Who were the non-Western women delegates who took part in the drafting of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) from 1945-1948? Which member states did these women represent, and in what ways did they push for a more inclusive language than "the rights of Man" in the texts? This book provides a gendered historical narrative of human rights from the San Francisco Conference in 1945 to the final vote of the UDHR in the United Nations General Assembly in December 1948. It highlights the contributions by Latin American feminist delegates, and the prominent non-Western female representatives from new member states of the UN.
Anti-Fascism and Ethnic Minorities explores how, and to what extent, fascist ultranationalism elicited an anti-fascist response among ethnic minority communities in Eastern and Central Europe.The edited volume analyses how identities related to class, ethnicity, gender and political ideologies were negotiated within and between minorities through confrontations with domestic and international fascism. By developing and expanding the study of Jewish anti-fascism and resistance to other minority responses, the book opens the field of anti-fascism studies for a broader comparative approach. The volume is thematically located in Central and Eastern Europe, cutting right across the continent from Finland in the North to Albania in the Southeast. The case studies in the 14 research chapters are divided into five thematic sections, dealing with the issues of (1) minorities in borderlands and cross-border anti-fascism, (2) minorities navigating the ideological squeeze between communism and fascism, (3) the role of intellectuals in the defence of minority rights, (4) the anti-fascist resistance against fascist and Nazi occupation during World War II, and (5) the conflictual role ascribed to ethnicity in post-war memory politics and com-memorations. The editors describe their intersectional approach to the analysis ofethnicity as a crucial category of analysis with regard to anti-fascist histories andmemories.The book offers scholars and students valuable historical and comparative per-spectives on minority studies, Jewish studies, borderland studies, and memory studies. It will appeal to those with an interest in the history of race and racism, fascism and anti-fascism, and Central and Eastern Europe.
Completed military service as a condition for suffrage – a matter of course that was reversed?
As a condition for male suffrage in Sweden between 1909 and 1922 citizens were required to have completed military service. This article investigates how this restriction on voting rights, introduced more orless unanimously, was abolished equally unanimously and with little debate only 13 years later. Two main reasons are pointed out. Firstly, since women were given suffrage in 1921, this restriction affected men only and was therefore suddenly perceived to be an unjust discrimination against the latter. Secondly, this restriction was closely linked to the particular political situation in Sweden around the turn of the twentieth century. For decades the twin issues of military and suffrage reform had been interlinked and thus blocked each other until they were resolved in 1901 and 1909 respectively. Once they had been resolved, the political connection between them rapidly became redundant, as did the symbolic and practical expression of this connection, namely completed military service as a condition for suffrage.
This article traces the political process towards full formal integration of women in the military professions in Scandinavia and Finland, investigating the shifting roles played by military labour demands and politics of gender equality. It provides the first comparative overview of these developments in the Nordic region. The analysis demonstrates the importance of historical continuity in women’s military participation. Due to military labour demands, women were throughout the post-war decades recruited into a range of auxiliary, voluntary and hybrid capacities in the Scandinavian armed forces. The reforms opening the military professions to women in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the 1970s were the outcome of a double crisis, as military needs for the regulation of these women’s organisational status coincided with new political demands for gender equality in the labour market. Corresponding reforms in Finland were delayed by the country’s lack of continuity in women’s military participation as well as its sufficient supply of male military personnel. A common Nordic model of gender and military work nonetheless emerged in the 1990s, marked by equal rights to military participation for women on a voluntary basis, combined with mandatory military conscription for men.
I denna uppsats kommer jag att behandla Karl XII och hur denne har framställts i läroböcker från 1884-2003. I min uppsats har jag valt att behandla 14 läroböcker, som i sin tur jag delat upp i tre stycken epoker: Epok I, Epok II och Epok III. Analysen i sin tur har utgått i från tre teman. Vilket jag med hjälp av ett diskursanalytiskt förhållningssätt försökt redogöra kring hur författarna framställt Karl XII, hans personlighet, centrala skeenden samt värdeladdade ord kring Karl. Analysen kommer fokusera på uttalanden från författarna som kan anses vara värderande, samt koppla författarens ställningstagande och sedan se om det stämmer överens med den rådande historieforskning som gällde när läroboken skrevs. Genom att behandla mina epoker i en kronologisk ordning är tanken att ett förändringsmönster i diskursen ska uppstå. Samt att se huruvida läroboksförfattarna faller ifrån opartiskhet och visar sina personliga värderingar i texterna. Tanken med denna uppsats är alltså att se ett utvecklingsmönster, tillika skåda hur pass mycket en författare låter sina egna tankar belysa en lärobok.
The collection covers topics of interest to both the historical and linguistic study of the contacts between speakers of African and Iberian languages in the constitution of Latin American societies. Supported by historical and demographic data, the twelve chapters cover topics of interest to the discussion on the formation of Latin American varieties of Portuguese and Spanish. Moreover, the book draws attention to the need to articulate the fields of Linguistics and History and contributes to the discussion on the formation of varieties of Latin American Portuguese and Spanish.
In 1964, the Swedish parliament decided on a reformed student finance system with a combination of student grants and student loans. In this paper, the creation of two specific parts of the student finance system are analyzed using the gender contract model of Yvonne Hirdman. The regulations for the payment and repayment of student loans were first formulated in line with the gender equality contract, but were later adapted to the housewife contract. After another turnaround, the committee Studiesociala utredningen favored the gender equality contract in principle, but not fully in practice. The committee proposed and the parliament approved a system based on “Women’s Two Roles”: married women with academic degrees were expected to be housewives during the children’s upbringing, but should thereafter be encouraged to return to professional work.
This article presents the “Smolensk Archives”, which consist mainly of documents from the Chancellery of Smolensk from the time of the Polish king Sigismund III’s siege of the city (1609–1611). Most of the documents are now in the Swedish National Archives in Stockholm, but a significant number are also to be found at the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The archives have a complex history. Following the fall of Smolensk in 1611, they were taken as spoils of war, ending up on the Sapieha family estate in present-day Belarus. In the mid‑17th century they were seized as war booty once again — now by Swedish troops — and taken to Skokloster Castle in Sweden. There they were discovered in the 1830s by Helsinki professor Sergej Solov’ev, who in turn removed a relatively large part of the collection to St Petersburg. Portions of Solov’ev’s collection of documents from Skokloster were published in 1841 in Akty istoričeskie. Around 1900, Russian historian Jurij Got’e worked on the documents from the Swedish National Archives, and in 1912, he published a text edition comprising much of the collection, Pamjatniki oborony Smolenska 1609–1611. The article includes a brief overview of the contents of the material in Stockholm, with a few examples of individual documents. A digital catalogue of the Smolensk Archives is currently being prepared, including brief descriptions of the contents and information on external characteristics such as condition, inscriptions and watermarks.
Is it possible to survive on a deserted farm: Manors, tenants and farming systems during the Middle Ages in the Lägerbo area, Östergötland.
This study approaches the late medieval farm desertion from a landscape perspective. It focuses on the area of a former medieval estate in southern Östergötland, Sweden. Based on a retrogressive analysis of cadastral maps and historical records the medieval settlement is reconstructed. In this process three formerly unknown deserted farms were identified, with abandoned field systems and building remains. The volume provides the archaeological documentation of field systems and settlements at these sites. These data provide the background for investigating the shifting social and ecological circumstances that once made it possible for tenant families to survive on these farms. During the height of the manorial system the small farms were specialised units in a redistributive system. In the late 14th century the estate and all tenant farms were donated to the convents of Vadstena and Vreta. Rents were no longer paid in labour but in butter. In the fifteenth century several farms were abandoned and turned into meadows under the surviving farms. The new tenurial relations prevented the recolonization of the farms. The study is the result of an interdisciplinary project involving medieval archaeology, historical geography, palynology and medieval history.
När vi möter konspiratoriska tolkningar baserade på lösryckta citat ur vår forskning är det vårt ansvar att protestera. Det skriver några av de historiker som menar att deras resultat missbrukats i SD:s valfilm. Här ger de exempel på när användning av forskningsresultat övergår i missbruk.
I sitt bidrag till denna bok som bygger på en konferens i Jerusalem i februari 2020, berättar Roger Andersson om heliga Birgittas resa till Det heliga landet år 1372. De uppenbarelser om Jesu födelse och död hon fick under resan fick stor betydelse för hur dessa motiv återgavs i samtidens konst och litteratur.
Memory in archaeology is above all about cultural memory, or about how the past was constructed and apprehended in the past. This role of the past in the past has attracted a growing interest in archaeological research in recent decades. Memory studies can be found in archaeology in general, as well as in Scandinavian archaeology. Memory or the role of the past in the past, however, is not possible to understand without reference to time, which means that the construction of time in archaeology is crucial for any discussion of memory (cf. Andrén 2013a, 2015).
This book by Susanne Härtel is not a comprehensive survey of all 150 medieval Jewish graveyards in the Holy Roman Empire, although the title may create such expectations in the reader. Instead, it is an in-depth study of the complex relationships between the Jewish minorities and the Christian majorities in five German-speaking cities—Magdeburg, Dortmund, Speyer, Regensburg and Zürich. The investigation is a methodological ‘experiment’, based on five different aspects of the graveyards in these cities, namely their location, spatial demarcation, the dead themselves, the gravestones and the visitors. These aspects are in turn analysed from three phenomenological perspectives: visuality, practice and semantics. Through this grid of fifteen viewpoints, Härtel discusses religious differences and similarities between Jews and Christians, and to what extent the religious categories were more important than other distinctions in medieval urban culture, such as gender, professions and social status. By using cemeteries as a starting point, the author aims to study the everyday encounters between Jews and Christians, instead of the more well-known outbreaks of prosecution and expulsion of Jews from medieval cities.