount of information have a variety of sources. As well as factors related to the informational infrastructure, we emphasize that societies accumulate information partly because the scarcity of capital restricts the repetition of various activities. Two implications of our model are: (i) as an economy develops and generates more information, it achieves better risk-sharing at a given level of effort, but because agents are exerting more effort and the types of activities are changing, the overall level of risk-sharing may decline; (ii) with development, the share of financial intermediation carried out through market institutions should increase.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 21.
    Acemoglu, Daron
    et al.
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    Zilibotti, Fabrizio
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Productivity Differences1998Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Many technologies used by the LDCs are developed in the OECD economies, and as such, are designed to make optimal use of the skills of these richer countries' workforces. Due to differences in the supply of skills, some of the tasks performed by skilled workers in the OECD economies will be carried out by unskilled workers in the LDCs. Since the technologies in these tasks are designed to be used by skilled workers, productivity in the LDCs will be low. Even when all countries have equal access to new technologies, this mismatch between skills and technology can lead to sizable differences in total factor productivity and output per worker. Our theory also suggests that productivity differences should be highest in medium-tech sectors, and that the trade regime and the degree of intellectual property right enforcement in the LDCs have an important effect on the direction of technical change and on productivity differences.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 22.
    Acevedo Belmonte, Rebecca
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Ronnevi, Therese
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Corporate Citizenship2002Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I samhällsdebatten tycker vi oss märka ett tilltagande intresse och en ökande efterfråga för ett större socialt engagemang och ansvarstagande av företagen. Det är framför allt affärs- och företagsetiken som kommit i fokus och frågor som rör västvärldens och storföretagens utnyttjande av exempelvis lågavlönad arbetskraft, fattiga länders bristfälliga lagar m m. Det handlar om corporate citizenship, företagen som medborgare och deras sociala ansvar gentemot de samhälle de verkar i.

  • 23.
    Acosta Contreras, Vladimir
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Kaptan, Mert
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Fed Modellen: Ett motiverat värderingsverktyg?: Test på den svenska marknaden2005Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Börsvärdering har traditionellt sätt inneburit en svår uppgift och erfarenheten visar att föreställningarna om framtiden inte alltid varit så realistiska, vilket tidvis banat väg för finansiella bubblor. Efterfrågan på en enkel värderingsmodell fick Federal Reserve att agera och utveckla ”The Fed-Model”.

  • 24.
    Acosta Contreras, Vladimir
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Olofsson, Joakim
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Insynshandel i tillväxtbolag: En studie av Aktietorget och Nordic Growth Market2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Tidigare forskning har indikerat att det kan existera informationsasymmetrier i aktiemarknaden mellan olika marknadsaktörer. Personer med insyn har oftast tillgång till särskild information som inte är tillgänglig för marknaden. Detta innebär att möjligheter till abnormala avkastningar existerar för dessa personer vid handel av bolagets finansiella instrument. Denna studie undersöker i första hand huruvida insynshandel på Aktietorget och Nordic Growth Market genererar abnormal avkastning samt om det föreligger en skillnad i resultat mellan dessa marknadsplatser. Det som ligger till grund för studien är insiders samtliga köp- och säljtransaktioner under 2005 för bolag noterade på Aktietorget och Nordic Growth Market. Studien är av kvantitativt slag och använder sig av marknadsmodellen för att beräkna förväntad och abnormal avkastning hos bolagen. Resultaten visar att det råder abnormal avkastning för både Aktietorget och Nordic Growth Market under den testade tidsperioden. Aktietorget visar att eventfönstret har en genomsnittlig abnormal avkastning om 2,93 % för köptransaktioner och 2,33 % för säljtransaktioner medan Nordic Growth Market har en genomsnittlig abnormal avkastning om 4,68 % för köptransaktioner och 2,19 % för säljtransaktioner.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 25.
    Ada, Fadi
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    El Kadmiri, Rickard
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Reyes, Nicolas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Lojalitetsstudie över Skandiabanken: Månaderna efter Skandia Liv skandalen2004Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna uppsats handlar om lojalitet, banker, koncernkriser och varumärken. Hur vi lyckades blanda ihop alla dessa begrepp till en enda forskningsfråga är minst sagt intressant. När vi upptäckte att Skandia Liv krisen fick mer och mer uppmärksamhet i medierna övervägde vi möjligheten att Skandiabankens kunders lojalitet skulle påverkas. Ur detta föddes forskningsfrågan i uppsatsen: Hur har Skandiabankens kunders attityd gentemot sin bank påverkats i samband med Skandia Livs medieuppmärksammade kris?

  • 26.
    Adamsson, Emelie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Centre for Organizational Research (SCORE). Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School.
    Making Sense of Corruption after a Mediatized Scandal: TeliaSonera and The Uzbekistan Affair2018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 27.
    Adamsson, Emelie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Centre for Organizational Research (SCORE). Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School, Marketing.
    Moral struggles in the media: The framing of H&M’s responsibility for garment factories 1997-20172018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 28.
    Adamsson, Emelie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School, Marketing. Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Centre for Organizational Research (SCORE).
    The construction of corporate irresponsibility: a constitutive perspective on communication in media narratives2019Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 29.
    Adamsson, Emelie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School.
    The Construction of Corporate Irresponsibility: A constitutive perspective on communication in media narratives2020Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Stories in which corporations are revealed as irresponsible are frequently published and broadcast in journalistic media. These media stories, as well as stories from other stakeholders, contribute to the formation of counter-narratives that consequently stand against corporate narratives with a focus on responsibility. Since corporate irresponsibility is a value judgment attributed by others, narratives about corporations in the media can have particular importance for meaning construction. The aim of this study is accordingly to explain how corporate irresponsibility is constituted in these narratives, by focusing on how corporate irresponsibility is constructed in media stories. The study takes its theoretical departure in the communicative constitution of organizations (CCO) perspective and consequently sees communication as the primary constituent of corporate irresponsibility. A narrative approach is also added by highlighting narratives as a particularly powerful form of communication. The empirical starting point for the study is two long-running media stories that are analyzed qualitatively based on material gathered both from print and broadcast media and from interviews. The findings show that the construction of corporate irresponsibility in media stories can take different forms, in this study represented by chronic irresponsibility narratives and acute irresponsibility narratives. By understanding how these two types of narratives differ from each other, it is recognized that meaning construction is not a given and can take various forms depending on the underlying negligence or irresponsibility issues. The study shows that it is in the meetings of the narratives in particular that opportunities for discussion and dialogue arises. It is consequently suggested that it is when narratives collide that communicative events, in which the meaning of corporate irresponsibility is negotiated and re-negotiated, most likely appear. This study therefore concludes that when arguing that communication is the primary mode through which the organization is constituted, narratives told about the corporations, by media and other stakeholders, should also be included in the analysis. The study thus contributes to the CCO perspective by applying the ideas of constitutive communication to narratives told neither inside nor outside the organization. Based on the results of the study, it is argued that the formation of narratives has consequences for understandings about corporate irresponsibility, both for the corporation in the media limelight and for society in general.

     

    Download full text (pdf)
    The Construction of Corporate Irresponsibility
    Download (jpg)
    Omslagsframsida
  • 30.
    Adawi, Laila
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Crevatin, Carolina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    IAS 39:s effekter på derivathantering: En studie av de börsnoterade bolagen på den nationella marknaden2005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Med den ökade globaliseringen ökar också kravet på en mer enhetlig redovisningsnorm för företag världen över. Därför togs EU-beslutet att skapa en gemensam europeisk redovisningsstandard, vilken har fått namnet International Financial Reporting Standards, (IFRS). Det område som innebär den största förändringen gentemot ”God redovisningssed” är IAS 39 Financial Instruments; Recognition and Management. Därför har den setts som den svåraste punkten att implementera. Från och med den 31 december 2004 trädde IAS 39 ikraft och de som omfattas av regeln är främst de noterade bolagen. Frågan är om effekten av de nya redovisningsstandarderna kommer att påverka bolagens derivathantering? Om så är fallet; på vilka sätt?

  • 31. Ade, Florian
    et al.
    Freier, Ronny
    Odendahl, Christian
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Economics.
    Incumbency effects in government and opposition: Evidence from Germany2014In: European Journal of Political Economy, ISSN 0176-2680, E-ISSN 1873-5703, Vol. 36, p. 117-134Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Do district incumbents in an election have an advantage, and if so, do these advantages depend on which party is in government? We estimate the incumbency effect for the direct district candidates in German federal and state elections using a regression discontinuity design (RDD). When studying the heterogeneity in these effects, we find that incumbents from both large parties, the center-right CDU and the center-left SPD, have an advantage only if the SPD is in government. This effect is robust and shows even in state elections that are unrelated to federal elections.

  • 32.
    Adelsköld, Susanne
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Utveckling av ett kreditgivande företags kredithanteringsprocess2001Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Uppsatsen baseras på en fallstudie i vilken jag undersöker hur Ahlsell, som en kreditgivande leverantör, har utvecklat och underhållit sin kredithanteringsprocess med fokus på riskhantering och kvalitetssäkring. I uppsatsen belyses orsaker till kredithanteringsprocessens förändring och utveckling, hur implementeringen av en ny kredithanteringsprocess i Ahlsell har gått till och upplevts samt vilka hjälpmedel för kontinuerlig utveckling och underhåll av kredithanteringsprocessen som utformats inom Ahlsell.

  • 33. Adenfelt, Oskar
    et al.
    Çelikaksoy, Aycan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    Wadensjö, Eskil
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    ”Vi har tre förslag på hur ensamkommande flickors etablering i samhället kan stärkas”2018In: Sydsvenskan, ISSN 1652-814XArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 34. Adermon, Adrian
    et al.
    Lindahl, Mikael
    Palme, Mårten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Economics.
    Dynastic Human Capital, Inequality, and Intergenerational Mobility2021In: The American Economic Review, ISSN 0002-8282, E-ISSN 1944-7981, Vol. 111, no 5, p. 1523-1548Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We estimate long-run intergenerational persistence in human capital using information on outcomes for the extended family: the dynasty. A dataset including the entire Swedish population, linking four generations, allows us to identify parents' siblings and cousins, their spouses, and spouses' siblings. Using various human capital measures, we show that traditional parent-child estimates underestimate long-run intergenerational persistence by at least one-third. By adding outcomes for more distant ancestors, we show that almost all of the persistence is captured by the parental generation. Data on adoptees show that at least one-third of -long-term persistence is attributed to environmental factors.

  • 35.
    Adersten, Niclas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Duckmar, Mårten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Form 20-F: En undersökning av skillnader mellan svensk årsredovisning och Form 20-F2003Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    När svenska företag noterar sig på den amerikanska marknaden är de tvungna att årligen redovisa enligt amerikanska redovisningsprinciper, U.S. GAAP. Detta görs i dokumentet Form 20-F för delge amerikanska intressenter information om företaget. Vad behöver då svenska företag göra för att uppnå de krav som ställs av amerikansk lagstiftning och amerikanska redovisningsprinciper. Vi ska redogöra för vad Form 20-F innehåller och hur dokumentet ser ut. Frågan är, vilka väsentliga skillnader finns då mellan den svenska årsredovisningen och Form 20-F? För att utreda detta har vi intervjuat fyra revisorer samt använt redovisningslitteratur på området från både Sverige och USA. Ví har kommit fram till att Form 20-F är detaljstyrd och formdriven, vilket visar sig genom mängden av krav som ställs från amerikanska myndigheter, att jämföra med den svenska årsredovisningen som är principstyrd. Form 20-F är ett omfattande dokument att upprätta men tar också upp mer information avseende känslighetsanalyer och riskanalyser. Eftersom Form 20-F är formdriven ger det en möjlighet att enkelt jämföra olika företag. Den svenska årsredovisningen har inte samma formkrav eller strikta redovisningspriciper utan det är viktigare att uppvisa en rättvisande bild än att följa varje princip till punkt och pricka. Vi har under arbetets gång skönjt att skillnaderna blivit mindre under ett tioårsperspektiv och att de olika redovisningssätten närmar sig varandra.

  • 36.
    Adersten, Niclas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Duckmar, Mårten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Revisionskvalitet: En utredning av revisorns syn på revisionskvalitet2004Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    I efterdyningarna av revisionsskandaler såsom Enron, Worldcom och viss mån även Skandia så känner revisorer av den utsatta situationen som de befinner sig i nuläget. Revisorsyrket har fått sig en törn och allmänheten har fått ett minskat förtroende för revision. Därför är det intressant att utreda vad som gör en revision bra eller dålig utifrån revisors synvinkel. Genom att utröna revisorns åsikt av vad som driver revisionskvalitet så kan man få en ökad förståelse hur revisorer säkerställer att en revision håller tillräcklig kvalitet.

  • 37.
    Adis, Rosie Remona
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Företagsförvärv - vem vinner, vem förlorar?: En studie av stockholmsbörsen 1997 - 20052005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Fenomenet företagsförvärv anses vara ett väldigt komplext ämnesområde och har väck ansenligt intresse bland forskare under flera decennier. Syftet med denna studie är bland annat att bidra läsarna en ökad förståelse för problemområdet. Studien baseras på en uppföljning av aktieprisutvecklingen för 106 svenska företag, noterade på Stockholmsbörsens, mellan åren 1997 till 2005, under en period av 5 dagar innan till 5 dagar efter budets offentliggörande. Undersökningens huvudsakliga ändamål är att studera huruvida företagsförvärv, generellt sett, genererar positiva värdeeffekter for aktieägarna i både köpande- samt målföretagen.

  • 38.
    Adler-Karlsson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences.
    Western economic warfare 1947-1967: a case study in foreign economic policy1968Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 39. Adolfson, Malin
    et al.
    Laseen, Stefan
    Linde, Jesper
    Svensson, Lars E. O.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies. Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden; NBER, United States.
    Monetary policy trade-offs in an estimated open-economy DSGE model2014In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, ISSN 0165-1889, E-ISSN 1879-1743, Vol. 42, p. 33-49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper studies the trade-offs between stabilizing CPI inflation and alternative measures of the output gap in Ramses, the Riksbank's estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model of a small open economy. Our main finding is that the trade-off between stabilizing CPI inflation and the output gap strongly depends on which concept of potential output in the output gap between output and potential output is used in the loss function. If potential output is defined as a smooth trend this trade-off is much more pronounced compared to the case when potential output is defined as the output level that would prevail if prices and wages were flexible.

  • 40. Adolfson, Malin
    et al.
    Laseen, Stefan
    Linde, Jesper
    Villani, Mattias
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Statistics.
    Bayesian estimation of an open economy DSGE model with incomplete pass-through2007In: Journal of International Economics, ISSN 0022-1996, E-ISSN 1873-0353, Vol. 72, no 2, p. 481-511Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for an open economy, and estimate it on Euro area data using Bayesian estimation techniques. The model incorporates several open economy features, as well as a number of nominal and real frictions that have proven to be important for the empirical fit of closed economy models. The paper offers: i) a theoretical development of the standard DSGE model into an open economy setting, ii) Bayesian estimation of the model, including assessments of the relative importance of various shocks and frictions for explaining the dynamic development of an open economy, and iii) an evaluation of the model's empirical properties using standard validation methods.

  • 41. Adolfson, Malin
    et al.
    Laséen, Stefan
    Lindé, Jesper
    Svensson, Lars E. O.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute for International Economic Studies.
    Optimal Money Policy in an Operational Medium-Sized DSGE Model2011In: Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, ISSN 0022-2879, E-ISSN 1538-4616, Vol. 43, p. 1287-1331Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show how to construct optimal policy projections in Ramses, the Riksbank's open-economy medium-sized dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for forecasting and policy analysis. Bayesian estimation of the parameters of the model indicates that they are relatively invariant to alternative policy assumptions and supports our view that the model parameters may be regarded as unaffected by the monetary policy specification. We discuss how monetary policy, and in particular the choice of output gap measure, affects the transmission of shocks. Finally, we use the model to assess the recent Great Recession in the world economy and how its impact on the economic development in Sweden depends on the conduct of monetary policy. This provides an illustration on how Rames incoporates large international spillover effects.

  • 42. Adolfson, Malin
    et al.
    Linde, Jesper
    Villani, Mattias
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Statistics.
    Bayesian analysis of DSGE models: Some comments2007In: Econometric Reviews, ISSN 0747-4938, E-ISSN 1532-4168, Vol. 26, no 2-4, p. 173-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sungbae An and Frank Schorfheide have provided an excellent review of the main elements of Bayesian inference in Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. Bayesian methods have, for reasons clearly outlined in the paper a very natural role to flay in DSGE analysis, and the appeal of the Bayesian paradigm is indeed strongly evidenced by the flood of empirical applications in the area over the last couple of years. We expect their paper to be the natural starting point for applied economists interested in learning about Bayesian techniques for analyzing DSGE models, and as such the paper is likely to have a strong influence on what will be considered best practice for estimating DSGE models. The authors have, for good reasons, chosen a stylized six-equation model to present the methodology. We shall use here the large-scale model in Adolfson et al. (2005), henceforth ALLV, to illustrate a few econometric problems which we have found to be especially important as the size of the model increases. The model in ALLV is an open economy extension of the closed economy model in Christiano et al. (2005). It consists of 25 log-linearized equations, which can be written as a state space representation With 60 state variables, many of them unobserved. Fifteen observed unfiltered time series are used to estimate 51 structural parameters. An additional complication compared to the model in An and Schorfheide's paper is that some of the coefficients in the measurement equation are non-linear functions of the structural parameters. The model is currently the main vehicle for policy analysis at Sveriges Riksbank (Central Bank of Sweden) and similar models are being developed in many other policy institutions, which testifies to the model's practical relevance. The version considered here is estimated on Euro area data over the period 1980Q1-2002Q4. We refer to ALLV for details.

  • 43. Adolfson, Malin
    et al.
    Linde, Jesper
    Villani, Mattias
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Statistics.
    Forecasting performance of an open economy DSGE model2007In: Econometric Reviews, ISSN 0747-4938, E-ISSN 1532-4168, Vol. 26, no 04-feb, p. 289-328Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyzes the forecasting performance of an open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, estimated with Bayesian methods, for the Euro area during 1994Q1-2002Q4. We compare the DSGE model and a few variants of this model to various reduced form forecasting models such as vector autoregressions (VARs) and vector error correction models (VECM), estimated both by maximum likelihood and, two different Bayesian approaches, and traditional benchmark models, e.g., the random. walk. The accuracy of point forecasts, interval forecasts and the predictive distribution as a whole are assessed in, an out-of-sample rolling event evaluation using several univariate and multivariate measures. The results show that the open economy DSGE model compares well with more empirical models and thus that the tension between, rigor and fit in older generations of DSGE models is no longer present. We also critically examine the role of Bayesian model probabilities and other frequently used low-dimensional summaries, e.g., the log determinant statistic, as measures of overall forecasting performance.

  • 44.
    Adolfsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Escriche Bjare, Mikael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Lindström, Stefan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Aktiv förvaltning: En studie av Sverigefonder och deras performance2001Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Studien undersöker fondförvaltares aktivitetsgrad och deras avgifterna i förhållande till fondernas performance. Många förvaltare marknadsför sina fonder som aktivt förvaltade, men uppvisar ett resultat i vår undersökning som lämnar utrymme för diskussion.

  • 45.
    Adolfsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Kjernsvik, Johan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Realoptioner: - i teori och praktik2003Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 46.
    Adrell, Pär
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Lindhoff, Mårten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Målkonflikter i myndigheters styrning: En studie av Natuvårdsverket2003Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Uppsatsen behandlar målkonflikter i statliga myndigheter som uppstår när krav ställs från en mängd intressen inom och utanför organisationen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och öka förståelsen för målkonflikter i den interna styrningen hos Naturvårdsverket. Därtill beskrivs även effektivitetsproblem som uppstår i styrningen när organisationen hanterar målkonflikter.

  • 47.
    Adrian, Frida
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Edlund, Janica
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Hamnar årsredovisningen i papperskorgen?: En studie av årsredovisningens användbarhet för privata aktieägare i Hennes & Mauritz2001Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga hur användbar årsredovisningen är som beslutsunderlag för privata aktieägare. Som delsyften belyser vi aktieägarnas uppfattning om deras förståelse eller eventuella brist på förståelse för denna informationskälla, samt vilka önskemål de har vad gäller årsredovisningen utformning och innehåll.

  • 48.
    Adrian, Frida
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Edlund, Janica
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Vad läser analytikerna?: En studie av årsredovisningens användbarhet för analytiker2002Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Det problem som uppsatsen behandlar är det potentiella ”expectations gap” som existerar mellan den information som företag ger ut i form av årsredovisningen och den information som analytiker efterfrågar. Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva i vilken utsträckning aktiva medlemmar i Sveriges Finansanalytikers Förening använder sig av informationen i årsredovisningar i sitt arbete.

  • 49.
    Adrian, Ninnie
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    Paulsson, Sofie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Business.
    I krisens spår: Hur organisationer kan vända kris till kompetens2008Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Background and rationale: In the world we live in today the question is no longer ’if’ an organization will face a crisis, but ’when’ and ’how prepared’ is the organization to deal with it. The Tsunami that happened on December 26th 2004 was a disaster of unprecedented magnitude. It had an impact on the Swedish society in general and the travel industry in particular. As the travel industry is very susceptible to impacts by external factor, its participants can never be too prepared to face a crisis. In order to be better prepared for future crisis, organizations should seek to learn from their experiences.

    The research question for this dissertation is: How can tour-operators improve their organizational competence by using experiences from a crisis?

    The aim of the dissertation is:

    • To map the tour-operators’ crisis management work, and which parts of this work has changed as a result of the Tsunami.
    • To identify and compare the differences in the lessons learned by the tour-operators from the Tsunami.
    • To discuss and give recommendations on how experiences from crises can be used and lead to change, i.e. in better crisis management routines and higher organizational competence

    Methodology: We have used a qualitative research method in our dissertation, our approach is deductive and for the gathering of empirical data, we have made semi-structured interviews. Our research model has been the base for the interviews. Our model shows how the different phases of a crisis – before, during and after – influence organizational competence. The selected companies for our research are the tour-operators Ving and Fritidsresor.

    In our field study we map how the crisis management of the tour-operators is functioning today, and which parts of this work has changed as a result of the Tsunami. In our analysis we see that the tour-operators crisis management work in large parts coincides with the theories in the area, but there are differences in the learning processes of the organizations.

    Results and conclusions drawn from our research are that the learning processes of the tour-operators already start during the crisis. By addressing the deficiencies observed during the Tsunami, new routines, systems and work processes have improved their preparedness for crisis. Both organizations have learned, but the focus at Ving has been on structural capital and at Fritidsresor on human capital. Both have introduced crisis rehearsals, but not throughout the whole organization. Whether the organizational competence to handle a big crisis has improved will be seen as the next large crisis occurs.

    .

     

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 50.
    Aery, Sahil
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School, Management & Organisation.
    Engelbrektsson, Johannes
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm Business School, Management & Organisation.
    Springboard, Parachute, and Sprint: How Emerging Market Multinational Enterprise Can Manage Cultural Distance and Recruit Top Talent in Advanced Markets2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) can effectively bridge the cultural gap between their home market operations and internationalized operations in advanced markets like Sweden, particularly with regards to adapting recruitment strategies to secure top talent in the new business context. The authors aim to expand the existing ‘springboard framework’ for internationalization by multinational enterprises originating in emerging market countries which are increasingly reshaping the global competitive landscape. The study interviewed seven managers with extensive experience working in both advanced and emerging markets, and five top talent from two of the highest ranked Swedish business schools. The study found that for EMNEs cultural distance is a secondary consideration when expanding to advanced markets and their main focus is showcasing their value proposition to clients, customers, and top talent alike. From the experience of the executives interviewed for this thesis, top talent prioritizes organizational and managerial values that a company imbibes and the career progression that it provides over remunerations. This was confirmed by the top talent we interviewed who repeatedly spoke about how important career opportunities and organizational values were for them. The findings from our thesis contribute to expanding the field of cross- cultural management theory by supplying a qualitative study of EMNE adaptation for internationalization. They also contribute to the recruitment literature by demonstrating how EMNEs have to adapt their HRM systems to the local environments in order to gain the attention of and acquire the local top talent.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
1234567 1 - 50 of 11575
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf