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  • 1.
    Bergman, David
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi. Swedish Defence University, Sweden.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Berntson, Erik
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    Direct and sustained effects on leadership self-efficacy due to the inability to complete a parachute training course2020Inngår i: Nordic Psychology, ISSN 1901-2276, E-ISSN 1904-0016, Vol. 72, nr 3, s. 222-234Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study examined a parachute training course intended to improve the leadership abilities of future military officers. Two research questions were examined. First, whether there were any differences between completers and non-completers in anxiety, stress, and collective identity at the beginning of the course (time 1), and second, whether there were any differences between completers and non-completers in leadership self-efficacy immediately after the course and at a five-month follow-up (time 2 and time 3). Participants were cadets from the Swedish Military Academy undergoing the course as part of their officer training curriculum. The results showed no significant differences between completers and non-completers in anxiety, stress, and collective identity at the beginning of the course (time 1). Non-completers showed a significant reduction in leader self-control efficacy compared to those who completed the training immediately after the course and at a five-month follow-up (time 2 and 3). Overall, these results indicate that non-completion of this type of demanding training could have negative effects on the individual's leader self-control efficacy.

  • 2.
    Bergman, David
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi. Swedish Defence University, Sweden.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Berntson, Erik
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    From believing to doing: The association between leadership self-efficacy and the developmental leadership model2021Inngår i: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 12, artikkel-id 669905Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The current study examined the association between leadership self-efficacy and the developmental leadership model. The purpose is to better understand how leadership training transfers to facets of developmental leadership. This was tested in a cross-sectional design with military commanders in the Swedish armed forces. The results show that the sub-domain of leader self-control efficacy (the cognitive and emotional ability to remain composure) did predict developmental leadership in only one dimension of being an exemplary model, but that leader assertiveness efficacy (the ability to make rational decisions) predicted the two dimensions of exemplary model and inspiration & motivation in developmental leadership. One possibility is that leader self-control efficacy can be what enables the individual to function within an extreme context, but leader assertiveness efficacy can be what most determine the leadership performance within that context. The possibility for mediatory analyses in further research is discussed.

  • 3.
    Bergman, David
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi. Swedish Defence University, Sweden.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Berntson, Erik
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    Preparing to lead in combat: Development of leadership self-efficacy by static-line parachuting2019Inngår i: Military Psychology, ISSN 0899-5605, E-ISSN 1532-7876, Vol. 31, nr 6, s. 481-489Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The current study examined whether a static-line parachute program could help prepare future military officers to lead in extreme situations by increasing leadership self-efficacy. Parachute training is commonly used for preparing to lead in combat since it presents a perceived threat to life which requires active mastery. Achieving such mastery facilitates the development of leader self-control efficacy and leader assertiveness efficacy. This assumption was tested in a real training situation within the Swedish Military Academy where two groups of cadets were included in the study. The group of cadets undertaking parachute training conducted repeated measures of assessment of their self-efficacy before and after the course as well as at a five-month follow-up. The results show that parachute training increased leader self-control efficacy when compared to a group of cadets who undertook different training. In addition, the training given contributed to increased leader assertiveness efficacy for both groups.

  • 4. Bosson, Jennifer K.
    et al.
    Jurek, Pawel
    Vandello, Joseph A.
    Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza
    Olech, Michal
    Besta, Tomasz
    Bender, Michael
    Hoorens, Vera
    Becker, Maja
    Timur Sevincer, A.
    Best, Deborah L.
    Safdar, Saba
    Wlodarczyk, Anna
    Zawisza, Magdalena
    Zadkowska, Magdalena
    Abuhamdeh, Sami
    Badu Agyemang, Collins
    Akbas, Gulcin
    Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan
    Ammirati, Soline
    Anderson, Joel
    Anjum, Gulnaz
    Ariyanto, Amarina
    Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, John
    Ashraf, Mujeeba
    Bakaityte, Aiste
    Bertolli, Chiara
    Berxulli, Dashamir
    Bi, Chongzeng
    Block, Katharina
    Boehnke, Mandy
    Bongiorno, Renata
    Bosak, Janine
    Casini, Annalisa
    Chen, Qingwei
    Chi, Peilian
    Cubela Adoric, Vera
    Daalmans, Serena
    Dandy, Justine
    de Lemus, Soledad
    Dhakal, Sandesh
    Dvorianchikov, Nikolay
    Egami, Sonoko
    Etchezahar, Edgardo
    Esteves, Carla Sofia
    Felix, Neto
    Froehlich, Laura
    Garcia-Sanchez, Efrain
    Gavreliuc, Alin
    Gavreliuc, Dana
    Gomez, Angel
    Guizzo, Francesca
    Graf, Sylvie
    Greijdanus, Hedy
    Grigoryan, Ani
    Grzymala-Moszczynska, Joanna
    Guerch, Keltouma
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Hale, Miriam-Linnea
    Hamer, Hannah
    Hirai, Mika
    Hoang Duc, Lam
    Hrebickova, Martina
    Hutchings, Paul B.
    Hoj Jensen, Dorthe
    Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga
    Karabati, Serdar
    Kelmendi, Kaltrina
    Kengyel, Gabriella
    Khachatryan, Narine
    Ghazzawi, Rawan
    Kinahan, Mary
    Kirby, Teri A.
    Kovacs, Monika
    Kozlowski, Desiree
    Krivoshchekov, Vladislav
    Kulich, Clara
    Kurosawa, Tai
    Thi Lac An, Nhan
    Labarthe, Javier
    Latu, Ioana
    Anne Lauri, Mary
    Mankowski, Eric
    Musbau Lawal, Abiodun
    Li, Junyi
    Lindner, Jana
    Lindqvist, Anna
    Maitner, Angela T.
    Makarova, Elena
    Makashvili, Ana
    Malayeri, Shera
    Malik, Sadia
    Mancini, Tiziana
    Manzi, Claudia
    Mari, Silvia
    Martiny, Sarah E.
    Mayer, Claude-Helene
    Mihic, Vladimir
    Milosevic Dordevic, Jasna
    Moreno-Bella, Eva
    Moscatelli, Silvia
    Bryan Moynihan, Andrew
    Muller, Dominique
    Narhetali, Erita
    Neto, Felix
    Noels, Kimberly A.
    Nyul, Boglarka
    O'Connor, Emma C.
    Ochoa, Danielle P.
    Ohno, Sachiko
    Olanrewaju Adebayo, Sulaiman
    Osborne, Randall
    Giuseppina Pacilli, Maria
    Palacio, Jorge
    Patnaik, Snigdha
    Pavlopoulos, Vassilis
    Perez de Leon, Pablo
    Piterova, Ivana
    Barreiros Porto, Juliana
    Puzio, Angelica
    Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna
    Renteria Perez, Erico
    Renstrom, Emma
    Rousseaux, Tiphaine
    Ryan, Michelle K.
    Sainz, Mario
    Salvati, Marco
    Samekin, Adil
    Schindler, Simon
    Seydi, Masoumeh
    Shepherd, Debra
    Sherbaji, Sara
    Schmader, Toni
    Simao, Claudia
    Sobhie, Rosita
    Souza, Lucille De
    Sarter, Emma
    Sulejmanovic, Dijana
    Sullivan, Katie E.
    Tatsumi, Mariko
    Tavitian-Elmadjian, Lucy
    Jain Thakur, Suparna
    Thi Mong Chi, Quang
    Torre, Beatriz
    Torres, Ana
    Torres, Claudio V.
    Turkoglu, Beril
    Ungaretti, Joaquin
    Valshtein, Timothy
    Van Laar, Colette
    van der Noll, Jolanda
    Vasiutynskyi, Vadym
    Vauclair, Christin-Melanie
    Venalainen, Satu
    Vohra, Neharika
    Walentynowicz, Marta
    Ward, Colleen
    Yang, Yaping
    Yzerbyt, Vincent
    Zanello, Valeska
    Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, Antonella
    Zukauskiene, Rita
    Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations2021Inngår i: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, ISSN 0022-0221, E-ISSN 1552-5422, Vol. 52, nr 3, s. 231-258Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB's distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.

  • 5.
    Bracco, Sofia Elena
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Sczesny, Sabine
    How trans and gender non-conforming people are represented in online news media.2022Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Trans and gender non conforming (TGNC) people represent one of the most marginalized groups in society and their unemployment rates are three times higher than cisgender people’s average. Cisgender people tend to derive stereotypes and mental representations of TGNC individuals from the media since they lack direct contact with them. Media coverage can therefore work as parasocial contact and improve or worsen people’s attitudes towards minorities. This study analyzes the way TGNC people are represented in online news media across 3 countries that vary in their ranking on LGTBT rights: the UK (11/49 European states for achieved LGBTI rights, Sweden (9/49), and Italy (35/49).

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Bracco, Sofia Elena
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Neidenmark, Gideon
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Sczesny, Sabine
    Effects of trans and gender diverse people's media representations on attitudes towards them2023Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7. Bäck, Emma A.
    et al.
    Bäck, Hanna
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Sikström, Sverker
    From I to We: Group Formation and Linguistic Adaption in an Online Xenophobic Forum2018Inngår i: The Journal of Social and Political Psychology, E-ISSN 2195-3325, Vol. 6, nr 1, s. 76-91Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Much of identity formation processes nowadays takes place online, indicating that intergroup differentiation may be found in online communities. This paper focuses on identity formation processes in an open online xenophobic, anti-immigrant, discussion forum. Open discussion forums provide an excellent opportunity to investigate open interactions that may reveal how identity is formed and how individual users are influenced by other users. Using computational text analysis and Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), our results show that new users change from an individual identification to a group identification over time as indicated by a decrease in the use of “I” and increase in the use of “we”. The analyses also show increased use of “they” indicating intergroup differentiation. Moreover, the linguistic style of new users became more similar to that of the overall forum over time. Further, the emotional content decreased over time. The results indicate that new users on a forum create a collective identity with the other users and adapt to them linguistically.

  • 8. Bäck, Emma
    et al.
    Lindqvist, Anna
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Hen can do it: Effects of using a gender neutral pronoun in a recruitment situation2015Inngår i: Könskonstruktioner och språkförändringar : Rapport från den åttonde nordiska konferensen om språk och kön: [Gender constructions and language change : Report from the 8th Nordic Conference on Language and Gender], Södertörns högskola, 2015, s. 71-90Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    During recent years there has been a heated debate in many media in Sweden regarding a new gender-neutral pronoun; hen. It has been suggested as an alternative to hon (she) and han (he). The debate has revealed many strong opinions and feelings (Milles, 2011), where the use of hen has been described as confusing and negative for children (Lagerwall, 2012). At the same time, hen is an important step toward gender equality (Lagerwall, 2012; Milles, Salmson, & Tomicic, 2012). The attitudes surrounding henand its possible consequences are many and strong, but to date there is no empirical research about the psychological consequences of the addition of a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language that have gendered pronouns. For instance there is no research on how such an addition could contribute to gender equality in society. The current situation in Sweden is unique. No other country has successfully introduced a third genderneutral pronoun that has actually caught on in media and the population. Hence, the main objective of the present research is to investigate how such a pronoun may affect social cognitive thinking about gender. Specifically we do this by investigating if gender bias in a recruitment situation may be reduced by the usage of hen, instead of using the gendered pronouns hon or han when describing an applicant for a position. 

  • 9.
    Calmfors, Lars
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutet för internationell ekonomi.
    Dimdins, Girts
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Montgomery, Henry
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Stavlöt, Ulrika
    SIEPS.
    Trade in services and in goods with low-wage countries: how do attitudes differ and how are they formed?2009Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Frågan om låglönekonkurrens med utstationerad arbetskraft ska tillåtas inom EU eller om denna arbetskraft ska betalas samma löner som i värdlandet har de senaste åren varit flitigt omdebatterad i många EU-länder. I Sverige symboliseras denna debatt av Vaxholmskonflikten.

    I rapporten Trade in Services and in Goods with Low-Wage Countries - How Do Attitudes Differ and How Are They Formed? analyserar ekonomer och psykologer attityderna till olika typer av låglönekonkurrens. Resultaten bekräftar att attityderna är mer negativa till låglönekonkurrens i tjänstehandel som innefattar utstationerad arbetskraft än till "vanlig" import av varor från låglöneländer. Attitydbildningen verkar ha såväl "rationella" som "irrationella" komponenter. Detta gäller både de som förespråkar fri lönekonkurrens och de som är emot, även om analysen visar att det rationella inslaget tycks vara större för den förra gruppen.

  • 10.
    Calmfors, Lars
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutet för internationell ekonomi.
    Dimdins, Girts
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Montgomery, Henry
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Stavlöt, Ulrica
    Trade in goods, trade in services and outsourcing - How do attitudes differ?2008Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Free trade in goods has become more or less generally accepted. On the other hand, the debates on wages for posted workers in several EU countries as well as the controversy around the new EU Service Directive show that there are much more hostile attitudes towards free trade in services. However, for economists it is natural to analyze trade in services – and their labour market implications – in a similar way as trade in goods. The objective of the project is to document to what extent attitudes towards trade in goods, trade in services and offshoring (outsourcing) differ and to explain what factors that could account for this. First, we examine the “rational” (conscious) arguments that people may have against free trade in services and offshoring. Some of these arguments deal with people’s perceptions of the changes in expected utility that would result from the opening up of international trade in services and offshoring, whereas others deal with the perceptions of the effects on broader “values” such as fairness and social cohesion. Second, we look at a number of “psychological” (unconscious) factors that are known to affect people’s judgments in public policy issues. Such factors are usually related to people’s motivation to maintain psychological and emotional comfort and coherent self-image. Two studies are presented in this report. The results from a nation wide survey with 1000 respondents showed that free trade in services and offshoring is more negatively evaluated than free trade. The results also show that “rational” factors cannot account for the difference in attitudes to different types of trade. Our conclusion was that there must exist some psychological mechanisms that cause this overall more negative attitude towards trade in services and offshoring. The result from experiments showed that it was possible to separate more permanent specific attitudes underlying the attitude towards free trade in goods from unstable and contextual specific attitudes that are constructed on the spot in order to make one’s position more coherent. It was also found that the attitude may depend on personality oriented factors (prevention or promotions focus) as well as social psychological factors (ingroup favoritism). We hope that the results of the present investigation may be useful in the area of trade politics for improving the communication between economists and people in general.

  • 11.
    Calmfors, Lars
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutet för internationell ekonomi.
    Dimdins, Girts
    Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, och SSE Riga.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Montgomery, Henry
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Stavlöt, Ulrika
    (SIEPS).
    Uppfattas tjänstehandel som mindre rättvis än varuhandel?: En studie av attityder till låglönekonkurrens i utrikeshandel2011Rapport (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett antal arbetsmarknadskonflikter relaterade till låglönekonkurrens med utstationerad arbetskraft har blivit livligt uppmärksammade i den offentliga debatten runt om i EU:s medlemsländer. Av debatten att döma tycks de flesta medborgare ha en mer negativ inställning till låglönekonkurrens när det gäller import av tjänster innefattande utstationerad arbetskraft än när det gäller import av varor. Vår rapport studerar hur attityderna till låglönekonkurrens skiljer sig åt mellan olika former av handel genom att kombinera ekonomisk och psykologisk forskning. Resultaten bekräftar att attityderna är mer negativa till låglönekonkurrens i tjänstehandel och till offshoring än till varuimport från låglöneländerna. Demografiska, socioekonomiska och politisk-ideologiska bakgrundsfaktorer påverkar attityderna till handel i linje med resultaten från tidigare studier av handelsattityder. Däremot förefaller bakgrundsvariabler ha liten betydelse för skillnader i attityder mellan olika typer av handel. Vi genomförde även experiment för att klargöra i vilken grad attityden till tjänstehandel bildas utifrån rationella överväganden runt olika aspekter, det vill säga från underliggande attityddimensioner, eller om dessa attityddimensioner på grund av koherenssökande i stället anpassas till den generella attityden. Resultaten ger starkt stöd för att koherenssökande spelar stor roll i attitydbildningen till låglönekonkurrens med utstationerad arbetskraft. Tendensen till koherenssökande tycks vara kraftigare för dem som har en negativ inställning till sådan låglönekonkurrens än för dem som är positiva. Det skulle kunna tolkas som att den negativa gruppen bildar sina attityder på ett mindre rationellt sätt än den positiva gruppen. En alternativ tolkning är att den positiva gruppen ser sig som utmanare av den existerande ordningen, vilket enligt psykologisk forskning kan göra den mindre benägen att nyansera sin inställning.

  • 12.
    Calmfors, Lars
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutet för internationell ekonomi.
    Dimdins, Girts
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Montgomery, Henry
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Stavlöt, Ulrika
    Why Do People Dislike Low-Wage Trade Competition with Posted Workers in the Service Sector?2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The issue of low-wage competition in services trade involving posted workers is controversial in the EU. Using Swedish survey data, people’s attitudes are found to be more negative to such trade than to goods trade. The differences depend on both a preference for favouring social groups to which individuals belong (here the domestic population) and altruistic justice concerns for foreign workers. In small-group experiments we find a tendency for people to adjust their evaluations of various aspects of trade to their general attitude. This tendency is stronger for those opposed to than those in favour of low-wage trade competition. This may indicate that the former group forms its attitudes in a less rational way than the latter group.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 13.
    Calmfors, Lars
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutet för internationell ekonomi.
    Dimdins, Girts
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Montgomery, Henry
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Stavlöt, Ulrika
    Why do people dislike low-wage trade competition with posted workers in the service sector?2013Inngår i: The Journal of Socio-Economics, ISSN 1053-5357, E-ISSN 1879-1239, Vol. 47, s. 82-93Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The issue of low-wage competition in services trade involving posted workers is controversial in the EU. Using Swedish survey data, people's attitudes are found to be more negative to such trade than to goods trade. The differences depend on both a preference for favouring social groups to which individuals belong (the domestic population) and altruistic justice concerns for foreign workers. In small-group experiments, we find a tendency for people to adjust their evaluations of various aspects of trade to their general attitude. This tendency is stronger for those opposed to than those in favour of low-wage trade competition. This may indicate that the former group forms its attitudes in a less rational way than the latter group.

  • 14. Dimdins, Girts
    et al.
    Calmfors, Lars
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Stavlöt, Ulrica
    Montgomery, Henry
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Perspective taking and expression of attitudes in a political controversy2010Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 15.
    Eneroth, Mari
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Gustafsson, Karin Schenck
    Wall, Maja
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    Fridner, Ann
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi. Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Threats or violence from patients was associated with turnover intention among foreign-born GPs - a comparison of four workplace factors associated with attitudes of wanting to quit one's job as a GP2017Inngår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, ISSN 0281-3432, E-ISSN 1502-7724, Vol. 35, nr 2, s. 208-213Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: General practitioners (GPs) are crucial in medical healthcare, but there is currently a shortage of GPs in Sweden and elsewhere. Recruitment of GPs from abroad is essential, but foreign-born physicians face difficulties at work that may be related to turnover intention, i.e. wanting to quit one's job. The study aims to explore the reasons to why foreign-born GPs may intend to quit their job. Design: Survey data were used to compare four work-related factors that can be associated with turnover intentions; patient-related stress, threats or violence from patients, control of work pace, and empowering leadership, among native-born and foreign-born GPs. These work-related factors were subsequently examined in relation to turnover intention among the foreign-born GPs by means of linear hierarchical regression analyses. The questionnaire consisted of items from the QPS Nordic and items constructed by the authors. Setting: A primary care setting in a central area of Sweden. Subjects: Native-born (n = 208) and foreign-born GPs (n = 73). Results: Turnover intention was more common among foreign-born GPs (19.2% compared with 14.9%), as was the experience of threats or violence from patients (22% compared with 3% of the native-born GPs). Threats or violence was also associated with increased turnover intention. Control of work pace and an empowering leadership was associated with reduced turnover intention.

  • 16.
    Eneroth, Mari
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Løvseth, Lise T.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Fridner, Ann
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen. Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    A comparison of risk and protective factors related to suicide ideation among residents and specialists in academic medicine2014Inngår i: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 14, s. 271-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Physicians have an elevated risk of experiencing suicidal thoughts, which might be due to work-related factors. However, the hierarchical work positions as well as work-related health differ among resident and specialist physicians. As such, the correlates of suicide ideation may also vary between these two groups. Methods: In the present study, work- and health-related factors and their association with suicidal thoughts among residents (n=234) and specialists (n=813) working at a university hospital were examined using cross-sectional data. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that having supportive meetings was associated with a lower level of suicide ideation among specialists (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.94), while an empowering leadership was related to a lower level of suicide ideation among residents (OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.94). Having been harassed at work was associated with suicidal ideation among specialists (OR=2.26, 95% CI: 1.31-3.91). In addition, sickness presenteeism and work disengagement were associated with suicide ideation in both groups of physicians. Conclusions: These findings suggest that different workplace interventions are needed to prevent suicide ideation in residents and specialists.

  • 17.
    Eneroth, Mari
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Wall, Maja
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Fridner, Ann
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Reasons to quit among Swedish General Practitioners2014Inngår i: International Conference on Physician Health: Milestones and transitions  - Maintaining the balance: Abstract brochure, 2014, s. 2-2Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: General practitioners play a crucial part in healthcare as they provide the continuity of care that can prevent illness, and they most often represent the patients first contact with health-care. A current problem is however that there is a lack of general practitioners in several countries. Recruitment of general practitioners from abroad is essential to ensure the publics physician access, but there are indications that this group has even greater quitting intentions than native-born physicians. The antecedents of turnover intentions may moreover differ in importance for native-born and foreign-born physicians respectively. Methods and participants: The authors examined five fundamental physician work factors in relation to intention to quit among native-born general practitioners (n=208), and foreign-born general practitioners (n=73) working in a primary care setting in a central area in Sweden. Linear regression analysis was performed with control for age and gender. The sample consisted of 64 % females. Results: Foreign-born general practitioners more often stated that they would quit today if they could than native-born practitioners (t278= 3,73, p = .001). Regression analysis revealed that pressure from patients was related to an increased intention to quit in both groups. In addition, vacancies and pressure from financial goals were related to a higher risk of wanting to quit among native-born general practitioners. HR-Primacy was associated with a decreased risk of turnover intentions among the native-born general practitioners, while control of work pace was highly related to a decreased risk of turnover intentions among foreign-born general practitioners. Conclusions: General practitioners primarily experience pressure from patients and financial goals of the care-unit, which may provoke intentions to quit. Study suggestions are that care-unit financial goals are set in consent with physicians, and that control of work pace is encouraged.

  • 18.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Belkic, Karen
    Marini, Massimo
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Why don't academic physicians seek needed professional help for psychological distress?2012Inngår i: Swiss Medical Weekly, ISSN 1424-7860, E-ISSN 1424-3997, Vol. 142, artikkel-id w13626Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    PURPOSE: Suicidal thoughts, burnout and other signs of psychological distress are prevalent among physicians. There are no studies concerning help-seeking for psychological distress among university hospital physicians, who face a particularly challenging, competitive work environment. We compare psychologically-distressed university hospital physicians who have not sought needed help with those who have sought such help. We thereby aim to identify factors that may hinder help-seeking and factors that may trigger seeking help.

    METHODS: Analysis was performed among university hospital physicians reporting recent suicidal thoughts and/or showing other indications of current psychological ill-health. These distressed physicians were a subgroup (42.7%) from the cross-sectional phase I HOUPE study (Health and Organization among University Hospital Physicians in Europe): 366 from Sweden and 150 from Italy. Having sought professional help for depression or burnout was the outcome variable. Multiple logistic regression was performed with socio-demographic factors as covariates.

    RESULTS: Altogether 404 (78.3%) of these distressed physicians had never sought professional help for depression/burnout. Physicians who were currently involved in medical research, taking night call, surgical specialists, male, or Italian were least likely to have sought help. Physicians who faced harassment at work or who self-diagnosed and self-treated were more likely to have sought help.

    CONCLUSION: Very few of these university hospital physicians with signs of psychological distress sought help from a mental-health professional. This has implications for physicians themselves and for patient care, clinical research, and education of future physicians. More study, preferably of interventional design, is warranted concerning help-seeking among these physicians in need.

  • 19.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Minucci, Daria
    Marini, Massimo
    Tevik Løvset, Lise
    Jónsdottir, Lilja Sigrún
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Characteristics of female and male academic physicians working while ill (the HOUPE study)2012Inngår i: Program, 2012, s. 59-60, artikkel-id 835Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 20.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Enhance physicians health through surevy feedback seminars2013Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Four university hospitals started 2005 a comprehensive research program Health and Organization among University hospitals Physicians in four European countries - The HOUPE study. The project aims to provide a systematic comparison on how research activity, work conditions, gender equality, career advancement, impact on the health and wellbeing of physicians. Here we present data from Sweden and how we used them to conduct an intervention project to develop the working conditions and thereby enhance the health of physicians working.

    Methods: Cross sectional survey in 2005 (N = 1800) among university hospital physicians employed permanently more than one year. Measures: Physician Career Path Questionnaire (Fridner, 2004), General Health Questionnaire-12 (Goldberg and Williams, 1991), Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (Demerouti et al., 2001, 2003), Question About Suicidal Ideation and Attempted Suicide (Meehan et al, 1992), and selected scales from Questionnaire about Psychological and Social Factors at Work (Lindström et al, 2000). Survey feedback seminars with physicians working in one university hospital.

    Results: All employed physicians (2300), the hospital management and HR-consultants recieved a written report where the results from the survey were presented. 10 % of all physicians participated in a three hour survey feedback seminar. Researchers documented these seminars, and reports were distributed to all the physicians working in the clinic/clinics which enabled non-participating physicians to gain knowledge from the seminars. One summarising report from all the survey feedback seminars was written and distributed to all physicians.

    Conclusions: The seminars were emotionally charged since a lot of frustration could be spoken out, but also a serious listening when results of the physcians´health and results about harrassments among colleagues were presented. Each feed-back seminar ended with the physicians themselves made proposals as to how they wanted to change work conditions in their specific clinic.

    Comments: Overall, the research team gave 20 survey feedback meetings in collaboration with head of clinic and HR-consultants. Three hours is minum to keep up with the process it means to understand their health and work situation, and to be constructive in their cooperation in order to achieve change.

  • 21.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Tevik Løvseth, Lise
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Leadership strategies to increase health among university physicians (HOUPE)2012Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 22.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Kognitiv psykologi.
    Wall, Maja
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Why do General Practitioners Self-Diagnose and Self-Prescribe Drugs?2016Inngår i: Book of Proceedings: 12th Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology: OHP in Times of Change: Society and the workplace / [ed] Kevin Teoh, Vlad Dediu, Nathalie Jean Saade, Juliet Hassard, Nottingham, UK: European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology, 2016, s. 203-203Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Physicians tend to demonstrate inappropriate behavior when it comes to taking care of their own health. Self-prescribing or self-treatment seems to be practiced in many countries, and self-treated illnesses are found to be more common among general practitioners. For the physician such behavior is a threat to their own health, and as a consequence their patients might not be able to receive optimal health care. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between help seeking behavior, sickness presenteeism, exhaustion, and self- treatment among general practitioners.

    Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 among GPs employed in one City Council in Sweden using a questionnaire on health and work factors. The criterion variable “To self-diagnose and self-treat” was measured with a single item from the Physician Career Path Questionnaire (PCPQ; Fridner, 2004). Exhaustion was measured with a scale from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, OLBI (α = .82; Demerouti et al., 2001, 2003). “Sickness presenteeism” and “Taking vacation due to stress” was measured with single items, also from the PCPQ (Fridner, 2004). For the analyses, we used hierarchical multiple regression.

    Results: Altogether 193 (63,9%) female GPs and 109 (36,1%) male GPs answered the questionnaire, a 44% response-rate. Among them 46,2% stated they had diagnosed and treated themselves for a condition for which they would have referred a patient to a specialist. Our regression analysis model revealed that those physicians who self-treated themselves were also significantly more sickness present at work. Adding to this, exhaustion among the GPs was also included in the model.

    Conclusions: This study shows that self-treatment is not an isolated behavior, but occurs together with exhaustion and sickness presenteeism, indicating a quite severe situation for their health, which would need to be investigated by other doctors than themselves. This needs to be further investigated and taken into account by the National Board of Health and Welfare, County Councils and Medical Associations, and for future physicians our medical schools. 

  • 23.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Norell, Alexandra
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Åkesson, Gertrud
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Løvseth, Lise Tevik
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Possible reasons why female physicians publish fewer scientific articles than male physicians: A cross-sectional study2015Inngår i: BMC Medical Education, E-ISSN 1472-6920, Vol. 15, artikkel-id 67Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The proportion of women in medicine is approaching that of men, but female physicians are still in the minority as regards positions of power. Female physicians are struggling to reach the highest positions in academic medicine. One reason for the disparities between the genders in academic medicine is the fact that female physicians, in comparison to their male colleagues, have a lower rate of scientific publishing, which is an important factor affecting promotion in academic medicine. Clinical physicians work in a stressful environment, and the extent to which they can control their work conditions varies. The aim of this paper was to examine potential impeding and supportive work factors affecting the frequency with which clinical physicians publish scientific papers on academic medicine.

    Methods: Cross-sectional multivariate analysis was performed among 198 female and 305 male Swedish MD/PhD graduates. The main outcome variable was the number of published scientific articles.

    Results: Male physicians published significantly more articles than female physicians p <. 001. In respective multivariate models for female and male physicians, age and academic positions were significantly related to a higher number of published articles, as was collaborating with a former PhD advisor for both female physicians (OR = 2.97; 95% CI 1.22–7.20) and male physicians (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.08–4.10). Control at work was significantly associated with a higher number of published articles for male physicians only (OR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.08–2.09). Exhaustion had a significant negative impact on number of published articles among female physicians (OR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.12–0.70) whilst the publishing rate among male physicians was not affected by exhaustion.

    Conclusions: Women physicians represent an expanding sector of the physician work force; it is essential that they are represented in future fields of research, and in academic publications. This is necessary from a gender perspective, and to ensure that physicians are among the research staff in biomedical research in the future.

  • 24.
    Fridner, Ann
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Pingel, Birgit
    Løvset, Lise Tevik
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    From Awareness to Action Using the Survey Feedback Method2014Inngår i: Journal of Health Science, ISSN 2328-7136, Vol. 2, nr 7, s. 325-329Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Reports from European university hospitals show an increase in work-related mental strain. Four European university hospitals started a comprehensive research program called Health and Organisation among University hospitals Physicians in Europe—the HOUPE Study in the year 2003. Based on the results from the HOUPE study, the authors conducted an intervention project together with HR-consultants at one of the participating hospitals. A collected cross-sectional survey in 2005 among permanently employed academic physicians (N = 1800, response rate 60%) at Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden. Results from the study were used in survey feedback seminars (N = 250). This method is a way of systematic collection of data to process and give feedback to the organisation’s members in order to initiate organisational change. By providing results based on the total sample, on each division, and unpublished data from each clinic the authors aimed to improve physicians’ health and work satisfaction and thereby enhance the health of the physicians. Feedback seminars can arouse many emotions and might make people defensive. The role of resistance in the process of change is a paradox in that resistance slows down change. However, without resistance there will be no change at all. The authors conducted 20 feedback seminars of three hours duration where results were discussed relating mainly to the psychosocial work environment, psychological distress, and career paths, i.e., job demands, control at work, social interactions, leadership, commitment to the organisation, harassment at work, burnout, depression and suicide ideation. Altogether, 250 physicians participated in these meetings. To achieve acceptance for organisational change, data about relevant conditions in the organisation have to be processed in a systematic way in collaboration with all those who will benefit from changes, in concrete work units as divisions and clinics.

  • 25. Graf, Sylvie
    et al.
    Rubin, Mark
    Assilamehou-Kunz, Yvette
    Bianchi, Mauro
    Carnaghi, Andrea
    Fasoli, Fabio
    Finell, Eerika
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Shamloo, Soraya Elizabeth
    Tocik, Jaroslav
    Lacko, David
    Sczesny, Sabine
    Migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees: Different labels for immigrants influence attitudes through perceived benefits in nine countries2023Inngår i: European Journal of Social Psychology, ISSN 0046-2772, E-ISSN 1099-0992, Vol. 53, nr 5, s. 970-983Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The world is witnessing the highest level of displacement of people on record. Public discourse often uses labels to describe people on the move such as ‘migrants’, ‘asylum seekers’, or ‘refugees’ interchangeably. A preregistered study in nine countries (Australia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; N = 2844) tested experimentally the effect of these three labels on attitudes towards immigrants and immigration policies. We found a significant difference between the label ‘migrant’ and both ‘asylum seeker’ and ‘refugee’ on the social distance scale. Participants were happier if migrants, rather than asylum seekers and refugees, were their neighbours, friends, or partners. The effect was mediated by perceived benefits, but not threats, whereby migrants were perceived to bring more benefits to receiving societies than asylum seekers and refugees. To increase the acceptance of immigrants, speakers may consider specifying the given group and emphasize benefits that immigrants bring to receiving societies.

  • 26.
    Gustafsson, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Men differentiate less between good  and bad leadership than women do2012Inngår i: Program: Poster Session G — Gender, 2012, s. 245-245Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In a survey about leadership (N = 86) we tested men’s and women’s ratings of female, male, preferred and unpreferred attributes. We found ingroup bias such that women favored female attributes and vice verse. We also found that man discriminate less between preferred and unpreffered leadership attributes than women do.

  • 27.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gender in leadership2013Konferansepaper (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 28.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gender pronouns in the news media, differences in frequencies, description and evaluations2013Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 29.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Personal Pronouns in Evaluative Communication2013Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Personal pronouns represent important social categories; they are among the most common words in communication and are therefore highly interesting in studying psychological perspectives and relations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether pronouns are used in semantic contexts in a way that reflect psychological biases. Specifically, I have tested whether self-, group-serving- and gender biases occur when pronouns are used in natural language. To study this, I developed a structure for pronouns in social categorization where the pronouns are categorized in a self-inclusive/exclusive, an individual/collective, and a gender dimension. New methods for examining pronouns usage in language were developed in the thesis, for use in experiments and in computerized studies of large data corpora of media news. The results of this thesis showed that self-inclusive pronouns (I, We) consistently were used in more positive contexts than self-exclusive pronouns (He, She, They) by participants who generated messages in the lab (Study I), and by journalists in written media news (Study II). Study I revealed that the evaluative context surrounding I and We varied according to the specific communicative situation. When individuals generated messages individually, more positive contexts were selected for I than We. However in a collaborative setting, We occurred in contexts of similar valence as I. An intergroup setting magnified the differences between self-inclusive and self-exclusive pronouns (e.g., between We and They and between I and He/She). In an analysis of 400 000 news media messages, We occurred in more positive context than I (Study II). In Study III, the contexts of He and She in these media news were examined. The results showed that He occurred nine times more often, and in more positive contexts than She. Moreover, words associated with She included more labels denoting gender, and were more uniform than words associated with He. In sum, this thesis shows that studying the use of pronouns is a fruitful way to investigate social psychology phenomena. The thesis contributes to the understanding of how pronoun use convey knowledge about social cognition, attitudes, gender stereotypes, as well as interpersonal and intergroup relations.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Gustafsson Sendén; Personal pronouns in evaluative communication
  • 30.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Bäck, Emma A.
    Lindqvist, Anna
    Introducing a gender-neutral pronoun in a natural gender language: the influence of time on attitudes and behavior2015Inngår i: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 6, artikkel-id 893Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The implementation of gender fair language is often associated with negative reactions and hostile attacks on people who propose a change. This was also the case in Sweden in 2012 when a third gender-neutral pronoun hen was proposed as an addition to the already existing Swedish pronouns for she (hon) and he (han). The pronoun hen can be used both generically, when gender is unknown or irrelevant, and as a transgender pronoun for people who categorize themselves outside the gender dichotomy. In this article we review the process from 2012 to 2015. No other language has so far added a third gender-neutral pronoun, existing parallel with two gendered pronouns, that actually have reached the broader population of language users. This makes the situation in Sweden unique. We present data on attitudes toward hen during the past 4 years and analyze how time is associated with the attitudes in the process of introducing hen to the Swedish language. In 2012 the majority of the Swedish population was negative to the word, but already in 2014 there was a significant shift to more positive attitudes. Time was one of the strongest predictors for attitudes also when other relevant factors were controlled for. The actual use of the word also increased, although to a lesser extent than the attitudes shifted. We conclude that new words challenging the binary gender system evoke hostile and negative reactions, but also that attitudes can normalize rather quickly. We see this finding very positive and hope it could motivate language amendments and initiatives for gender-fair language, although the first responses may be negative.

  • 31.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Bäck, Emma A.
    Lindqvist, Anna
    Vergoossen, Hellen P.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Biologisk psykologi.
    Neutral pronouns as promoters of gender equality2017Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 32.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Eagly, Alice
    Sczesny, Sabine
    Gender Stereotyping in Linguistic Behavior2018Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 33.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Eagly, Alice
    Sczesny, Sabine
    Of Caring Nurses and Assertive Police Officers: Social Role Information Overrides Gender Stereotypes in Linguistic Behavior2017Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Following the social role theory (SRT: Eagly & Steffen, 1984), gender-stereotypic beliefs stem from the observation of women and men in different social roles that require different types of traits. In four experiments (485 participants altogether) we addressed the question of whether language production reflects and reproduces gender stereotypes. Participants created person descriptions in which they could refer to gender (e.g., women/men, he/she) and/or occupational roles (e.g., nurses/police officers) with either communal or agentic traits (e.g., caring or assertive). In Experiment 1, participants more often combined female pronouns to female-typical occupational roles, and male pronouns to male-typical occupational roles. In Experiment 2 and 3, persons in female-typical occupations were more likely ascribed with communal traits, whereas persons in male-typical occupations were more likely ascribed with agentic traits. In both experiments, occupational roles had a stronger influence on trait ascriptions than sex definitional nouns/pronouns. Experiment 4 provided the critical test of social role theory revealing that trait ascriptions did not differ when women and men where described in the same occupational role.

  • 34.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi. Södertörn University, Sweden.
    Eagly, Alice
    Sczesny, Sabine
    Of Caring Nurses and Assertive Police Officers: Social Role Information Overrides Gender Stereotypes in Linguistic Behavior2020Inngår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science, ISSN 1948-5506, E-ISSN 1948-5514, Vol. 11, nr 6, s. 743-751Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Three studies demonstrated the expression of gender stereotypes in linguistic behavior. In Study 1, participants composed sentences describing a person by freely choosing from female- or male-dominated occupations, female or male pronouns, and communal or agentic traits. In Study 2a, participants chose traits to describe a person identified by a female- or male-dominated occupation and in Study 2b by a female or male pronoun and noun. In Study 3, participants chose traits for a person identified by both a female- or male-dominated occupation and a female or male pronoun. In general, participants chose more communal and fewer agentic traits for sentences containing a female- (vs. male-) dominated occupation and a female (vs. male) pronoun or noun. However, participants described women and men in the same occupation as similarly agentic or communal, demonstrating the primacy of role over sex information as predicted by social role theory.

  • 35.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Eneroth, Mari
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Wall, Maja
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Fridner, Ann
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Gender influence on sickness presence in outpatient care2014Inngår i: International Conference on Physician Health: Milestones and transitions  - Maintaining the balance: Abstract brochure, 2014, s. 64-65Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: In the health care sector sickness presence is common, and especially among physicians. Sickness presence is less studied than sickness absence but might have adverse effects for individual physicians, and for health care of patients (Wallace, et al, 2009). Previous research has shown that female physicians more often go to work while sick (Gustafsson et al., 2013). In this study, it is examined whether men and women also show different reasons for going to work while ill. Method and participants: The study was conducted within outpatient care in a large Swedish city (N = 283, women 64 %). The question studied were sickness presence in a long term perspective, during the last 12 months and reasons for going to work while sick (concern for colleagues; patients; workload; economy; and perceptions of own capability). Results: In a long-term perspective, women indicated that they went to work while sick more often than men, F (1,282) = 6.06, p = .014. Among the women, 37 % indicated that they often or very often go to work while ill. For men, this figure was 23.4 %. For the last 12 month, 50% of the women and 40% of the men had gone to work while sick more than two times (mean difference = ns.). Although men and women indicated similar reasons for going to work while sick, there were also interesting differences. Women indicated higher concerns for patients, and the workload as reasons for going to work while sick. On the other hand, men indicated economic concerns to a higher degree than women and that they were capable of going to work while sick.  There were no gender differences in concerns for colleagues. Conclusions: Sickness presence might have severe consequences, both for physicians themselves and for patients and medical care. Knowing the reasons for why physicians go to work is important in order to counter these behaviors. It is also important to notice that sex roles are of relevance in this type of behavior. HR departments and managers within medical care need to address these questions thoroughly and to implement strategies to decrease sickness presence among physicians.

  • 36.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Fridner, Ann
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    The General Practitioner – an Endangered Professional Group2014Inngår i: Book of Proceedings, 11th European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology Conference: Looking at the past planning for the future. Capitalizing on occupational health psychology multidisciplinarity / [ed] Nicholas John Artin Andreou, Aditya Jain, David Hollis, Juliet Hassard & Kevin Teoh, Nottingham, UK: European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology , 2014, s. 296-297Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: General practitioners are responsible for the basic health care of the patients and if necessary, ensure the guidance of the patients within the medical system towards specialist care fulfilling the role of the “gatekeeper” of the medical system. However the shortage of doctors resulting in unfilled vacancies in the outpatient departments of hospitals has become a problem for the quality of care and a well-functioning health care delivery Doctors who are psychologically stressed are more likely to make medical mistakes, show a lower level of empathy, are more dissatisfied with their work and think more often of quitting their jobs or going on pension. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between doctors´ health, the organisation in which they work and the desire to stay on or quit working as a specialist general practioner.

    Method: Cross sectional survey in 2013 among General Practioners (GPs) employed in one City Council in Sweden. The criterion variable “intention to quit” was measured on a scale with three items (&#945; = .86; QPS-Nordic; Lindström et al, 2000). Exhaustion was measured by Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, OLBI, (&#945; = .82; Demerouti et al., 2001, 2003), “support from the organization” was measured also by scales from the QPS-Nordic (&#945; = .87). Scales about “vacancies” (&#945; = .90) and “economic goals” (&#945; = .86), were created within the project. For the analyses we used hierarchical multiple regression.

    Results: Altogether 193 (63,9%) female GPs and 109 (36,1%) male GPs answered the questionnaire, 44% response-rate. The results showed that analysed factors contributed to (50.6%) of unique variance in the physicians’ intention to quit. Physician exhaustion was included in the first model and accounted for 33% of the variance. All the subsequently introduced models added significantly to the “intention to quit”, specifically: “vacancies” (9.6%) , goal (2.1%) and “support from the organization” (5.2%).

    Conclusion: The results show that there are strong associations between physician’s level of exhaustion and their intention to quit their work as physicians. The results are important since they show that the organization needs to pay attention to resource planning, how economic goals are introduced in the organizations. A positive aspect is that support from the organizations seems to be a protective factor. This is something that the organizations need to implement.

  • 37.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi. Södertörn University, Sweden.
    Klysing, Amanda
    Lindqvist, Anna
    Renström, Emma Aurora
    The (Not So) Changing Man: Dynamic Gender Stereotypes in Sweden2019Inngår i: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 10, artikkel-id 37Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    According to Social Role Theory, gender stereotypes are dynamic constructs influenced by actual and perceived changes in what roles women and men occupy (Wood and Eagly, 2011). Sweden is ranked as one of the most egalitarian countries in the world, with a strong national equality discourse and a relatively high number of men engaging in traditionally communal roles such as parenting and domestic tasks. This would imply a perceived change toward higher communion among men. Therefore, we investigated the dynamics of gender stereotype content in Sweden with a primary interest in the male stereotype and perceptions of gender equality. In Study 1, participants (N = 323) estimated descriptive stereotype content of women and men in Sweden in the past, present, or future. They also estimated gender distribution in occupations and domestic roles for each time-point. Results showed that the female stereotype increased in agentic traits from the past to the present, whereas the male stereotype showed no change in either agentic or communal traits. Furthermore, participants estimated no change in gender stereotypes for the future, and they overestimated how often women and men occupy gender non-traditional roles at present. In Study 2, we controlled for participants' actual knowledge about role change by either describing women's increased responsibilities on the job market, or men's increased responsibility at home (or provided no description). Participants (N = 648) were randomized to the three different conditions. Overall, women were perceived to increase in agentic traits, and this change was mediated by perceptions of social role occupation. Men where not perceived to increase in communion but decreased in agency when change focused on women's increased participation in the labor market. These results indicate that role change among women also influence perceptions of the male stereotype. Altogether, the results indicate that social roles might have stronger influence on perceptions of agency than perceptions of communion, and that communion could be harder to incorporate in the male stereotype.

  • 38.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Lindholm, Torun
    Sikström, Sverker
    Biases in news media as reflected by personal pronouns in evaluative contexts2014Inngår i: Social Psychology, ISSN 1864-9335, E-ISSN 2151-2590, Vol. 45, nr 2, s. 103-111Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper examines whether pronouns in news media occurred in evaluative contexts reflecting psychological biases. Contexts of pronouns were measured by computerized semantic analysis. Results showed that self-inclusive personal pronouns (WeI) occurred in more positive contexts than self-exclusive pronouns (He/SheThey), reflecting self- and group-serving biases. Contexts of collective versus individual pronouns varied; Weoccurred in more positive contexts than I, and He/She in more positive contexts than They. The enhancement of collective relative to individual self-inclusive pronouns may reflect that media news is a public rather than private domain. The reversed pattern among self-exclusive pronouns corroborates suggestions that outgroup derogation is most pronounced at the category level. Implications for research on language and social psychology are discussed.

  • 39.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Lindholm, Torun
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Selection Bias in Choice of Words:: Evaluations of "I" and "We" Differ Between Contexts, but "They" Are Always Worse2014Inngår i: Journal of language and social psychology, ISSN 0261-927X, E-ISSN 1552-6526, Vol. 33, nr 1, s. 49-67Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In everyday life, people use language to communicate evaluative messages about social categories. A selection bias in language across two social dimensions not previously integrated was examined: a self-inclusive/self-exclusive dimension and an individual/collective dimension. Pronouns as markers for social categories were adopted (I, We, He/She, and They), and a new measure was developed (the Evaluative Sentence Generating task) to investigate the evaluative context selected for the pronouns. Results demonstrate that individuals select a more positive context for self-inclusive than self-exclusive pronouns and a more positive contexts for individual than collective pronouns. However, in an interpersonal context, evaluative differences between I and We diminished, whereas in an intergroup condition the evaluative gap between self-inclusive and self-exclusive pronouns was magnified.

  • 40.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi. Södertörn University, Sweden.
    Renström, Emma A.
    Gender bias in assessment of future work ability among pain patients - an experimental vignette study of medical students' assessment2019Inngår i: Scandinavian Journal of Pain, ISSN 1877-8860, E-ISSN 1877-8879, Vol. 19, nr 2, s. 407-414Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and aims: Pain is a prevalent problem in many countries. Women are more often on sick-leave for pain than men. Such gender differences have been explained through biological factors, different demands for on the job market, and home conditions. Fewer studies have focused on how gender stereotypes may bias the medical assessment of pain patients. The aim of the present research was to investigate if a gender bias in medical students' evaluations of chronic pain patients can contribute to explaining the gender differences in sick-leave due to pain. Specifically, we investigated whether medical students' estimates of a patient's accuracy of their own work ability and amount of domestic work differed between female and male patients, and how such estimates influenced the medical students' judgments of the patient's work ability. Methods: Medical students (n = 137; 60 women; 74 men; three unspecified) read a vignette describing a patient with pain and filled out a questionnaire. The vignette was identical and gender neutral, except for the name of the patient signaling gender. A between-subjects experimental design was used in which participants were randomly assigned to an experimental condition. Participants then judged the patient's work ability, the accuracy of the patient's self-assessed work ability, and the amount of domestic work they believed was performed by the patient. All ratings were made on seven-point items. Results: The results showed that there was no main effect of gender on perceived future work ability of the patient, F (1,131) = 0.867, p = 0.353. However, male patients were considered to be more accurate in their self-assessed work ability than female patients F (1,131) = 5.925 p = 0.016 (M-female = 4.87, SDfemale = 1.22, and M-male = 5.33, SDmale = 1.02). Moreover, female patients were thought to perform more domestic work, F (1,131) = 25.56, p < 0.001 (M-female = 4.14, SDfemale = 1.41, and M-male = 3.07, SDmale = 1.16). Finally, perceived amount of domestic work moderated the effects of perceived future work ability for female but not for male patients, B = 0.42, p = 0.005. Hence, there was a positive effect of amount of domestic work performed on work ability judgments for women, such that the more domestic work they were assumed to perform, the more they were perceived to be able to work. Conclusions: Gender stereotypes influenced assessments of future work ability in pain patients, mainly because women were assumed to perform more domestic work which had a positive effect on perceived work ability. Because domestic work should have a negative effect on recovery, expectations from the physician that domestic work is expected by female patients may in fact have the opposite effect prolonging sick-leave. Moreover, the students trusted the male patients' ability to assess their own work capacity more than women's.

  • 41.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Personlighets-, social- och utvecklingspsykologi.
    Renström, Emma
    Lindqvist, Anna
    Pronouns Beyond the Binary: The Change of Attitudes and Use Over Time2021Inngår i: Gender & Society, ISSN 0891-2432, E-ISSN 1552-3977, Vol. 35, nr 4, s. 588-615Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Gender-inclusive language, such as the Swedish pronoun hen, may aid in breaking a binary notion of gender and avoid sexism. The present study followed the implementation of a gender-inclusive third-person pronoun singular (hen) in Swedish in two surveys with representative samples in 2015 (at the time when hen was introduced in the official Swedish dictionary; N = 1212) and in 2018 (N = 2009). The surveys comprised measures of attitudes toward, and use of, hen as well as possible predictors such as area of residence, age, preferred pronoun, political orientation, and interest in gender issues. Results showed that attitudes toward hen became more positive and that use of hen increased between 2015 and 2018. About half of the population used hen in their communication in 2018, which is a 14-percentage-point increase from 2015. Younger age, she or hen as preferred pronoun, political left-wing orientation, and interest in gender issues predicted a more positive attitude and a more frequent use. Furthermore, the positive change between 2015 and 2018 was larger among younger people, indicating that hen will remain in the Swedish language. The present research is unique in that it follows a gender-fair language initiative during its implementation in representative samples, thereby providing insights for social movements aiming for gender-fair language. We also discuss the theoretical implications of a gender-inclusive pronoun in comparison with past studies on gender-fair language.

  • 42.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Kognitiv psykologi.
    Schenck-Gustafsson, Karin
    Fridner, Ann
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen, Arbets- och organisationspsykologi.
    Gender differences in Reasons for Sickness Presenteeism - a study among GPs in a Swedish health care organization2016Inngår i: Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, ISSN 2052-4374, Vol. 28, artikkel-id 50Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: It is common that physicians go to work while sick and therefore it is important to understand the reasons behind. Previous research has shown that women and men differ in health and health related behavior. In this study, we examine gender differences among general practitioners who work while sick.

    Methods: General practitioners (GP’s) working in outpatient care in a Swedish city participated in the study (n = 283; women = 63 %; response rate = 41 %). Data were obtained from a large web-based questionnaire about health and organization within primary care. Two questions about sickness presenteeism (going to work while sick) were included; life-long and during the past 12 months, and five questions about reasons. We controlled for general health, work-family conflict and demographic variables.

    Results: Female physicians reported sickness presenteeism more often than male physicians. Work-family conflict mediated the association between gender and sickness presenteeism.

    Women reported reasons related with “concern for others” and “workload” more strongly than men. Men reported reasons related with “capacity” and “money” more strongly than women. These differences are likely effects of gender stereotyping and different family-responsibilities.

    Conclusions: Gender socialization and gender stereotypes may influence work and health-related behavior. Because sickness presenteeism is related with negative effects both on individuals and at organizational levels, it is important that managers of health organizations understand the reasons for this, and how gender roles may influence the prevalence of sickness presenteeism and the reasons that female and male GPs give for their behavior.

  • 43.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikstrom, Sverker
    Lindholm, Torun
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    She and He in News Media Messages: Pronoun Use Reflects Gender Biases in Semantic Contexts2015Inngår i: Sex Roles, ISSN 0360-0025, E-ISSN 1573-2762, Vol. 72, nr 1-2, s. 40-49Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research has shown a male bias in the media. This study tests this statement by examining how the pronouns She and He are used in a news media context. More specifically, the study tests whether He occurs more often and in more positive semantic contexts than She, as well as whether She is associated with more stereotypically and essential labels than He is. Latent semantic analysis (LSA) was applied to 400 000 Reuters' news messages, written in English, published in 1996-1997. LSA is a completely data-driven method, extracting statistics of words from how they are used throughout a corpus. As such, no human coders are involved in the assessment of how pronouns occur in their contexts. The results showed that He pronouns were about 9 times more frequent than She pronouns. In addition, the semantic contexts of He were more positive than the contexts of She. Moreover, words associated with She-contexts included more words denoting gender, and were more homogeneous than the words associated with He-contexts. Altogether, these results indicate that men are represented as the norm in these media. Since these news messages are distributed on a daily basis all over the world, in printed newspapers, and on the internet, it seems likely that this presentation maintains, and reinforces prevalent gender stereotypes, hence contributing to gender inequities.

  • 44.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Extracting gender stereotypes with latent semantic analysis2008Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 45.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Ingroup Allocation Model - Redistributing Resources through Language to Improve Fitness2009Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 46.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Ingroup Allocation Model (IAM) - Redistributing resources through language, part 22011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 47.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Ingroup Allocation Model: Ingroup favoritism spontaneously expressed in choice of words2011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 48.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Ingroup Allocation Model: The evolution of evaluative communication in group formation2010Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 49.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Language and the Values of Personal Pronouns:  A Tool to Redistribute Resources from Outgroup Individuals to Ingroup Collectives2009Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 50.
    Gustafsson Sendén, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Psykologiska institutionen.
    Sikström, Sverker
    Language as a Tool for Improving Fitness: Values of Social Groups2009Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
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