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  • 1.
    Andersson, Linus
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kinship and socio-economic status: Social gradients in frequencies of kin across the life course in Sweden2023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of kin on various outcomes is heavily debated. However, kinship size itself conditions the probability of potential effects. Socio-economic gradients in the prevalence, variance, and types of kin are, therefore, a vital aspect of the functions of kin. Unfortunately, these parameters are largely unknown. We used Swedish register data to enumerate consanguine and in-law kin across the life course of the 1975 birth cohort. We calculated differences in kinship size between this cohort’s income quartiles and educational groups. We decomposed how specific kin relations, generations, and demographic behaviours contributed to these differences. Among low socio-economic status (SES) groups, higher fertility in earlier generations resulted in more kin compared with high-SES groups. Low-SES groups had more horizontal consanguine kin, while high-SES groups had more in-laws. Lower fertility and higher union instability among low-SES men substantially narrowed SES differences in kinship size. Kinship size varied substantially within SES groups.

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  • 2. Baranowska-Rataj, Anna
    et al.
    Barclay, Kieron
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany; London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.
    Costa-Font, Joan
    Myrskylä, Mikko
    Özcan, Berkay
    Preterm birth and educational disadvantage: Heterogeneous effects2023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 77, no 3, p. 459-474Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in advanced economies, evidence about the consequences of prematurity in later life is limited. Using Swedish registers for cohorts born 1982-94 (N = 1,087,750), we examine the effects of preterm birth on school grades at age 16 using sibling fixed effects models. We further examine how school grades are affected by degree of prematurity and the compensating roles of family socio-economic resources and characteristics of school districts. Our results show that the negative effects of preterm birth are observed mostly among children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks); children born moderately preterm (32-<37 weeks) suffer no ill effects. We do not find any evidence for a moderating effect of parental socio-economic resources. Children born extremely preterm and in the top decile of school districts achieve as good grades as children born at full term in an average school district.

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  • 3. Baranowska-Rataj, Anna
    et al.
    Barclay, Kieron
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. London School of Economics & Political Science, UK; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    The effect of number of siblings on adult mortality: Evidence from Swedish registers for cohorts born between 1938 and 19722017In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 71, no 1, p. 43-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Demographic research has paid much attention to the impact of childhood conditions on adult mortality. We focus on one of the key aspects of early life conditions, sibling group size, and examine the causal effect of growing up in a large family on mortality. While previous studies have focused on low- or middle-income countries, we examine whether growing up in a large family is a disadvantage in Sweden, a context where most parents have adequate resources, which are complemented by a generous welfare state. We used Swedish register data and frailty models, examining all-cause and cause-specific mortality between the ages of 40 and 74 for the 1938–72 cohorts, and also a quasi-experimental approach that exploited multiple births as a source of exogenous variation in the number of siblings. Overall our results do not indicate that growing up in a large family has a detrimental effect on longevity in Sweden.

  • 4.
    Barclay, Kieron
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany.
    Baranowska-Rataj, Anna
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Institute for Futures Studies, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Interpregnancy intervals and perinatal and child health in Sweden: A comparison within families and across social groups2020In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 74, no 3, p. 363-378Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A large body of research has shown that children born after especially short or long birth intervals experience an elevated risk of poor perinatal outcomes, but recent work suggests this may be explained by confounding by unobserved family characteristics. We use Swedish population data on cohorts born 1981-2010 and sibling fixed effects to examine whether the length of the birth interval preceding the index child influences the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and hospitalization during childhood. We also present analyses stratified by salient social characteristics, such as maternal educational level and maternal country of birth. We find few effects of birth intervals on our outcomes, except for very short intervals (less than seven months) and very long intervals (>60 months). We find few differences in the patterns by maternal educational level or maternal country of origin after stratifying by the mother's highest educational attainment.

  • 5.
    Barclay, Kieron
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany; London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.
    Myrskylä, Mikko
    Parental age and offspring mortality: Negative effects of reproductive ageing may be counterbalanced by secular increases in longevity2018In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 72, no 2, p. 157-173Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As parental ages at birth continue to rise, concerns about the effects of fertility postponement on offspring are increasing. Due to reproductive ageing, advanced parental ages have been associated with negative health outcomes for offspring, including decreased longevity. The literature, however, has neglected to examine the potential benefits of being born at a later date. Secular declines in mortality mean that later birth cohorts are living longer. We analyse mortality over ages 30-74 among 1.9 million Swedish men and women born 1938-60, and use a sibling comparison design that accounts for all time-invariant factors shared by the siblings. When incorporating cohort improvements in mortality, we find that those born to older mothers do not suffer any significant mortality disadvantage, and that those born to older fathers have lower mortality. These findings are likely to be explained by secular declines in mortality counterbalancing the negative effects of reproductive ageing.

  • 6.
    Dabergott, Filip
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    The gendered widowhood effect and social mortality gap2022In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 76, no 2, p. 295-307Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With few exceptions, greater disparities in mortality risk by socio-economic status (SES) have been found among men than among women. Most research has also shown that the higher mortality risk after widowhood (the widowhood effect) is greater for men. However, a different picture appears when examining these associations jointly. Based on Swedish register data, this study shows that widowhood weakens, or even reverses, the sex differences in socio-economic disparities in mortality. The overall findings also indicate that higher SES elevates the widowhood effect for men but diminishes it for women, and that the widowhood effect is greater for women than men in the lowest SES categories. These results imply that men with higher SES are more vulnerable after widowhood, perhaps because of their previous relatively privileged situation. The disadvantage of widows in lower SES categories may reflect exposure to financial strains after spousal loss and inequalities in the healthcare system.

  • 7. Einiö, Elina
    et al.
    Nisén, Jessica
    Martikainen, Pekka
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS). University of Helsinki, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany.
    Number of children and later-life mortality among Finns born 1938-502016In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 70, no 2, p. 217-238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated the association between number of offspring and later-life mortality of Finnish men and women born 1938–50, and whether the association was explained by living conditions in own childhood and adulthood, chronic conditions, fertility timing, and unobserved characteristics common to siblings. We used a longitudinal 1950 census sample to estimate mortality at ages 50–72. Relative to parents of two children, all-cause mortality is highest among childless men and women, and elevated among those with one child, independently of observed confounders. Fixed-effect models, which control for unobserved characteristics shared by siblings, clearly support these findings among men. Cardiovascular mortality is higher among men with no, one, or at least four children than among those with two. Living conditions in adulthood contribute to the association between the number of children and mortality to a greater extent than childhood background, and chronic conditions contribute to the excess mortality of the childless.

  • 8. Elo, Irma T.
    et al.
    Martikainen, Pekka
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences. University of Helsinki, Finland; The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany.
    Aaltonen, Mikko
    Children's educational attainment, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality2018In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 72, no 1, p. 53-73Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using data from Finland, this paper contributes to a small but growing body of research regarding adult children's education, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality at ages 50+ in 1970-2007. Higher levels of children's education are associated with 30-36 per cent lower parental mortality at ages 50-75, controlling for parents' education, occupation, and income. This association is fully mediated by children's occupation and income, except for cancer mortality. Having at least one child educated in healthcare is associated with 11-16 per cent lower all-cause mortality at ages 50-75, an association that is largely driven by mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Children's higher white-collar occupation and higher income is associated with 39-46 per cent lower mortality in the fully adjusted models. At ages 75+, these associations are much smaller overall and children's schooling remains more strongly associated with mortality than children's occupation or income.

  • 9. Finnas, Fjalar
    et al.
    Rostila, Mikael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS).
    Saarela, Jan
    Divorce and parity progression following the death of a child: A register-based study from Finland2018In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 72, no 1, p. 41-51Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most studies that have examined whether a child's death influences parental relationship stability have used small-scale data sets and their results are inconclusive. A likely reason is that child loss affects not only the risk of parental separation, but also the risk of having another child. Hence parity progression and separation must be treated as two competing events in relation to child loss. The analysis in this paper used Finnish register data from 1971 to 2003, covering over 100,000 married couples whose durations of both first marriage and parenthood could be observed. We ran parity-specific Cox regressions in which process time started from the birth of each additional child. All marriages included women of childbearing age, none of whom had experienced any child death on entering the analysis. We find that child loss only modestly influences the divorce risk, whereas its effect on the risk of parity progression is considerable.

  • 10.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    The dangers of conditioning on the time of occurrence of one demographic process in the analysis of another2014In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 68, no 2, p. 151-159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In studies of the fertility of migrants in which the data are confined to the migrants only, estimation bias will normally appear in comparisons of childbearing before and after migration. The same issue arises in studies of union formation before and after first birth, marriage formation before and after home purchase, and in any other comparison of behaviour before and after an index event if one confines the study only to those who have experienced the index event. It is normally better to avoid analysis of behaviour before the index event because such analysis actually conditions on the later arrival of the index event. In this paper, we provide graphical and mathematical representations of this problem and show how one can get a meaningful ( unconditional) comparison of behaviour before and after the index event provided the data contain enough information for both sub-periods. Otherwise, the analyst should refrain from making a comparison of this nature.

  • 11.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kostova, Dora
    Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
    Early traces of the Second Demographic Transition in Bulgaria: A joint analysis of marital and non-maritalunion formation, 1960–20042008In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 62, no 3, p. 259-271Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We explore trends in first-union formation in Bulgaria from 1960, using data from the national Gender andGenerations Survey of 2004. We analyse jointly the transition into cohabitation and directly into marriage.The standardized marriage rate falls dramatically from the early 1980s; the corresponding rate of entry intocohabitation has already increased from the early 1960s but (surprisingly) falls moderately toward the endof our period. Cohabitation also tends to last progressively longer in more recent periods. The analysisshows that a pregnancy leads to a dramatic increase in the rate of both kinds of union formation: theincrease is by a factor of almost 20 for marriage formation and about 10 for entry into cohabitation, ceterisparibus. Our findings suggest that, in Bulgaria at least, some manifestations of the Second DemographicTransition can be detected as early as the 1980s.

  • 12.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Prskawetz, Alexia
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Autonomy or Conservative Adjustment?:The Effect of Public Policies and EducationalAttainment on Third Births in Austria, 1975-962001In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 249-261Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The standardized rate of third births declined by over 50 percent in Austria between the late 1970s and the mid-1990s. The third birth was also postponed gradually over the years until 1991-92, after which the tempo of childbearing suddenly increased in response to a change in the parental-leave policy. This new policy inadvertently favoured women who had their second or subsequent child shortly after their previous one. We cannot find any indication that the general decline in third births can be seen as a consequence of women's increasing independence from their husbands at the stage in life we study. Furthermore, it still seems to be more difficult to combine motherhood and labour-force participation in Austria than in Sweden, which is a leader in reducing this incompatibility. These developments reflect the tension between advancing gender equality and the dominance of traditional norms in Austria.

  • 13.
    Hoem, Jan
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Nedoluzhko, Lesia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    The dangers of using negative durations' to estimate pre- and post-migration fertility2016In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 70, no 3, p. 359-363Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To keep childbearing that occurs before and after migration separate from each other, many analysts apply a technique that uses negative durations' to estimate the childbearing risks that migrants have before they migrate. This strategy can lead to incorrect results and should be abandoned. In this research note, we use data for births and internal migration in Sweden to highlight how the two types of behaviour can be kept apart conceptually and analytically without use of negative durations'. The procedures used can easily be generalized to any similarly linked pair of behaviours.

  • 14. Holland, Jennifer A.
    et al.
    Thomson, Elizabeth
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Stepfamily childbearing in Sweden: Quantum and tempo effects, 1950-992011In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 65, no 1, p. 115-128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several studies have demonstrated that stepfamily couples have a higher risk of childbearing than couples in a stable union with the same total number of children. Analysing retrospective data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish adults, we find that the risk of a second or third birth is higher when it is the first or second child in a new union. We also find a faster pace of childbearing after stepfamily formation than after a shared birth. The risk of a second birth (in total) is only a little higher in the first two years after stepfamily formation than in the first two years after a shared birth, and thereafter the risk is lower for stepfamilies. The risk of a third birth (in total) is particularly high early in the stepfamily union and remains higher than that of couples with two shared children for at least five years. The stepfamily difference was lower after than before 1980, when the Swedish government introduced parental leave incentives for short birth intervals.

  • 15.
    Härkönen, Juho
    et al.
    Yale University.
    Dronkers, Jaap
    The Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce in Cross-National Perspective: Results from the Fertility and Families Surveys2008In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 62, no 3, p. 273-288Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We used data on women's first marriages from the Fertility and Family Surveys to analyse the intergenerational transmission of divorce across 18 countries and to seek explanations in macro-level characteristics for the cross-national variation. Our results show that women whose parents divorced have a significantly higher risk of divorce in 17 countries. There is some cross-national variation. When compared with the USA, the association is stronger in six countries. This variation is negatively associated with the proportion of women in each cohort who experienced the divorce of their parents and with the national level of women's participation in the labour force during childhood. We conclude that differences in the contexts in which children of divorce learn marital and interpersonal behaviour affect the strength of the intergenerational transmission of divorce.

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  • 16. Jalovaara, Marika
    et al.
    Andersson, Linus
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI). University of Turku, Finland.
    Miettinen, Anneli
    Parity disparity: Educational differences in Nordic fertility across parities and number of reproductive partners2022In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 76, no 1, p. 119-136Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most research on trends in socio-economic fertility differences has focused on cohort total fertility and on women. This study aimed to analyse how cohort trends in parity-specific fertility differ across educational segments for men and women and what role multi-partner fertility plays in these trends. We used Finnish and Swedish register data on cohorts born in 1940-73/78. The main analyses used parity progression ratios, comparing ordinary ratios with similar ratios using births to first reproductive partners only. Among the low and medium educated, we observe strengthening parity polarization across cohorts, with increases in both childlessness and births of order three or higher, the latter largely reflecting increases in multi-partner fertility. Highly educated men and women more often have exactly two children. We demonstrate that cohort total fertility can mask significant parity-specific trends across educational groups and that changes in multi-partner fertility can play a part in cohort trends in socio-economic fertility differentials.

  • 17.
    John, Ben Malinga
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research;University of Malawi.
    Adjiwanou, Vissého
    Fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa: Does remarriage matter?2022In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 76, no 2, p. 213-233Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The interplay between remarriage and fertility is among the most poorly documented subjects in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), despite remarriage being one of the fundamental aspects of marriage dynamics in this region. We use Demographic and Health Survey data from 34 countries in SSA to document the association between remarriage and fertility during the reproductive years and over the fertility transition. The findings show that in 29 countries, remarried women end up having fewer children than women in intact unions, despite attaining similar or higher levels of fertility at early reproductive ages. However, remarriage is found to have a positive effect on fertility in Sierra Leone. The effects of remarriage on fertility diminish as fertility declines, with smaller effects generally observed in countries that are relatively advanced in their fertility transition and larger effects found elsewhere. These findings shed light on the role that remarriage might play in country-level fertility declines.

  • 18.
    Keenan, Katherine
    et al.
    University of St Andrews, UK.
    Barclay, Kieron
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Sweden.
    Goisis, Alice
    Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany; University College London, UK.
    Health outcomes of only children across the life course: An investigation using Swedish register data2023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 77, no 1, p. 71-90Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Only children (with no full biological siblings) are a growing subgroup in many high-income settings. Previous studies have largely focused on the short-term developmental outcomes of only children, but there is limited evidence on their health outcomes. Using Swedish population register data for cohorts born 1940–75, we compare the health of only children with that of children from multi-child sibling groups, taking into account birth order, family size, and presence of half-siblings. Only children showed lower height and fitness scores, were more likely to be overweight/obese in late adolescence, and experienced higher later-life mortality than those with one or two siblings. However, only children without half-siblings were consistently healthier than those with half-siblings, suggesting that parental disruption confers additional disadvantages. The health disadvantage was attenuated but not fully explained by adjustment for parental characteristics and after using within-family maternal cousin comparison designs.

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  • 19.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Multigenerational transmission of family size in contemporary Sweden2014In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 68, no 1, p. 111-129Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The study of the intergenerational transmission of fertility has a long history in demography, but until now research has focused primarily on parents' influence on their children's fertility patterns and has largely overlooked the possible influence of other kin. This study examines the transmission of fertility patterns from parents, grandparents, uncles, and aunts, using event history models to determine the risk of first, second, and third births. Swedish register data are used to study the 1970-82 birth cohorts. The findings indicate strong associations between the fertility of index persons and that of their parents, and also independent associations between the completed fertility of index persons and that of their grandparents and parents' siblings. The results suggest that, when examining background effects in fertility research, it is relevant to take a multigenerational perspective and to consider the characteristics of extended kin.

  • 20.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Institute for Future Studies, Sweden; Åbo Akademi University, Finland.
    The relationship between life-course accumulated income and childbearing of Swedish men and women born 1940-702023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 77, no 2, p. 197-215Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study uses income accumulated over ages 20–60 to examine whether richer or poorer individuals have more children. Income histories are calculated using yearly administrative register data from contemporary Sweden for cohorts born 1940–70. Differences by parity and income distribution are examined separately by sex. There is a strong positive gradient between accumulated disposable income (and to a lesser extent earnings) and fertility for men in all cohorts and a gradual transformation from a negative to a positive gradient for women. In particular, accumulated incomes are substantially lower for childless men and women than those with children. For men, fertility increases monotonically with increasing income, whereas for women much of the positive gradient results from low fertility among women with very low accumulated incomes in later cohorts. Most of the positive income–fertility gradient can be explained by the high incomes of men and women with two to four children.

  • 21. Lee, D. Susie
    et al.
    Nitsche, Natalie
    Barclay, Kieron
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Sweden.
    Body mass index in early adulthood and transition to first birth: Racial/ethnic and sex differences in the United States NLSY79 Cohort2023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 77, no 2, p. 241-261Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies show that body mass index during early adulthood (‘early BMI’) predicts the transition to first birth, but early childbearers tend to be omitted from such studies. This sample selection distorts the prevalence of childlessness, and particularly the racial/ethnic heterogeneity therein, because first birth timing differs by race/ethnicity. We imputed pre-parenthood early BMI for a larger sample, including early childbearers, for the same United States NLSY79 data used in a previous study and simulated differences in the probability of childlessness at age 40+ using posterior distributions based on the Bayesian framework. Obesity was consistently associated with higher childlessness across racial/ethnic groups in both sexes, but only among obese women were first births delayed until after early adulthood. The overall lower childlessness among the underweight women appeared largely driven by Black women. Our findings on the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and sex in the BMI–childlessness pathways encourage research on the underlying mechanisms and on more recent cohorts across different societies. 

  • 22.
    Monti, Andrea
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Mussino, Eleonora
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Harkonen, Juho
    Over-coverage in population registers leads to bias in demographic estimates2020In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 74, no 3, p. 451-469Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Estimating the number of individuals living in a country is an essential task for demographers. This study assesses the potential bias in estimating the size of different migrant populations due to over-coverage in population registers. Over-coverage-individuals registered but not living in a country-is an increasingly pressing phenomenon; however, there is no common understanding of how to deal with over-coverage in demographic research. This study examines different approaches to and improvements in over-coverage estimation using Swedish total population register data. We assess over-coverage levels across migrant groups, test how estimates of age-specific death and fertility rates are affected when adjusting for over-coverage, and examine whether over-coverage can explain part of the healthy migrant paradox. Our results confirm the existence of over-coverage and we find substantial changes in mortality and fertility rates, when adjusted, for people of migrating age. Accounting for over-coverage is particularly important for correctly estimating migrant fertility.

  • 23.
    Ohlsson-Wijk, Sofi
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Sweden's marriage revival: an analysis of the new-millennium switch from long-term decline to increasing popularity2011In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 65, no 2, p. 183-200Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Usually seen as a forerunner in the development of new trends in family-demographic behaviour, Sweden has recently experienced a reversal in marriage trends, from a steady decline in marriage rate between the 1960s and 1990s, to a steady increase beginning in 1998. An event-history analysis of women’s first marriages in the period 1991-2007, using register data, shows that compositional changes in labour-market activity and childbearing can only partly explain the reversal, and that apparently no part of it is explained by compositional changes in age, country of birth, educational level, and type of settlement. The evidence suggests that the popularity of marriage in Sweden is increasing, in contrast to what might be expected from the way demographic trends in Sweden and other Western countries are often portrayed in the literature.

  • 24. Shi, Jiaxin
    et al.
    Aburto, José Manuel
    Martikainen, Pekka
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany; University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Tarkiainen, Lasse
    van Raalte, Alyson
    A distributional approach to measuring lifespan stratification2023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 77, no 1, p. 15-33Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The study of the mortality differences between groups has traditionally focused on metrics that describe average levels of mortality, for example life expectancy and standardized mortality rates. Additional insights can be gained by using statistical distance metrics to examine differences in lifespan distributions between groups. Here, we use a distance metric, the non-overlap index, to capture the sociological concept of stratification, which emphasizes the emergence of unique, hierarchically layered social strata. We show an application using Finnish registration data that cover the entire population over the period from 1996 to 2017. The results indicate that lifespan stratification and life-expectancy differences between income groups both increased substantially from 1996 to 2008; subsequently, life-expectancy differences declined, whereas stratification stagnated for men and increased for women. We conclude that the non-overlap index uncovers a unique domain of inequalities in mortality and helps to capture important between-group differences that conventional approaches miss.

  • 25. Spéder, Zsolt
    et al.
    Murinkó, Lívia
    Oláh, Livia Sz.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Cash support vs. tax incentives: The differential impact of policy interventions on third births in contemporary Hungary2020In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 74, no 1, p. 39-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following steep falls in birth rates in Central and Eastern European countries during the economic and institutional restructuring of the early 1990s, governments made substantial efforts to stop or at least reduce the fertility decline. In Hungary, parents with three or more children could benefit from specific new policy measures: the flat-rate child-rearing support paid from the youngest child's third to eighth birthdays (signalling recognition of stay-at-home motherhood) and a redesigned and upgraded tax relief system. However, the success of these policy measures, if any, is difficult to detect in aggregate statistics. Analysing data from the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey, we rely on event history methods to examine the policies' effects on third birth risks, especially among different socio-economic groups. The results indicate that while the child-rearing support increased third birth risks among the least educated, the generous tax relief had a similar effect for parents with tertiary education.

  • 26.
    Svallfors, Signe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Contraceptive choice as risk reduction? The relevance of local violence for women’s uptake of sterilization in Colombia2022In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 76, no 3, p. 407-426Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Altered childbearing behaviour has been observed in many settings of violent conflict, but few studies have addressed fertility control. This is the first study to investigate empirically the relationship between local conflict and uptake of sterilization, the only contraceptive method that reflects a definitive stop to childbearing. The study is based on Colombia, a middle-income, low-fertility, and long-term conflict setting. It builds on a mixed methods approach, combining survey and conflict data with expert interviews. Fixed effects regressions show that local conflict is generally associated with an increased sterilization uptake. The interviews suggest that women may opt for sterilization when reversible methods become less accessible because of ongoing violence. Since sterilization is a relatively available contraceptive option in Colombia, it may represent a risk-aversion strategy for women who have completed their fertility goals. These findings can enlighten research and programmes on fertility and family planning in humanitarian contexts.

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  • 27.
    Uggla, Caroline
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Wilson, Ben
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. London School of Economics, London, UK.
    Parental age gaps among immigrants and their descendants: Adaptation across time and generations?2023In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 77, no 2, p. 311-333Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Age gaps between partners have undergone dramatic changes in high-income countries over the past century. Yet, there has been little focus on age gaps for immigrants and their descendants. This is an important omission because age gaps can be interpreted as a macro-level indicator of intergenerational adaptation. We examine the age gaps of biological parents (childbearing partners) among immigrants and their descendants in Sweden, a country with high gender equality and a stable mean age gap. Using longitudinal, whole-population data, we examine changes in age gaps for cohorts born 1950-86. Cohort trends in age gaps often follow very different patterns for male and female immigrants, with limited evidence of adaptation across cohorts. However, there is considerable evidence of adaptation towards the Swedish norm among the second generation, including from direct comparison between immigrants and their children. The largest differences between women and men are seen among the first generation with a Swedish-born partner.

  • 28.
    Vikat, Andres
    et al.
    UN Economic Commission for Europe, Switzerland.
    Thomson, Elizabeth
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Stepfamily fertility in contemporary Sweden: The Impact of Childbearing before theCurrent Union1999In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 53, no 2, p. 211-225Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We focus on the fertility of Swedish men and women who lived in a consensual or marital union in the 1970s and 1980s, and where at least one of the partners had children before they entered that union. Couples without any children before the current union were included for contrast. We find clear evidence that couples wanted a shared biological child, essentially regardless of how many children (if any) they had before their current union. The shared child seems to have served to demonstrate commitment to the union, as did its conversion into a formal marriage. We have not found much support for the hypothesis that our respondents sought to enter parenthood to attain adult status. A second birth might have been valued because it provided a sibling for the first child - a half-sibling acting as a substitute for a full sibling - but our evidence for such effects is contradictory. Our analysis makes it very clear that parity progression depends on whose parity we consider.

  • 29.
    Wallace, Matthew
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Wilson, Ben
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. London School of Economics, UK.
    Age variations and population over-coverage: Is low mortality among migrants merely a data artefact?2022In: Population Studies, ISSN 0032-4728, E-ISSN 1477-4747, Vol. 76, no 1, p. 81-98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The migrant mortality advantage has been observed extensively, but its authenticity is debated. In particular, concerns persist that the advantage is an artefact of the data, generated by the problems of recording mobility among foreign-born populations. Here, we build on the intersection of two recent developments: the first showing substantial age variation in the advantage-a deep U-shaped advantage at peak migration ages-and the second showing high levels of population over-coverage, the principal source of data artefact, at the same ages. We use event history analysis of Sweden's population registers (2010-15) to test whether this over-coverage can explain age variation in the migrant mortality advantage. We document its U-shape in Sweden and, crucially, demonstrate that large mortality differentials persist after adjusting for estimated over-coverage. Our findings contribute to ongoing debate by demonstrating that the migrant mortality advantage is real and by ruling out one of its primary mechanisms.

1 - 29 of 29
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