Change search
Refine search result
1234567 1 - 50 of 1496
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Rows per page
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sort
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
Select
The maximal number of hits you can export is 250. When you want to export more records please use the Create feeds function.
  • 1. Achtert, P.
    et al.
    Brooks, I. M.
    Brooks, B. J.
    Moat, B. I.
    Prytherch, J.
    Persson, P. O. G.
    Tjernström, Michael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Measurement of wind profiles by motion-stabilised ship-borne Doppler lidar2015In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, ISSN 1867-1381, E-ISSN 1867-8548, Vol. 8, no 11, p. 4993-5007Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three months of Doppler lidar wind measurements were obtained during the Arctic Cloud Summer Experiment on the icebreakerOden during the summer of 2014. Such ship-borne Doppler measurements require active stabilisation to remove the effects of ship motion. We demonstrate that the combination of a commercial Doppler lidar with a custom-made motion-stabilisation platform enables the retrieval of wind profiles in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer during both cruising and ice-breaking with statistical uncertainties comparable to land-based measurements. This held true particularly within the atmospheric boundary layer even though the overall aerosol load was very low. Motion stabilisation was successful for high wind speeds in open water and the resulting wave conditions. It allows for the retrieval of vertical winds with a random error below 0.2 m s−1. The comparison of lidar-measured wind and radio soundings gives a mean bias of 0.3 m s−1 (2°) and a mean standard deviation of 1.1 m s−1 (12°) for wind speed (wind direction). The agreement for wind direction degrades with height. The combination of a motion-stabilised platform with a low-maintenance autonomous Doppler lidar has the potential to enable continuous long-term high-resolution ship-based wind profile measurements over the oceans.

  • 2.
    Achtert, Peggy
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Lidar Measurements of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) play a key role for ozone depletion in the polar stratosphere. Its magnitude depends on the type of PSC and its lifetime and extent. This thesis presents PSC observations conducted with the Esrange lidar and the space-borne CALIPSO lidar.

    PSCs are separated into three types according to their optical properties. The occurrence rate of the different types which are often observed simultaneously as well as their interaction and connection is not well understood. To better understand the processes that govern PSC formation, observations need to be combined with a detailed view of the atmospheric background in which PSCs develop, exist, and are transformed from one type to another.

    This thesis introduces a new channel of the Esrange lidar for temperature profiling at heights below 35 km. The design of this channel and first temperature measurements within PSCs and cirrus clouds are presented. This is an important step since the majority of PSC-related literature extracts temperatures within PSCs from reanalysis data.

    In contrast to ground–based measurements space–borne lidar does not rely on cloud–free conditions. Hence, it provides an unprecedented opportunity for studying the connection between PSCs and the underlying synoptic–scale conditions which manifest as tropospheric clouds. This thesis shows that most of the PSCs observed in the Arctic during winter 2007/08 occurred in connection with tropospheric clouds.

    A combined analysis of ground-based and space-borne lidar observation of PSCs in combination with microphysical modeling can improve our understanding of PSC formation. A first case study of this approach shows how a PSC that was formed by synoptic-scale processes is transformed into another type while passing the Scandinavian mountains.

    Today a variety of classification schemes provides inconsistent information on PSC properties and types. This thesis suggests a unified classification scheme for lidar measurements of PSCs.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 3.
    Achtert, Peggy
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Birmili, W.
    Nowak, A.
    Wehner, B.
    Wiedensohler, A.
    Takegawa, N.
    Kondo, Y.
    Miyazaki, Y.
    Hu, M.
    Zhu, T.
    Hygroscopic growth of tropospheric particle number size distributions over the North China Plain2009In: Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148-0227, E-ISSN 2156-2202, Vol. 114, p. D00G07-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hygroscopic growth of atmospheric submicrometer particle size distributions (diameter D-p ranging from 22 to 900 nm) was studied at a rural/suburban site in the North China Plain within the framework of the international Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region 2006 (CAREBeijing-2006) research project. The goal was to characterize the regional aerosol in the polluted northeastern plain in China. Size descriptive hygroscopic growth factors (DHGFs) were determined as a function of relative humidity (RH) by relating the particle number size distribution at a dry condition ( 100 nm), the DHGF are substantially higher than in the Aitken particle mode (D-p < 100 nm) as a result of different chemical composition. The size-dependent behavior of the DHGF highlights the relevance of particulate sulfate production over the North China Plain, accomplished by secondary formation from the gas phase and, potentially, liquid phase processes in convective clouds. Furthermore, all results concerning the DHGF show a significant dependency on meteorological air masses. The hygroscopic growth of accumulation mode particles correlates significantly with the PM1-mass fraction of sulfate ions determined by chemical analysis. Finally, this investigation provides a parameterization of the hygroscopic growth of 250-nm particles, which might be useful when predicting visibility and radiative forcing and performing atmospheric aerosol model validations.

  • 4.
    Achtert, Peggy
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Karlsson Andersson, M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Khosrawi, Farahnaz
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Gumbel, Jörg
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    On the linkage between tropospheric and Polar Stratospheric clouds in the Arctic as observed by space-borne lidar2012In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 12, no 8, p. 3791-3798Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The type of Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as their temporal and spatial extent are important for the occurrence of heterogeneous reactions in the polar stratosphere. The formation of PSCs depends strongly on temperature. However, the mechanisms of the formation of solid PSCs are still poorly understood. Recent satellite studies of Antarctic PSCs have shown that their formation can be associated with deep-tropospheric clouds which have the ability to cool the lower stratosphere radiatively and/or adiabatically. In the present study, lidar measurements aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite were used to investigate whether the formation of Arctic PSCs can be associated with deep-tropospheric clouds as well. Deep-tropospheric cloud systems have a vertical extent of more than 6.5 km with a cloud top height above 7 km altitude. PSCs observed by CALIPSO during the Arctic winter 2007/2008 were classified according to their type (STS, NAT, or ice) and to the kind of underlying tropospheric clouds. Our analysis reveals that 172 out of 211 observed PSCs occurred in connection with tropospheric clouds. 72% of these 172 observed PSCs occurred above deep-tropospheric clouds. We also find that the type of PSC seems to be connected to the characteristics of the underlying tropospheric cloud system. During the Arctic winter 2007/2008 PSCs consisting of ice were mainly observed in connection with deep-tropospheric cloud systems while no ice PSC was detected above cirrus. Furthermore, we find no correlation between the occurrence of PSCs and the top temperature of tropospheric clouds. Thus, our findings suggest that Arctic PSC formation is connected to adiabatice cooling, i.e. dynamic effects rather than radiative cooling.

  • 5.
    Achtert, Peggy
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Khaplanov, Mikhail
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Khosrawi, Farahnaz
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Gumbel, Jörg
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Pure rotational-Raman channels of the Esrange lidar for temperature and particle extinction measurements in the troposphere and lower stratosphere2013In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, ISSN 1867-1381, E-ISSN 1867-8548, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 91-98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Department of Meteorology at Stockholm University operates the Esrange Rayleigh/Raman lidar at Esrange(68° N, 21° E) near the Swedish city of Kiruna. This paper describes the design and first measurements of the newpure rotational-Raman channel of the Esrange lidar. The Esrange lidar uses a pulsed Nd:YAG solid-state laser operating at 532 nm as light source with a repetition rate of 20 Hz and a pulse energy of 350 mJ. The minimum vertical resolution is 150m and the integration time for one profile is 5000 shots. The newly implemented channel allows for measurements of atmospheric temperature at altitudes below 35 km and is currently optimized for temperature measurements between 180 and 200 K. This corresponds to conditions in the lower Arctic stratosphere during winter. In addition to the temperature measurements, the aerosol extinction coefficientand the aerosol backscatter coefficient at 532 nm can be measured in dependently. Our filter-based design minimizes the systematic error in the obtained temperature profile to less than 0.51 K. By combining rotational-Raman measurements (5–35 km height) and the integration technique (30–80 kmheight), the Esrange lidar is now capable of measuring atmospheric temperature profiles from the upper troposphere up to the mesosphere. With the improved setup, the system can be used to validate current lidar-based polar stratospheric cloud classification schemes. The new capability of the instrument measuring temperature and aerosol extinction furthermore enables studies of the thermal structure and variability of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Although several lidars are operated at polar latitudes, there are few instruments that are capable of measuring temperature profiles in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, as well as aerosols extinction in the troposphere and lower stratospherewith daylight capability.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Achtert, Peggy
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Khosrawi, Farahnaz
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Blum, U.
    Fricke, K. H.
    Investigation of polar stratospheric clouds in January 2008 by means of ground-based and spaceborne lidar measurements and microphysical box model simulations2011In: Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148-0227, E-ISSN 2156-2202, Vol. 116, p. D07201-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a key role in heterogeneous chemistry and ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere. The type of PSC as well as their temporal and spatial extent are important for the occurrence of heterogeneous reactions and, thus, ozone depletion. In this study a combination of ground-based and spaceborne lidar measurements were used together with microphysical box model simulations along back trajectories to investigate the formation and alteration of Arctic PSCs. The measurements were made by the Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar system at Esrange and by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite. Between 20 and 23 January 2008 PSCs composed of liquid particles were observed by CALIPSO between Greenland and the western side of the Scandinavian Mountains. Between 21 and 23 January 2008 the Esrange lidar observed a PSC composed of distinct layers of liquid and solid particles on the eastern side of the mountain range. Microphysical box model simulations along air parcel back trajectories indicate that liquid particles had formed at least 40 h before the observation at Esrange. Furthermore, the model indicates a high HNO(3) uptake into the liquid layer between 10 and 20 h before the observation. The PSC was formed when the air mass was over Greenland. On two occasions during these 20 h, CALIPSO observed PSCs when its measurement tracks crossed the air parcel back trajectory ending at the location of the Esrange lidar. Backscatter ratios calculated from the output of the box model simulation indicate good agreement with the values observed with the Esrange lidar and by CALIPSO. The box model simulations along the back trajectories from Esrange to the CALIPSO ground track and beyond provide us with the unique opportunity to relate ground-based and spaceborne lidar measurements that were not performed at the same spatial location and time. Furthermore, possible differences in the observations from ground and space can be traced to temporal and/or geographically induced changes in particle microphysics within the measured PSCs.

  • 7. Achtert, Peggy
    et al.
    O'Connor, Ewan J.
    Brooks, Ian M.
    Sotiropoulou, Georgia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Shupe, Matthew D.
    Pospichal, Bernhard
    Brooks, Barbara J.
    Tjernström, Michael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Properties of Arctic liquid and mixed-phase clouds from shipborne Cloudnet observations during ACSE 20142020In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 20, no 23, p. 14983-15002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study presents Cloudnet retrievals of Arctic clouds from measurements conducted during a 3-month research expedition along the Siberian shelf during summer and autumn 2014. During autumn, we find a strong reduction in the occurrence of liquid clouds and an increase for both mixed-phase and ice clouds at low levels compared to summer. About 80 % of all liquid clouds observed during the research cruise show a liquid water path below the infrared black body limit of approximately 50 g m(-2). The majority of mixed-phase and ice clouds had an ice water path below 20 g m(-2). Cloud properties are analysed with respect to cloud-top temperature and boundary layer structure. Changes in these parameters have little effect on the geometric thickness of liquid clouds while mixed-phase clouds during warm-air advection events are generally thinner than when such events were absent. Cloud-top temperatures are very similar for all mixed-phase clouds. However, more cases of lower cloudtop temperature were observed in the absence of warm-air advection. Profiles of liquid and ice water content are normalized with respect to cloud base and height. For liquid water clouds, the liquid water content profile reveals a strong increase with height with a maximum within the upper quarter of the clouds followed by a sharp decrease towards cloud top. Liquid water content is lowest for clouds observed below an inversion during warm-air advection events. Most mixedphase clouds show a liquid water content profile with a very similar shape to that of liquid clouds but with lower maximum values during events with warm air above the planetary boundary layer. The normalized ice water content profiles in mixed-phase clouds look different from those of liquid water content. They show a wider range in maximum values with the lowest ice water content for clouds below an inversion and the highest values for clouds above or extending through an inversion. The ice water content profile generally peaks at a height below the peak in the liquid water content profile - usually in the centre of the cloud, sometimes closer to cloud base, likely due to particle sublimation as the crystals fall through the cloud.

  • 8.
    Achtert, Peggy
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Tesche, Matthias
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM).
    Assessing lidar-based classification schemes for polar stratospheric clouds based on 16 years of measurements at Esrange, Sweden2014In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 119, no 3, p. 1386-1405Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lidar measurements of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are commonly analyzed in classification schemes that apply the backscatter ratio and the particle depolarization ratio. This similarity of input data suggests comparable results of different classification schemes—despite measurements being performed with a variety of mostly custom-made instruments. Based on a time series of 16 years of lidar measurements at Esrange (68°N, 21°E), Sweden, we show that PSC classification differs substantially depending on the applied scheme. The discrepancies result from varying threshold values of lidar-derived parameters used to define certain PSC types. The resulting inconsistencies could impact the understanding of long-term PSC observations documented in the literature. We identify two out of seven considered classification schemes that are most likely to give reliable results and should be used in future lidar-based studies. Using polarized backscatter ratios gives the advantage of increased contrast for observations of weakly backscattering and weakly depolarizing particles. Improved confidence in PSC classification can be achieved by a more comprehensive consideration of the effect of measurement uncertainties. The particle depolarization ratio is the key to a reliable identification of different PSC types. Hence, detailed information on the calibration of the polarization-sensitive measurement channels should be provided to assess the findings of a study. Presently, most PSC measurements with lidar are performed at 532 nm only. The information from additional polarization-sensitive measurements in the near infrared could lead to an improved PSC classification. Coincident lidar-based temperature measurements at PSC level might provide useful information for an assessment of PSC classification.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 9.
    Acosta Navarro, Juan C.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry.
    Ekman, Annica M. L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Pausata, Francesco S. R.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Lewinschal, Anna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Varma, Vidya
    Seland, Øyvind
    Gauss, Michael
    Iversen, Trond
    Kirkevåg, Alf
    Riipinen, Ilona
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry.
    Hansson, Hans Christen
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry.
    Future response of temperature and precipitation to reduced aerosol emissions as compared with increased greenhouse gas concentrations2017In: Journal of Climate, ISSN 0894-8755, E-ISSN 1520-0442, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 939-954Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Experiments with a climate model (NorESM1) were performed to isolate the effects of aerosol particles and greenhouse gases on surface temperature and precipitation in simulations of future climate. The simulations show that by 2025-2049, a reduction of aerosol emissions from fossil fuels following a maximum technically feasible reduction (MFR) scenario could lead to a global and Arctic warming of 0.26 K and 0.84 K, respectively; as compared with a simulation with fixed aerosol emissions at the level of 2005. If fossil fuel emissions of aerosols follow a current legislation emissions (CLE) scenario, the NorESM1 model simulations yield a non-significant change in global and Arctic average surface temperature as compared with aerosol emissions fixed at year 2005. The corresponding greenhouse gas effect following the RCP4.5 emission scenario leads to a global and Arctic warming of 0.35 K and 0.94 K, respectively.

    The model yields a marked annual average northward shift in the inter-tropical convergence zone with decreasing aerosol emissions and subsequent warming of the northern hemisphere. The shift is most pronounced in the MFR scenario but also visible in the CLE scenario. The modeled temperature response to a change in greenhouse gas concentrations is relatively symmetric between the hemispheres and there is no marked shift in the annual average position of the inter-tropical convergence zone. The strong reduction in aerosol emissions in MFR also leads to a net southward cross-hemispheric energy transport anomaly both in the atmosphere and ocean, and enhanced monsoon circulation in Southeast and East Asia causing an increase in precipitation over a large part of this region.

  • 10.
    Acosta Navarro, Juan Camilo
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM).
    Smolander, S.
    Struthers, H.
    Zorita, E.
    Ekman, Annica M. L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Kaplan, J. O.
    Guenther, A.
    Arneth, A.
    Riipinen, Ilona
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM).
    Global emissions of terpenoid VOCs from terrestrial vegetation in the last millennium2014In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 119, no 11, p. 6867-6885Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated the millennial variability (1000 A.D.-2000 A.D.) of global biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions by using two independent numerical models: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), for isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene, and Lund-Potsdam-Jena-General Ecosystem Simulator (LPJ-GUESS), for isoprene and monoterpenes. We found the millennial trends of global isoprene emissions to be mostly affected by land cover and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes, whereas monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission trends were dominated by temperature change. Isoprene emissions declined substantially in regions with large and rapid land cover change. In addition, isoprene emission sensitivity to drought proved to have significant short-term global effects. By the end of the past millennium MEGAN isoprene emissions were 634 TgC yr-1 (13% and 19% less than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively), and LPJ-GUESS emissions were 323 TgC yr-1(15% and 20% less than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively). Monoterpene emissions were 89 TgC yr-1(10% and 6% higher than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively) in MEGAN, and 24 TgC yr-1 (2% higher and 5% less than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively) in LPJ-GUESS. MEGAN sesquiterpene emissions were 36 TgC yr-1(10% and 4% higher than during 1750-1850 and 1000-1200, respectively). Although both models capture similar emission trends, the magnitude of the emissions are different. This highlights the importance of building better constraints on VOC emissions from terrestrial vegetation.

  • 11.
    Acosta Navarro, Juan Camilo
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry.
    Varma, Vidya
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Riipinen, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry.
    Seland, O.
    Kirkevag, A.
    Struthers, Hamish
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry. Linköping University, Sweden.
    Iversen, T.
    Hansson, Hans-Christen
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry.
    Ekman, Annica M. L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Amplification of Arctic warming by past air pollution reductions in Europe2016In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 277-+Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Arctic region is warming considerably faster than the rest of the globe(1), with important consequences for the ecosystems(2) and human exploration of the region(3). However, the reasons behind this Arctic amplification are not entirely clear(4). As a result of measures to enhance air quality, anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter and its precursors have drastically decreased in parts of the Northern Hemisphere over the past three decades(5). Here we present simulations with an Earth system model with comprehensive aerosol physics and chemistry that show that the sulfate aerosol reductions in Europe since 1980 can potentially explain a significant fraction of Arctic warming over that period. Specifically, the Arctic region receives an additional 0.3Wm(-2) of energy, and warms by 0.5 degrees C on annual average in simulations with declining European sulfur emissions in line with historical observations, compared with a model simulation with fixed European emissions at 1980 levels. Arctic warming is amplified mainly in fall and winter, but the warming is initiated in summer by an increase in incoming solar radiation as well as an enhanced poleward oceanic and atmospheric heat transport. The simulated summertime energy surplus reduces sea-ice cover, which leads to a transfer of heat from the Arctic Ocean to the atmosphere. We conclude that air quality regulations in the Northern Hemisphere, the ocean and atmospheric circulation, and Arctic climate are inherently linked.

  • 12. Adachi, Kouji
    et al.
    Tobo, Yutaka
    Oshima, Naga
    Yoshida, Atsushi
    Ohata, Sho
    Krejci, Radovan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).
    Massling, Andreas
    Skov, Henrik
    Koike, Makoto
    Composition and mixing state of individual aerosol particles from northeast Greenland and Svalbard in the Arctic during spring 20182023In: Atmospheric Environment, ISSN 1352-2310, E-ISSN 1873-2844, Vol. 314, article id 120083Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Arctic region is warming about four times faster than the rest of the globe, and thus it is important to understand the processes driving climate change in this region. Aerosols are a significant component of the Arctic climate system as they form ice crystals and liquid droplets that control the dynamics of clouds and also directly interact with solar radiation, depending on the compositions and mixing states of individual particles. Here, we report on the characteristics of submicron-sized aerosol particles using transmission electron microscopy obtained at two high Arctic sites, northeast Greenland (Villum Research Station) and Svalbard (Zeppelin Observatory), during spring 2018. The results showed that a dominant compound in the submicron-sized spring aerosols was sulfate, followed by sea salt particles. Both model simulations and observations at the Zeppelin Observatory showed that sea salt particles became more prevalent when low-pressure systems passed by the station. Model simulations indicate that both sampling sites were affected by diffused and diluted long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols from lower latitudes with negligible influences of biomass burning emissions during the observation period. Overall, the composition of measured aerosol particles from the two Arctic sites was generally similar and showed no apparent variation except for the sea salt fractions. This study shows a general picture of high Arctic aerosol particles influenced by marine sources and diffused long-range transport of anthropogenic sources during the Arctic spring period. These results will contribute to a better knowledge of the aerosol composition and mixing state during the Arctic spring, which helps to understand the contributions of aerosols to the Arctic climate.

  • 13.
    Ahlm, Lars
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . University of Oslo, Norway.
    Jones, Andy
    Stjern, Camilla W.
    Muri, Helene
    Kravitz, Ben
    Kristjánsson, Jón Egill
    Marine cloud brightening - as effective without clouds2017In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 17, no 21, p. 13071-13087Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Marine cloud brightening through sea spray injection has been proposed as a climate engineering method for avoiding the most severe consequences of global warming. A limitation of most of the previous modelling studies on marine cloud brightening is that they have either considered individual models or only investigated the effects of a specific increase in the number of cloud droplets. Here we present results from coordinated simulations with three Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4sea-salt experiment. Injection rates of accumulation-mode sea spray aerosol particles over ocean between 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S are set in each model to generate a global-mean effective radiative forcing (ERF) of -2.0 W m(-2) at the top of the atmosphere. We find that the injection increases the cloud droplet number concentration in lower layers, reduces the cloud-top effective droplet radius, and increases the cloud optical depth over the injection area. We also find, however, that the global-mean clear-sky ERF by the injected particles is as large as the corresponding total ERF in all three ESMs, indicating a large potential of the aerosol direct effect in regions of low cloudiness. The largest enhancement in ERF due to the presence of clouds occur as expected in the subtropical stratocumulus regions off the west coasts of the American and African continents. However, outside these regions, the ERF is in general equally large in cloudy and clear-sky conditions. These findings suggest a more important role of the aerosol direct effect in sea spray climate engineering than previously thought.

  • 14. Akperov, M. G.
    et al.
    Eliseev, A. V.
    Mokhov, I. I.
    Semenov, V. A.
    Parfenova, M. R.
    Koenigk, Torben
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden.
    Wind Energy Potential in the Arctic and Subarctic Regions and Its Projected Change in the 21st Century Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations2022In: Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, ISSN 1068-3739, E-ISSN 1934-8096, Vol. 47, no 6, p. 428-436Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Quantitative estimates of changes in wind energy resources in the Arctic were obtained using the RCA4 regional climate model under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios for 2006–2099. The wind power density proportional to cubic wind speed was analyzed. The procedure for the model near-surface wind speed bias correction using ERA5 data as a reference with subsequent extrapolation of wind speed to the turbine height was applied to estimate the wind power density (WPD). According to the RCA4 simulations for the 21st century under both anthropogenic forcing scenarios, a noticeable increase in the WPD was noted, in particular, over the Barents, Kara, and Chukchi seas in winter. In summer, a general increase in the WPD is manifested over the Arctic Ocean. The changes are more significant under the RCP8.5 scenario with high anthropogenic forcing for the 21st century. According to model projections, an increase in the interdaily WPD variations does not generally lead to the deviations of wind speed to the values at which the operation of wind generators is unfeasible.

  • 15. Akperov, Mirseid
    et al.
    Eliseev, Alexey V.
    Rinke, Annette
    Mokhov, Igor I.
    Semenov, Vladimir A.
    Dembitskaya, Mariya
    Matthes, Heidrun
    Adakudlu, Muralidhar
    Boberg, Fredrik
    Christensen, Jens H.
    Dethloff, Klaus
    Fettweis, Xavier
    Gutjahr, Oliver
    Heinemann, Günther
    Koenigk, Torben
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).
    Sein, Dmitry
    Laprise, René
    Mottram, Ruth
    Nikiéma, Oumarou
    Sobolowski, Stefan
    Winger, Katja
    Zhang, Wenxin
    Future projections of wind energy potentials in the arctic for the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario from regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)2023In: Anthropocene, E-ISSN 2213-3054, Vol. 44, article id 100402Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Arctic has warmed more than twice the rate of the entire globe. To quantify possible climate change effects, we calculate wind energy potentials from a multi-model ensemble of Arctic-CORDEX. For this, we analyze future changes of wind power density (WPD) using an eleven-member multi-model ensemble. Impacts are estimated for two periods (2020-2049 and 2070-2099) of the 21st century under a high emission scenario (RCP8.5). The multi-model mean reveals an increase of seasonal WPD over the Arctic in the future decades. WPD variability across a range of temporal scales is projected to increase over the Arctic. The signal amplifies by the end of 21st century. Future changes in the frequency of wind speeds at 100 m not useable for wind energy production (wind speeds below 4 m/s or above 25 m/s) has been analyzed. The RCM ensemble simulates a more frequent occurrence of 100 m non-usable wind speeds for the wind-turbines over Scandinavia and selected land areas in Alaska, northern Russia and Canada. In contrast, non-usable wind speeds decrease over large parts of Eastern Siberia and in northern Alaska. Thus, our results indicate increased potential of the Arctic for the development and production of wind energy. Bias corrected and not corrected near-surface wind speed and WPD changes have been compared with each other. It has been found that both show the same sign of future change, but differ in magnitude of these changes. The role of sea-ice retreat and vegetation expansion in the Arctic in future on near-surface wind speed variability has been also assessed. Surface roughness through sea-ice and vegetation changes may significantly impact on WPD variability in the Arctic.

  • 16. Akperov, Mirseid
    et al.
    Rinke, Annette
    Mokhov, Igor I.
    Matthes, Heidrun
    Semenov, Vladimir A.
    Adakudlu, Muralidhar
    Cassano, John
    Christensen, Jens H.
    Dembitskaya, Mariya A.
    Dethloff, Klaus
    Fettweis, Xavier
    Glisan, Justin
    Gutjahr, Oliver
    Heinemann, Günther
    Koenigk, Torben
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden.
    Koldunov, Nikolay V.
    Laprise, René
    Mottram, Ruth
    Nikiéma, Oumarou
    Scinocca, John F.
    Sein, Dmitry
    Sobolowski, Stefan
    Winger, Katja
    Zhang, Wenxin
    Cyclone Activity in the Arctic From an Ensemble of Regional Climate Models (Arctic CORDEX)2018In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 123, no 5, p. 2537-2554Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ability of state-of-the-art regional climate models to simulate cyclone activity in the Arctic is assessed based on an ensemble of 13 simulations from 11 models from the Arctic-CORDEX initiative. Some models employ large-scale spectral nudging techniques. Cyclone characteristics simulated by the ensemble are compared with the results forced by four reanalyses (ERA-Interim, National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2, and Japan Meteorological Agency-Japanese 55-year reanalysis) in winter and summer for 1981-2010 period. In addition, we compare cyclone statistics between ERA-Interim and the Arctic System Reanalysis reanalyses for 2000-2010. Biases in cyclone frequency, intensity, and size over the Arctic are also quantified. Variations in cyclone frequency across the models are partly attributed to the differences in cyclone frequency over land. The variations across the models are largest for small and shallow cyclones for both seasons. A connection between biases in the zonal wind at 200hPa and cyclone characteristics is found for both seasons. Most models underestimate zonal wind speed in both seasons, which likely leads to underestimation of cyclone mean depth and deep cyclone frequency in the Arctic. In general, the regional climate models are able to represent the spatial distribution of cyclone characteristics in the Arctic but models that employ large-scale spectral nudging show a better agreement with ERA-Interim reanalysis than the rest of the models. Trends also exhibit the benefits of nudging. Models with spectral nudging are able to reproduce the cyclone trends, whereas most of the nonnudged models fail to do so. However, the cyclone characteristics and trends are sensitive to the choice of nudged variables.

  • 17. Akperov, Mirseid
    et al.
    Rinke, Annette
    Mokhov, Igor I.
    Semenov, Vladimir A.
    Parfenova, Mariya R.
    Matthes, Heidrun
    Adakudlu, Muralidhar
    Boberg, Fredrik
    Christensen, Jens H.
    Dembitskaya, Mariya A.
    Dethloff, Klaus
    Fettweis, Xavier
    Gutjahr, Oliver
    Heinemann, Günther
    Koenigk, Torben
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden.
    Koldunov, Nikolay
    Laprise, René
    Mottram, Ruth
    Nikiéma, Oumarou
    Sein, Dmitry
    Sobolowski, Stefan
    Winger, Katja
    Zhang, Wenxin
    Future projections of cyclone activity in the Arctic for the 21st century from regional climate models (Arctic-CORDEX)2019In: Global and Planetary Change, ISSN 0921-8181, E-ISSN 1872-6364, Vol. 182, article id 103005Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Changes in the characteristics of cyclone activity (frequency, depth and size) in the Arctic are analyzed based on simulations with state-of-the-art regional climate models (RCMs) from the Arctic-CORDEX initiative and global climate models (GCMs) from CMIP5 under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Most of RCMs show an increase of cyclone frequency in winter (DJF) and a decrease in summer (JJA) to the end of the 21st century. However, in one half of the RCMs, cyclones become weaker and substantially smaller in winter and deeper and larger in summer. RCMs as well as GCMs show an increase of cyclone frequency over the Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, north of Greenland, Canadian Archipelago, and a decrease over the Nordic Seas, Kara and Beaufort Seas and over the sub-arctic continental regions in winter. In summer, the models simulate an increase of cyclone frequency over the Central Arctic and Greenland Sea and a decrease over the Norwegian and Kara Seas by the end of the 21st century. The decrease is also found over the high-latitude continental areas, in particular, over east Siberia and Alaska. The sensitivity of the RCMs' projections to the boundary conditions and model physics is estimated. In general, different lateral boundary conditions from the GCMs have larger effects on the simulated RCM projections than the differences in RCMs' setup and/or physics.

  • 18.
    Aldama Campino, Aitor
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Atmospheric and oceanic circulation from a thermodynamic perspective2019Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The climate system is continuously transporting and exchanging heat, freshwater, carbon and other tracers in different spatio-temporal scales. Therefore, analysing the system from a thermodynamic or biogeochemical framework is highly convenient. In this thesis the interaction between the ocean and the atmospheric circulation is analysed using thermodynamical and biogeochemical coordinates. Due to the dimensionality of the climate system stream functions are used to reduce this complexity and facilitate the understanding of the different processes that take place. The first half of this thesis, focuses on the interaction between the atmospheric and the ocean circulation from a thermodynamic perspective. We introduce the hydrothermohaline stream function which combines the atmospheric circulation in humidity-potential temperature (hydrothermal) space and the ocean circulation in salinity-temperature coordinates (thermohaline). A scale factor of 7.1 is proposed to link humidity and salinity coordinates. Future scenarios are showing an increase of humidity in the atmosphere due to the increase of temperatures which results in a widening of the hydrothermal stream function along the humidity coordinate. In a similar way, the ocean circulation in the thermohaline space expands along the salinity coordinate. The link between salinity and humidity changes is strongest at net evaporation regions where the gain of water vapour in the atmosphere results in a salinification in the ocean. In addition, the ocean circulation in latitude-carbon space is investigated. By doing so, we are able to distinguish the roles of different water masses and circulation pathways for ocean carbon. We find that the surface waters in the subtropical gyres are the main drivers of the meridional carbon transport in the ocean. By separating the carbon in its different constituents we show that the carbon transported by the majority of the water masses is a result of the solubility pump. The contribution of the biological pump is predominant in the deep Pacific Ocean. The effects of the Mediterranean Overflow Waters on the North Atlantic are discussed in the final part of the thesis.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Atmospheric and oceanic circulation from a thermodynamic perspective
    Download (jpg)
    Omslagsframsida
  • 19.
    Aldama Campino, Aitor
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Multidecadal variability of the Mediterranean Overflow Water in the North AtlanticManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Mediterranean overflow water is one of the most important intermediate--depth water masses in the North Atlantic. This water mass, formed in the Mediterranean Sea, produces a saline and warm water tongue at a depth of 1000 m that spreads out from the Strait of Gibraltar and fills a large area of the North Atlantic basin. The production of  this dense water is a result of the excess of evaporation over precipitation and river runoff. A pre-industrial simulation with the earth system model EC-Earth is used to investigate the overflow water. The multidecadal variability of the outflow is analysed by examining the modelled volume and salt transports through the Strait of Gibraltar as well as different atmospheric patterns (such as the wind pattern and the net freshwater fluxes). The salinity evolution in the main core of the outflow in the mid Atlantic is also taken into account.  \ald{The leading empirical orthogonal functions for the modeled salinity 1000 m coincided with the modeled distribution of outflow water}. The associated principal component showed a multidecadal variability of the salinity field. The variability of the net salt transport through the Strait of Gibraltar showed a similar behaviour where the Atlantic--Mediterranean system manifested two clear states. One of these is when the Mediterranean imports salt from the Atlantic and the other is where salt export to the Atlantic predominates. \ald{This result indicates that the Mediterranean Sea acts as a storage of salt alternating between the two states.

  • 20.
    Aldama Campino, Aitor
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    The effects of global warming on the coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Hydrothermohaline circulationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Global warming will have an impact on the hydrological cycle affecting both the atmospheric and oceanic circulation. In this study we analyse these impacts from a thermodynamic perspective using streamfunctions defined in general thermodynamic coordinates. Both the atmospheric and oceanic circulation showed a weakening of the circulation in a future scenario but an expansion in both humidity and salinity directions. The Clausius-Clapeyron relationship is hence here extended to not only to give a relationship between air temperature and moisture but also with the sea-surface salinity. As a consequence, not only the atmospheric hydrothermal circulation, but also the oceanic thermohaline circulation, will follow the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship as climate warms up. This results in a direct relationship between the increase of atmospheric moisture and an increase of the ocean salinity as a consequence of the changes in the freshwater forcing at the sea surface.

  • 21.
    Aldama Campino, Aitor
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Fransner, Filippa
    Ödalen, Malin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Groeskamp, Sjoerd
    Yool, Andrew
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Nycander, Jonas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Meridional Ocean Carbon TransportManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The ocean's ability to take up and store CO$_{2}$ is a key factor for understanding past and future climate variability. However, qualitative and quantitative understanding of surface-to-interior pathways, and how the ocean circulation affects the CO$_2$ uptake, is limited. Consequently, how changes in ocean circulation may influence carbon uptake and storage and therefore the future climate remains ambiguous.Here we quantify the roles played by ocean circulation and various water masses in the meridional redistribution of carbon.We do so by calculating stream functions defined in Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and latitude coordinates, using output from a coupled biogeochemical-physical model. By further separating DIC into components originating from the solubility pump and a residual including the biological pump, air-sea disequilibrium and anthropogenic CO$_2$, we are able to distinguish the dominant pathways of how carbon enters particular water masses.With this new tool, we show that the largest meridional carbon transport occurs in a pole-to-equator transport in the subtropical gyres in the upper ocean. We are able to show that this pole-to-equator DIC transport, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) related DIC transport, are mainly driven by the solubility pump. By contrast, the DIC transport associated with deep circulation, including that in Antarctic Bottom Water and Pacific Deep Water, is mostly driven by the biological pump. As these two pumps, as well as ocean circulation, are widely expected to be impacted by anthropogenic changes, these findings have implications for the future role of the ocean as a climate-buffering carbon reservoir.

  • 22.
    Aldama-Campino, Aitor
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Mediterranean overflow water in the North Atlantic and its multidecadal variability2020In: Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, ISSN 0280-6495, E-ISSN 1600-0870, Vol. 72, no 1, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Mediterranean overflow water is one of the most important intermediate-depth water masses in the North Atlantic. To investigate its properties a pre-industrial simulation with the earth system model EC- Earth is used. The multidecadal variability of the outflow is analysed by examining the modelled volume and salt transports through the Strait of Gibraltar as well as different atmospheric patterns (such as the wind pattern and the net freshwater fluxes). The salinity evolution in the main core of the outflow in the mid- Atlantic is also taken into account. The leading empirical orthogonal functions for the modelled salinity 900 m coincided with the modelled distribution of outflow water. The associated principal component showed a multidecadal variability of the salinity field. The variability of the net salt transport through the Strait of Gibraltar showed a similar behaviour where the Atlantic-Mediterranean system manifested two clear states. One of these is when the Mediterranean imports salt from the Atlantic and the other is where salt export to the Atlantic predominates. This result indicates that the Mediterranean Sea acts as a storage of salt alternating between the two states. The negative phase of the North Atlantic oscillation appears to play a role driving the variability of the salt transport and its impact on the overturning circulation in the North Atlantic.

  • 23.
    Aldama-Campino, Aitor
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Fransner, Filippa
    Ödalen, Malin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . University of Arizona, USA.
    Groeskamp, Sjoerd
    Yool, Andrew
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Nycander, Jonas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Meridional Ocean Carbon Transport2020In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, ISSN 0886-6236, E-ISSN 1944-9224, Vol. 34, no 9, article id e2019GB006336Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ocean's ability to take up and store CO2 is a key factor for understanding past and future climate variability. However, qualitative and quantitative understanding of surface‐to‐interior pathways, and how the ocean circulation affects the CO2 uptake, is limited. Consequently, how changes in ocean circulation may influence carbon uptake and storage and therefore the future climate remains ambiguous. Here we quantify the roles played by ocean circulation and various water masses in the meridional redistribution of carbon. We do so by calculating streamfunctions defined in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and latitude coordinates, using output from a coupled biogeochemical‐physical model. By further separating DIC into components originating from the solubility pump and a residual including the biological pump, air‐sea disequilibrium, and anthropogenic CO2, we are able to distinguish the dominant pathways of how carbon enters particular water masses. With this new tool, we show that the largest meridional carbon transport occurs in a pole‐to‐equator transport in the subtropical gyres in the upper ocean. We are able to show that this pole‐to‐equator DIC transport and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)‐related DIC transport are mainly driven by the solubility pump. By contrast, the DIC transport associated with deep circulation, including that in Antarctic bottom water and Pacific deep water, is mostly driven by the biological pump. As these two pumps, as well as ocean circulation, are widely expected to be impacted by anthropogenic changes, these findings have implications for the future role of the ocean as a climate‐buffering carbon reservoir.

  • 24. Almroth-Rosell, Elin
    et al.
    Eilola, Kari
    Kuznetsov, Ivan
    Hall, Per O. J.
    Meier, H. E. Markus
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden.
    A new approach to model oxygen dependent benthic phosphate fluxes in the Baltic Sea2015In: Journal of Marine Systems, ISSN 0924-7963, E-ISSN 1879-1573, Vol. 144, p. 127-141Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The new approach to model the oxygen dependent phosphate release by implementing formulations of the oxygen penetration depths (OPD) and mineral bound inorganic phosphorus pools to the Swedish Coastal and Ocean Biogeochemical model (SCOBI) is described. The phosphorus dynamics and the oxygen concentrations in the Baltic proper sediment are studied during the period 1980-2008 using SCOBI coupled to the 3D-Rossby Centre Ocean model. Model data are compared to observations from monitoring stations and experiments. The impact from oxygen consumption on the determination of the OPD is found to be largest in the coastal zones where also the largest OPD are found. In the deep water the low oxygen concentrations mainly determine the OPD. Highest modelled release rate of phosphate from the sediment is about 59 x 10(3) t P year(-1) and is found on anoxic sediment at depths between 60-150 m, corresponding to 17% of the Baltic proper total area. The deposition of organic and inorganic phosphorus on sediments with oxic bottom water is larger than the release of phosphorus, about 43 x 10(3) t P year(-1). For anoxic bottoms the release of total phosphorus during the investigated period is larger than the deposition, about 19 x 10(3) t P year(-1). In total the net Baltic proper sediment sink is about 23.7 x 10(3) t P year(-1). The estimated phosphorus sink efficiency of the entire Baltic Sea is on average about 83% during the period.

  • 25. Amyx, K.
    et al.
    Sternovsky, Z.
    Knappmiller, S.
    Robertson, S.
    Horanyi, M.
    Gumbel, Jörg
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology.
    In-situ measurement of smoke particles in the wintertime polar mesosphere between 80 and 85 km altitude2008In: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 70, p. 61-70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The MAGIC sounding rocket, launched in January 2005 into the polar mesosphere, carried two detectors for charged aerosol particles. The detectors are graphite patch collectors mounted flush with the skin of the payload and are connected to sensitive electrometers. The measured signal is the net current deposited on the detectors by heavy aerosol particles. The collection of electrons and ions is prevented by magnetic shielding and a small positive bias, respectively. Both instruments detected a layer of heavy aerosol particles between 80 and 85 km with a number density approximately 103 cm−3. Aerodynamic flow simulations imply that the collected particles are larger than 1 nm in radius. The particles are detected as a net positive charge deposited on the graphite collectors. It is suggested that the measured positive polarity is due to the electrification of the smoke particles upon impact on the graphite collectors.

  • 26. Anderson, Bruce T.
    et al.
    Hassanzadeh, Pedram
    Caballero, Rodrigo
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Persistent anomalies of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation as an initiator of El Nino/Southern Oscillation events2017In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 10145Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climates across both hemispheres are strongly influenced by tropical Pacific variability associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Conversely, extratropical variability also can affect the tropics. In particular, seasonal-mean alterations of near-surface winds associated with the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) serve as a significant extratropical forcing agent of ENSO. However, it is still unclear what dynamical processes give rise to year-to-year shifts in these long-lived NPO anomalies. Here we show that intraseasonal variability in boreal winter pressure patterns over the Central North Pacific (CNP) imparts a significant signature upon the seasonal-mean circulations characteristic of the NPO. Further we show that the seasonal-mean signature results in part from year-to-year variations in persistent, quasi-stationary low-pressure intrusions into the subtropics of the CNP, accompanied by the establishment of persistent, quasi-stationary high-pressure anomalies over high latitudes of the CNP. Overall, we find that the frequency of these persistent extratropical anomalies (PEAs) during a given winter serves as a key modulator of intraseasonal variability in extratropical North Pacific circulations and, through their influence on the seasonal-mean circulations in and around the southern lobe of the NPO, the state of the equatorial Pacific 9-12 months later.

  • 27. Andersson Burnett, Linda
    et al.
    Bender, Frida A.-M.Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).Schottenius Cullhed, SigridDelemotte, LucieLiinason, MiaLodén, SofiaStockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Romance Studies and Classics.Machotka, EwaStockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Asian and Middle Eastern studies.Seubert, JaninaSöderfeldt, YlvaTassin, Philippe
    A Beginner's Guide to Swedish Academia2022Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    As new to the Swedish research system, one is faced with a series of questions, about what applies to qualifications, what the networks look like, but also practical issues. To make things easier, YAS has developed a guide for international researchers, to help navigate Swedish academia and remove time-consuming obstacles.

  • 28.
    Andersson, Erik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    A Variational data assimilation scheme and its use of meteorological observations1999Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Meteorological data assimilation is the process by which a model simulation of the atmosphere is corrected by observations. In operational weather forecasting, this is done in near real-time, to provide accurate initial conditions for numerical forecasts. The accuracy of the forecasts depends crucially on the accuracy of the data assimilation.

    The increase in available computing power and the theoretical advances in data assimilation methods have recently enabled the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to develop and introduce operationally a new data assimilation scheme (4D-Var), based on variational methods. The four papers of this thesis present recent developments that have exploited some of the most promising possibilities of 4D-Var with respect to observation usage. They have all been incorporated in operational practice at ECMWF.

    Variational data assimilation schemes have several advantages that make the new scheme more flexible than earlier schemes with respect to the use of observations. The introduction of 4D-Var has enabled the effective use of a wider range of meteorological observations than previously possible. This includes, as will be demonstrated in this thesis, both conventional observations and satellite measurements.

    In the first paper we develop a method for the use of satellite radiance observations, and investigate the aspects of 4D-Var that make the scheme particularly well suited for the assimilation of data from a growing variety of space based observing systems. In the second paper we develop a variational quality control method. The third paper investigates the flow-dependence of the 4D-Var response to time series of surface pressure observations in the vicinity of a rapidly developing storm. The final paper presents a diagnostic method for tuning of the 4D-Var system.

  • 29.
    Andersson, Mathias H
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology.
    Dock-Åkerman, Emily
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology.
    Ubral-Hedenberg, Ramona
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology.
    Öhman, Marcus C
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology.
    Sigray, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Swimming Behavior of Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Response to Wind Power Noise and Single-tone Frequencies2007In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 36, no 8, p. 636-638Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Human-induced underwater noise is drastically increasing as the result of offshore installations and human activities in the marine environment. Many of these structures and activities produce low-frequency noise that could potentially disturb or have harmful effects on several species of teleost fishes. Within the next decade, thousands of wind turbines will be in use in coastal and offshore waters and there is increasing concern on how they may influence marine life. The aims of this study were to examine how swimming behavior of roach (Rutilus rutilus) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were influenced by single-frequency sounds and noise generated by an offshore wind turbine, and the function of sound pressure level.

  • 30.
    Andersson, Mathias H.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology.
    Sigray, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Persson, Leif K. G.
    FOI.
    Wind farm noise influence on the audibility of fishManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 31.
    Andesson, Mathias H.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology.
    Sigray, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Particle motion measured at an operational wind turbine in relation to hearing sensitivity in fishManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 32. Andrews, Timothy
    et al.
    Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro
    Gregory, Jonathan M.
    Dong, Yue
    Armour, Kyle C.
    Paynter, David
    Lin, Pu
    Modak, Angshuman
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Mauritsen, Thorsten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Cole, Jason N. S.
    Medeiros, Brian
    Benedict, James J.
    Douville, Hervé
    Roehrig, Romain
    Koshiro, Tsuyoshi
    Kawai, Hideaki
    Ogura, Tomoo
    Dufresne, Jean-Louis
    Allan, Richard P.
    Liu, Chunlei
    On the Effect of Historical SST Patterns on Radiative Feedback2022In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, ISSN 2169-897X, E-ISSN 2169-8996, Vol. 127, no 18, article id e2022JD036675Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the dependence of radiative feedback on the pattern of sea-surface temperature (SST) change in 14 Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs) forced with observed variations in SST and sea-ice over the historical record from 1871 to near-present. We find that over 1871–1980, the Earth warmed with feedbacks largely consistent and strongly correlated with long-term climate sensitivity feedbacks (diagnosed from corresponding atmosphere-ocean GCM abrupt-4xCO2 simulations). Post 1980, however, the Earth warmed with unusual trends in tropical Pacific SSTs (enhanced warming in the west, cooling in the east) and cooling in the Southern Ocean that drove climate feedback to be uncorrelated with—and indicating much lower climate sensitivity than—that expected for long-term CO2 increase. We show that these conclusions are not strongly dependent on the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) II SST data set used to force the AGCMs, though the magnitude of feedback post 1980 is generally smaller in nine AGCMs forced with alternative HadISST1 SST boundary conditions. We quantify a “pattern effect” (defined as the difference between historical and long-term CO2 feedback) equal to 0.48 ± 0.47 [5%–95%] W m−2 K−1 for the time-period 1871–2010 when the AGCMs are forced with HadISST1 SSTs, or 0.70 ± 0.47 [5%–95%] W m−2 K−1 when forced with AMIP II SSTs. Assessed changes in the Earth's historical energy budget agree with the AGCM feedback estimates. Furthermore satellite observations of changes in top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes since 1985 suggest that the pattern effect was particularly strong over recent decades but may be waning post 2014.

  • 33. Angevine, Wayne
    et al.
    Tjernström, Michael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Zagar, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Modeling of the coastal boundary layer and pollutant transport in New England2006In: Journal of applied meteorology (1988), ISSN 0894-8763, E-ISSN 1520-0450, Vol. 45, p. 137-154Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 34. Annan, James D.
    et al.
    Hargreaves, Julia C.
    Mauritsen, Thorsten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    A new global surface temperature reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum2022In: Climate of the Past, ISSN 1814-9324, E-ISSN 1814-9332, Vol. 18, no 8, p. 1883-1896Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a new reconstruction of surface air temperature and sea surface temperature for the Last Glacial Maximum. The method blends model fields and sparse proxy-based point estimates through a data assimilation approach. Our reconstruction updates that of Annan and Hargreaves (2013), using the full range of general circulation model (GCM) simulations which contributed to three generations of the PMIP database, three major compilations of gridded sea surface temperature (SST) and surface air temperature (SAT) estimates from proxy data, and an improved methodology based on an ensemble Kalman filter. Our reconstruction has a global annual mean surface air temperature anomaly of −4.5 ± 0.9◦C relative to the pre-industrial climate. This is slightly colder than the previous estimate of Annan and Hargreaves (2013), with an upwards revision on the uncertainty due to different methodological assumptions. It is, however, substantially less cold than the recent reconstruction of Tierney et al. (2020). We show that the main reason for this discrepancy is in the choice of prior. We recommend the use of the multi-model ensemble of opportunity as potentially offering a credible prior, but it is important that the range of models included in the PMIP ensembles represent the main sources of uncertainty as realistically and comprehensively as practicable if they are to be used in this way.

  • 35. Annan, James D.
    et al.
    Hargreaves, Julia C.
    Mauritsen, Thorsten
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Stevens, Bjorn
    What could we learn about climate sensitivity from variability in the surface temperature record?2020In: Earth System Dynamics, ISSN 2190-4979, E-ISSN 2190-4987, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 709-719Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We examine what can be learnt about climate sensitivity from variability in the surface air temperature record over the instrumental period, from around 1880 to the present. While many previous studies have used trends in observational time series to constrain equilibrium climate sensitivity, it has also been argued that temporal variability may also be a powerful constraint. We explore this question in the context of a simple widely used energy balance model of the climate system. We consider two recently proposed summary measures of variability and also show how the full information content can be optimally used in this idealised scenario. We find that the constraint provided by variability is inherently skewed, and its power is inversely related to the sensitivity itself, discriminating most strongly between low sensitivity values and weakening substantially for higher values. It is only when the sensitivity is very low that the variability can provide a tight constraint. Our investigations take the form of perfect model experiments, in which we make the optimistic assumption that the model is structurally perfect and all uncertainties (including the true parameter values and nature of internal variability noise) are correctly characterised. Therefore the results might be interpreted as a best-case scenario for what we can learn from variability, rather than a realistic estimate of this. In these experiments, we find that for a moderate sensitivity of 2.5 degrees C, a 150-year time series of pure internal variability will typically support an estimate with a 5 %-95% range of around 5 degrees C (e.g. 1.9-6.8 degrees C). Total variability including that due to the forced response, as inferred from the detrended observational record, can provide a stronger constraint with an equivalent 5 %-95 % posterior range of around 4 degrees C (e.g. 1.8-6.0 degrees C) even when uncertainty in aerosol forcing is considered. Using a statistical summary of variability based on autocorrelation and the magnitude of residuals after detrending proves somewhat less powerful as a constraint than the full time series in both situations. Our results support the analysis of variability as a potentially useful tool in helping to constrain equilibrium climate sensitivity but suggest caution in the interpretation of precise results.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 36. Artaxo, Paulo
    et al.
    Hansson, Hans-Christen
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Andreae, Meinrat O.
    Bäck, Jaana
    Alves, Eliane Gomes
    Barbosa, Henrique M. J.
    Bender, Frida
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Bourtsoukidis, Efstratios
    Carbone, Samara
    Chi, Jinshu
    Decesari, Stefano
    Després, Viviane R.
    Ditas, Florian
    Ezhova, Ekaterina
    Fuzzi, Sandro
    Hasselquist, Niles J.
    Heintzenberg, Jost
    Holanda, Bruna A.
    Guenther, Alex
    Hakola, Hannele
    Heikkinen, Liine
    Kerminen, Veli-Matti
    Kontkanen, Jenni
    Krejci, Radovan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Kulmala, Markku
    Lavric, Jost V.
    de Leeuw, Gerrit
    Lehtipalo, Katrianne
    Machado, Luiz Augusto T.
    McFiggans, Gordon
    Franco, Marco Aurelio M.
    Meller, Bruno Backes
    Morais, Fernando G.
    Mohr, Claudia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Morgan, William
    Nilsson, Mats B.
    Peichl, Matthias
    Petäjä, Tuukka
    Praß, Maria
    Pöhlker, Christopher
    Pöhlker, Mira L.
    Pöschl, Ulrich
    Von Randow, Celso
    Riipinen, Ilona
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Rinne, Janne
    Rizzo, Luciana
    Rosenfeld, Daniel
    Silva Dias, Maria A. F.
    Sogacheva, Larisa
    Stier, Philip
    Swietlicki, Erik
    Sörgel, Matthias
    Tunved, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Virkkula, Aki
    Wang, Jian
    Weber, Bettina
    Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Ana
    Zieger, Paul
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Mikhailov, Eugene
    Smith, James N.
    Kesselmeier, Jürgen
    Tropical and Boreal Forest – Atmosphere Interactions: A Review2022In: Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology, ISSN 0280-6509, E-ISSN 1600-0889, Vol. 74, no 1, p. 24-163Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This review presents how the boreal and the tropical forests affect the atmosphere, its chemical composition, its function, and further how that affects the climate and, in return, the ecosystems through feedback processes. Observations from key tower sites standing out due to their long-term comprehensive observations: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Central Amazonia, the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory in Siberia, and the Station to Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations at Hyytiäla in Finland. The review is complemented by short-term observations from networks and large experiments.

    The review discusses atmospheric chemistry observations, aerosol formation and processing, physiochemical aerosol, and cloud condensation nuclei properties and finds surprising similarities and important differences in the two ecosystems. The aerosol concentrations and chemistry are similar, particularly concerning the main chemical components, both dominated by an organic fraction, while the boreal ecosystem has generally higher concentrations of inorganics, due to higher influence of long-range transported air pollution. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds are dominated by isoprene and monoterpene in the tropical and boreal regions, respectively, being the main precursors of the organic aerosol fraction.

    Observations and modeling studies show that climate change and deforestation affect the ecosystems such that the carbon and hydrological cycles in Amazonia are changing to carbon neutrality and affect precipitation downwind. In Africa, the tropical forests are so far maintaining their carbon sink.

    It is urgent to better understand the interaction between these major ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate, which calls for more observation sites, providing long-term data on water, carbon, and other biogeochemical cycles. This is essential in finding a sustainable balance between forest preservation and reforestation versus a potential increase in food production and biofuels, which are critical in maintaining ecosystem services and global climate stability. Reducing global warming and deforestation is vital for tropical forests.

  • 37.
    Arunraj, Kondetharayil Soman
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Chafik, Léon
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . National Oceanography Centre, UK.
    Nilsson, Johan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Linking Coherent Anticyclonic Eddies in the Iceland Basin to Decadal Oceanic Variability in the Subpolar North Atlantic2022In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, ISSN 2169-9275, E-ISSN 2169-9291, Vol. 127, no 5, article id e2021JC018046Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Iceland Basin in the eastern Subpolar North Atlantic is an eddy-rich region characterized by intense anticyclonic eddy activity. Our study present the variability of coherent Anticyclonic Eddies (AEs) generated in this region, using satellite altimetry and two ocean eddy tracking algorithms. The yearly count of AEs in the Iceland Basin reveals a decadal variability similar to that of ocean heat content change in the eastern subpolar gyre. Periods with higher number of AEs coincide with periods of increased ocean heat content, and vice versa. However, both algorithms agree that more than 50% of the detected AEs are confined to the central Iceland Basin. The annual number of AEs also tracks zonal shifts of the subpolar front, a variable that can explain about 53 (77)% of the interannual (decadal) variability of AEs in the Iceland Basin. Finally, a Lagrangian approach is used to demonstrate that the amount of subtropical versus subpolar water masses reaching the Iceland Basin appears to influence, via baroclinic instability, the generation of AEs.

  • 38. Asmus, H.
    et al.
    Robertson, S.
    Dickson, S.
    Friedrich, M.
    Megner, Linda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Charge balance for the mesosphere with meteoric dust particles2015In: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, ISSN 1364-6826, E-ISSN 1879-1824, Vol. 127, p. 137-149Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An aerosol particle charging model initially developed for noctilucent cloud ice particles has been extended in several steps in order to better explain the data for charged meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) obtained by the nighttime and daytime CHAMPS rockets launched from Andoya, Norway, in October 2011. Addition of photodetachment to the model shows that this process reduces the number density of positively charged MSPs as well as the number density of negatively charged MSPs as a consequence of the photodetached electrons neutralizing the positively charged MSPs. In addition, the model shows that the ionization rate can be deduced from the electron number density and the electron-ion recombination rate only at the highest altitudes (those with ionization rates above 20 cm(-3) s(-1)) as a consequence of recombination on the MSPs being dominant at lower altitudes. The differences between the daytime and the nighttime rocket data suggest a photodetachment rate between 0.1 and 0.01 s(-1). A further extension of the model to include the formation of negative ions and their destruction helps explain the ledge seen in the number density of the lightest negatively charged particles. The MSP number densities that are the inputs to the charging model are taken from the CARMA/CHEM2D model. The CHAMPS data are more consistent with number densities generated with an assumed input flux from ablation of 4 t d(-1) than with 44 t d(-1) assumed previously.

  • 39. Augier, Pierre
    et al.
    Carl Friedrich, Bolz-Tereick
    Guelton, Serge
    Mohanan, Ashwin Vishnu
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Reducing the ecological impact of computing through education and Python compilers2021In: Nature Astronomy, E-ISSN 2397-3366, Vol. 5, no 4, p. 334-335Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We read with interest the Comment by Portegies Zwart on the ecological impact of high-performance computing in astrophysics. We fully agree with its take-home message: scientists should be mindful of their carbon footprint. One of the proposed solutions, however, is to avoid the Python programming language. We contend that this would be counterproductive and that scientific programs written in Python can be efficient and energy-friendly. We argue that human factors, such as education, and the advancement of compiler technology are much more important than choice of language.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 40.
    Axelsson, Per
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Tjernström, Michael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Svensson, Gunilla
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    An ensemble of arctic simulations of the AOE-2001 field experiment2011In: Atmosphere, ISSN 2073-4433, E-ISSN 2073-4433, Vol. 2, p. 146-170Article in journal (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 41. Baars, Holger
    et al.
    Kanitz, Thomas
    Engelmann, Ronny
    Althausen, Dietrich
    Heese, Birgit
    Komppula, Mika
    Preissler, Jana
    Tesche, Matthias
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Ansmann, Albert
    Wandinger, Ulla
    Lim, Jae-Hyun
    Ahn, Joon Young
    Stachlewska, Iwona S.
    Amiridis, Vassilis
    Marinou, Eleni
    Seifert, Patric
    Hofer, Julian
    Skupin, Annett
    Schneider, Florian
    Bohlmann, Stephanie
    Foth, Andreas
    Bley, Sebastian
    Pfuller, Anne
    Giannakaki, Eleni
    Lihavainen, Heikki
    Viisanen, Yrjo
    Hooda, Rakesh Kumar
    Pereira, Sergio Nepomuceno
    Bortoli, Daniele
    Wagner, Frank
    Mattis, Ina
    Janicka, Lucja
    Markowicz, Krzysztof M.
    Achtert, Peggy
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Artaxo, Paulo
    Pauliquevis, Theotonio
    Souza, Rodrigo A. F.
    Sharma, Ved Prakesh
    van Zyl, Pieter Gideon
    Beukes, Johan Paul
    Sun, Junying
    Rohwer, Erich G.
    Deng, Ruru
    Mamouri, Rodanthi-Elisavet
    Zamorano, Felix
    An overview of the first decade of Polly(NET): an emerging network of automated Raman-polarization lidars for continuous aerosol profiling2016In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, ISSN 1680-7316, E-ISSN 1680-7324, Vol. 16, no 8, p. 5111-5137Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A global vertically resolved aerosol data set covering more than 10 years of observations at more than 20 measurement sites distributed from 63 degrees N to 52 degrees S and 72 degrees W to 124 degrees E has been achieved within the Raman and polarization lidar network Polly(NET). This network consists of portable, remote-controlled multiwavelength-polarization-Raman lidars (Polly) for automated and continuous 24/7 observations of clouds and aerosols. Polly(NET) is an independent, voluntary, and scientific network. All Polly lidars feature a standardized instrument design with different capabilities ranging from single wavelength to multiwavelength systems, and now apply unified calibration, quality control, and data analysis. The observations are processed in near-real time without manual intervention, and are presented online at polly.tropos.de. The paper gives an overview of the observations on four continents and two research vessels obtained with eight Polly systems. The specific aerosol types at these locations (mineral dust, smoke, dust-smoke and other dusty mixtures, urban haze, and volcanic ash) are identified by their Angstrom exponent, lidar ratio, and depolarization ratio. The vertical aerosol distribution at the Polly(NET) locations is discussed on the basis of more than 55 000 automatically retrieved 30 min particle backscatter coefficient profiles at 532 nm as this operating wavelength is available for all Polly lidar systems. A seasonal analysis of measurements at selected sites revealed typical and extraordinary aerosol conditions as well as seasonal differences. These studies show the potential of Polly(NET) to support the establishment of a global aerosol climatology that covers the entire troposphere.

  • 42. Baccarini, Andrea
    et al.
    Karlsson, Linn
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Dommen, Josef
    Duplessis, Patrick
    Vüllers, Jutta
    Brooks, Ian M.
    Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso
    Salter, Matthew
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Tjernström, Michael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Baltensperger, Urs
    Zieger, Paul
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental Science.
    Schmale, Julia
    Frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions2020In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 4924Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the central Arctic Ocean the formation of clouds and their properties are sensitive to the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The vapors responsible for new particle formation (NPF), potentially leading to CCN, have remained unidentified since the first aerosol measurements in 1991. Here, we report that all the observed NPF events from the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition are driven by iodic acid with little contribution from sulfuric acid. Iodic acid largely explains the growth of ultrafine particles (UFP) in most events. The iodic acid concentration increases significantly from summer towards autumn, possibly linked to the ocean freeze-up and a seasonal rise in ozone. This leads to a one order of magnitude higher UFP concentration in autumn. Measurements of cloud residuals suggest that particles smaller than 30nm in diameter can activate as CCN. Therefore, iodine NPF has the potential to influence cloud properties over the Arctic Ocean. Which vapors are responsible for new particle formation in the Arctic is largely unknown. Here, the authors show that the formation of new particles at the central Arctic Ocean is mainly driven by iodic acid and that particles smaller than 30nm in diameter can activate as cloud condensation nuclei.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 43. Bahrami, Fariba
    et al.
    Nycander, Jonas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Existence of energy minimizing vortices attached to a flat-top seamount2007In: Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, ISSN 1468-1218, Vol. 8, p. 288-294Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The existence of an energy minimizer relative to a class of

    rearrangements of a given function is proved. The minimizers are stationary and stable solutions of the two-dimensional barotropic vorticity equation, governing the evolution of geophysical flow over a surface of variable height. The theorem proved implies the existence of a family of stable anticyclonic vortices with cyclonic potential vorticity over a seamount, and a corresponding family of cyclonic vortices with anticyclonic potential vorticity over a localized depression. The seamount is described by a characteristic function (corresponding to a flat top) with arbitrary shape.

  • 44.
    Bahrami, Fariba
    et al.
    University of Tabriz, Dept. of Mathematics.
    Nycander, Jonas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Alikhani, Robab
    University of Tabriz, Dept. of Mathematics.
    Existence of energy maximizing vortices in a three-dimensionalquasigeostrophic shear flow with bounded height2010In: Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications, ISSN 1468-1218, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 1589-1599Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The existence of an energy maximizer relative to a class of rearrangements of agiven function is proved. The maximizers are stationary and stable solutions of thequasigeostrophic equation, which governs the time evolution of large-scale threedimensionalgeophysical flow in a vertically bounded domain. The background flow isunidirectional, with linear horizontal shear. The theorem proved implies the existence of afamily of stationary and stable vortices that rotate in the same direction as the backgroundshear. It extends an earlier theorem by Burton and Nycander, which is valid for a verticallyunbounded domain.

  • 45. Bahrami, Fariba
    et al.
    Taghvafard, Hadi
    Nycander, Jonas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Mohammadi, Abbasali
    Stability investigation for steady solutions of the barotropic vorticity equation in R-22013In: Communications in nonlinear science & numerical simulation, ISSN 1007-5704, E-ISSN 1878-7274, Vol. 18, no 3, p. 541-546Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we investigate the p-norm stability for vortices of geophysical flows over a surface of variable height that are strict maximizers of the kinetic energy relative to all isovortical flows. In this note, stability means nonlinear stability in the p-norm on the space of vorticity.

  • 46. Bahrami, Fariba
    et al.
    Zarroug, Moundheur
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Lundberg, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Analysis of a thermosyphon using a Mandelstam condition2016In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Engineering and Computational Mechanics, ISSN 1755-0777, E-ISSN 1755-0785, Vol. 169, no 1, p. 29-39, article id 1500011Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The characteristics of a thermally forced connected-vessel thermosyphon operating in an oscillatory mode have been determined using analytical techniques, the outcome of which is compared with results obtained by numerical integration of the governing equations. From a previous investigation it was known that adequate phase-plane representations of the limit cycles associated with oscillations could be obtained if the vessel-volume ratio was sufficiently small. This study aims at demonstrating how this constraint on the vessel volumes can be relaxed by prescribing a Mandelstam condition, that is, by postulating that the total heat content of the system remains conserved during the rapid phases of the oscillation. It was concluded that incorporating this Mandelstam condition in the analysis had the highly beneficial consequence that good analytical results could be obtained for much larger values of the vessel-volume ratio than those previously permitted.

  • 47.
    Ballarotta, Maxime
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    The thermohaline circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum and in the Present-Day climate2013Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The thermohaline circulation (THC) corresponds to the large time- and spatial-scales ocean circulation associated with the transport of heat and salt, and is known to be an important factor controlling the climate variability. The large scales involved in the THC make it difficult to observe, and therefore the synergy of numerical models and climate proxy reconstructions is particularly relevant to study the characteristics of this circulation in the present and past climates.

    In this doctoral thesis, the THC during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Present-Day (PD) is explored using a state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model in its high- and low-resolution regimes. By comparing the LGM model outputs with the paleo-proxy reconstructions, it is shown that the high-resolution simulation improves the representation of the sea surface tem- peratures in the regions where the current structures appear to be complex, i.e., the western boundary currents (Agulhas, Kuroshio, Gulf Stream) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, although statistical comparisons with paleo- proxy reconstructions are not significantly improved on a global scale.

    The THC involves a superposition of processes acting at widely different spatial and temporal scales, from the geostrophic large-scale and slowly-varying flow to the mesoscale turbulent eddies and at even smaller-scale, the mixing generated by the internal wave field. Not all these processes can be properly resolved in numerical models, and thus need to be parameterized. Analyzing the THC in an eddy-permitting numerical model, it was found that the temporal scales required for diagnosing the Southern Ocean circulation should not exceed 1 month and the spatial scales needed to be taken into account must be smaller than 1°. Important changes in the nature and intensity of the THC were observed between the LGM and PD simulations. An estimation of the turnover times (i.e., the time it takes for the water parcel to make and entire loop on the Conveyor Belt) revealed that the LGM THC could be more vigorous than under the PD conditions. As a result, the ocean transports of heat and freshwater, the oceanic uptake of CO2, the ventilation of the deep ocean and the reorganization of the passive and active tracers (e.g., temperature, salinity, greenhouse gases, nutrients) can be altered in these different regimes.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 48.
    Ballarotta, Maxime
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Brodeau, Laurent
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Brandefelt, Jenny
    Lundberg, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    A Last Glacial Maximum world-ocean simulation at eddy-permitting resolution – Part 1: Experimental design and basic evaluation2013In: Climate of the Past Discussions, ISSN 1814-9340, E-ISSN 1814-9359, Vol. 9, p. 297-328Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most state-of-the-art climate models include a coarsely resolved oceanic compo- nent, which has difficulties in capturing detailed dynamics, and therefore eddy- permitting/eddy-resolving simulations have been developed to reproduce the observed World Ocean. In this study, an eddy-permitting numerical experiment is conducted to simulate the global ocean state for a period of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼26500 to 19000yr ago) and to investigate the improvements due to taking into account these higher spatial scales. The ocean general circulation model is forced by a 49-yr sample of LGM atmospheric fields constructed from a quasi-equilibrated climate-model simulation. The initial state and the bottom boundary condition conform to the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) recommendations. Be- fore evaluating the model efficiency in representing the paleo-proxy reconstruction of the surface state, the LGM experiment is in this first part of the investigation, compared with a present-day eddy-permitting hindcast simulation as well as with the available PMIP results. It is shown that the LGM eddy-permitting simulation is consistent with the quasi-equilibrated climate-model simulation, but large discrepancies are found with the PMIP model analyses, probably due to the different equilibration states. The strongest meridional gradients of the sea-surface temperature are located near 40° N and S, this due to particularly large North-Atlantic and Southern-Ocean sea-ice covers. These also modify the locations of the convection sites (where deep-water forms) and most of the LGM Conveyor Belt circulation consequently takes place in a thinner layer than today. Despite some discrepancies with other LGM simulations, a glacial state is captured and the eddy-permitting simulation undertaken here yielded a useful set of data for comparisons with paleo-proxy reconstructions. 

  • 49.
    Ballarotta, Maxime
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Drijfhout, Sybren
    Kuhlbrodt, Till
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    The residual circulation of the Southern Ocean: Which spatio-temporal scales are needed?2013In: Ocean Modelling, ISSN 1463-5003, E-ISSN 1463-5011, Vol. 64, p. 46-55Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Southern Ocean circulation consists of a complicated mixture of processes and phenomena that arise at different time and spatial scales which need to be parametrized in the state-of-the-art climate models. The temporal and spatial scales that give rise to the present-day residual mean circulation are here inves- tigated by calculating the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) in density coordinates from an eddy-permitting global model. The region sensitive to the temporal decomposition is located between 38°S and 63°S, associated with the eddy-induced transport. The ‘‘Bolus’’ component of the residual circu- lation corresponds to the eddy-induced transport. It is dominated by timescales between 1 month and 1 year. The temporal behavior of the transient eddies is examined in splitting the ‘‘Bolus’’ component into a ‘‘Seasonal’’, an ‘‘Eddy’’ and an ‘‘Inter-monthly’’ component, respectively representing the correlation between density and velocity fluctuations due to the average seasonal cycle, due to mesoscale eddies and due to large-scale motion on timescales longer than one month that is not due to the seasonal cycle. The ‘‘Seasonal’’ bolus cell is important at all latitudes near the surface. The ‘‘Eddy’’ bolus cell is dominant in the thermocline between 50°S and 35°S and over the whole ocean depth at the latitude of the Drake Passage. The ‘‘Inter-monthly’’ bolus cell is important in all density classes and is maximal in the Brazil– Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Return Current. The spatial decomposition indicates that a large part of the Eulerian mean circulation is recovered for spatial scales larger than 11.25°, implying that small-scale meanders in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), near the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts, and near the Subtropical Front are important in the compensation of the Eulerian mean flow. 

  • 50.
    Ballarotta, Maxime
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Döös, Kristofer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Lundberg, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Brodeau, Laurent
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology .
    Brandefelt, Jenny
    A Last Glacial Maximum World-Ocean simulation at eddy-permitting resolution – Part 2: Confronting the paleo-proxy data2013In: Climate of the Past Discussions, ISSN 1814-9340, E-ISSN 1814-9359, Vol. 9, p. 329-350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous investigations concerning the design of an eddy-permitting LGM oceanic sim- ulation are here extended with focus on whether this type of simulation is capable of improving the numerical results with regard to the available paleo-proxy reconstructions. Consequently, an eddy-permitting and two coarse-grid simulations of the same LGM period are confronted with a dataset from the Multiproxy Approach for the Recon- struction of the Glacial Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures (MARGO SSTs) and a num- ber of sea-ice reconstructions. From a statistical analysis it was found that the eddy- permitting simulation does not significantly improve the SST representation with regard to the paleo-reconstructions. The western boundary currents are better resolved in the high-resolution experiment than in the coarse simulations, but, although these more detailed SST structures yield a locally improved consistency between modelled pre- dictions and proxies, they do not contribute significantly to the global statistical score. As in the majority of the PMIP2 simulations, the modelled sea-ice conditions are still inconsistent with the paleo-reconstructions, probably due to the choice of the model equilibrium. 

1234567 1 - 50 of 1496
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf