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  • 1.
    Bring, Ove
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Mahmoudi, Said
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Wrange, Pål
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Sverige och folkrätten2020 (ed. 6)Book (Refereed)
  • 2. Bådagård, Lovisa
    et al.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    The Gatekeeper of the ICC: Prosecutorial Strategies for Selecting Situations and Cases at the International Criminal Court2017In: Georgetown Journal of International Law, ISSN 1550-5200, Vol. 48, no 3, p. 639-733Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has a unique role in the proceedings before the Court. It is the organ primarily tasked with choosing among the numerous situations and cases under the Court’s jurisdiction. The legal criteria for situation and case selection, provided in the Rome Statute and related regulations, are relatively open as to allow the Prosecutor a considerable degree of discretion. In order to guide this discretion, the Office of the Prosecutor has developed certain policies and strategies. Prosecutorial policy and strategy stands, almost by definition, at a crossroads between law and politics. This Article identifies strategic choices of the OTP in situation and case selection and analyzes them in relation to the ICC’s objectives. There are tensions between the need for predictability and legal certainty on the one hand and for pragmatism and case-by-case flexibility on the other hand. The Article finds that the OTP is downplaying its own discretion by emphasizing the legalistic and apolitical character of its decision-making and bringing the objectives of ending impunity, preventing crimes, and providing redress to victims to the fore. The objectives of restoring peace and security and of contributing to a historical record have been secondary to the OTP’s strategic choices.

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  • 3. Deland, Mats
    et al.
    Klamberg, MarkStockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.Wrange, PålStockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    International humanitarian law and justice: historical and sociological perspectives2018Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the last decade, there has been a turn to history in international humanitarian law and its accompanying fields. To examine this historization and to expand the current scope of scholarship, this book brings together scholars from various fields, including law, history, sociology, and international relations. Human rights law, international criminal law, and the law on the use of force are all explored across the text’s four main themes: historiographies of selected fields of international law; evolution of specific international humanitarian law rules in the context of legal gaps and fault lines; emotions as a factor in international law; and how actors can influence history. This work will enhance and broaden readers’ knowledge of the field and serve as an excellent starting point for further research.

  • 4. Deland, Mats
    et al.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Wrange, Pål
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Introduction2018In: International Humanitarian Law and Justice: Historical and Sociological Perspectives / [ed] Mats Deland, Mark Klamberg, Pål Wrange, Abingdon: Routledge, 2018, p. 1-6Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book discusses the importance and value of historicizing international law in general. It is concerned with specific rules and concepts in the international humanitarian law field. The book includes internal and external modes of theorizing, theories of evolution and how changes can be understood in the context of legal gaps and fault lines. It argues that the issue of law and emotions is basically a way to acknowledge the limits of analytical abstractions and rational choice models. The book sets out the difference between how legal historians approach general history compared to how general historians take account of legal history. It reconnects to the structure versus agency debate in acknowledging that while legal history as an academic discipline initially had a structural focus, general history was well into the 20th century more focused on individual actors.

  • 5. Gallmetzer, Reinhold
    et al.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Individual Responsibility for Crimes Under International Law: The UN ad hoc Tribunals and the International Criminal Court2007Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present article concerns individual criminal responsibility under international law. It is based on a lecture at the Summer School of the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies, held by Reinhold Gallmetzer in The Hague on 5 July 2005. Reinhold Gallmetzer has turned his presentation into the present article and Mark Klamberg has written the second part on the ICC.

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  • 6.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Article 64 Functions and powers of the Trial Chamber2013In: Code of International Criminal Law and Procedure, annotated / [ed] Paul De Hert, Jean Flamme, Mathias Holvoet, Olivia Struyven, Bryssel: Larcier , 2013Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Comment on article 64 of the Rome Statute, Functions and powers of the Trial Chamber

  • 7.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Assessment of Evidence: International Criminal Courts and Tribunals2023In: Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural LawArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Assessment of evidence is necessary for any international criminal tribunal or court at various stages of the proceedings, including when issuing arrest warrants, confirming charges, determining the admissibility of evidence, and when determining whether the defendant is guilty during the final deliberations. This in the entry Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law focuses on the assessment of evidence in the later sense, ie when determining whether the defendant is guilty during the final deliberations.

  • 8.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Commentary on the Law of the ICC: The Rules of Procedure and Evidence2023Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC) provides a provision-by-provision analysis of the Rome Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. It is available as a book in hardcopy, an e-book and as an online commentary. It enables the user to find case-law, doctrine and comments efficiently and without cost.

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    CLICC RPE
  • 9.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Commentary on the Law of the ICC: The Statute, vol. I-II2023Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC) provides a provision-by-provision analysis of the Rome Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. It is available as a book in hardcopy, an e-book and as an online commentary. It enables the user to find case-law, doctrine and comments efficiently and without cost.

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    The Statute, vol I
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    The Statute, vol II
  • 10.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court2017Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC) provides a provision-by-provision analysis of the Rome Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. It is available as a book in hardcopy, an e-book and as an online commentary. It enables the user to find case-law, doctrine and comments efficiently and without cost.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 11.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Det behövs ny svensk lag om internationella brott2008Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Op-Ed Column in the daily Örnsköldsviks Allehanda, 8 august 2008 concerning the investigation and procesution of international crimes before Swedish domestic courts. It is argued that due to inadeqaute legislation Sweden may serve as a sanctuary for suspected criminals.

  • 12.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Epistemological Controversies and Evaluation of Evidence in International Criminal Trials2020In: The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law / [ed] Kevin Heller, Frédéric Mégret, Sarah Nouwen, Jens Ohlin, Darryl Robinson, Stockholm: Oxford University Press, 2020, p. 450-472Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    International criminal trials are normally very complex and burdened with vast amounts of evidence. Even though such trials may face distinct challenges as compared to trials in domestic settings, the challenges and process of evaluating evidence have still much in common regardless if the trial is before a domestic or international court. Many old debates on evidence that have taken place in domestic settings - and in some cases been settled - have made a comeback in the practice and scholarship on international criminal justice together with new debates. This chapter gives an account of current controversies in evaluating evidence in international criminal trials, including whether the evaluation of evidence should be subject to an intuitive holistic approach or deconstruction? Is the standard of proof for conviction subjective or objective? Is it possible and/or desirable to use mathematical methods in evaluating evidence? The chapter also covers the criticism against the “beyond reasonable doubt” standard and whether fact-finding at the international level is possible at all.

  • 13.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Evidence in International Criminal Procedure: Confronting Legal Gaps and the Reconstruction of Disputed Events2012Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines the difficulties in establishing a universal code of procedural law governing international criminal trials and fact-finding. It covers five procedural systems: the military tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo, the ad hoc tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Criminal Court. The basis for the comparison are specific procedural activities common to the five procedural systems, including evaluation, collection, disclosure, admissibility and presentation of evidence.

    Certain general principles of law are applicable to evidence. However, the judges tend to favour one type of legal system (either adversarial or inquisitorial) when they identify general principles of national law which run counter to the concept of this source of law. The practice of the modern two-tiered systems suggests that pre-trial and trial judges are bound or at least guided by decisions of the Appeals Chamber. In comparison with international law in general, international criminal procedure is thus a sui generis legal system as regards the status of legal precedents. The balance between crime control, fair trial, expeditious proceedings, state sovereignty, truth-seeking,  victims’ participation and witnesses and victims protection may vary. No abstract procedural model (either adversarial or inquisitorial) can be applied in its entirety to an existing procedural framework. Instead, the proceedings are mixed and in relation to a specific procedural activity one model may be more relevant as a tool of analysis than another. The concept of “robustness” is used to discuss quantity in addition to concepts that deal with quality, including “probative value” and “weight”. Finally, the method involving exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis of innocence is examined as one of several analytical steps that may contribute to the systematic evaluation of evidence.

  • 14.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Evidence in International Criminal Trials: Confronting Legal Gaps and the Reconstruction of Disputed Events2013Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines the difficulties in establishing a universal code of procedural law governing international criminal trials and fact-finding. It covers eight procedural systems: the military tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo, the ad hoc tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, the UN-supported Khmer Rouge Trials, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court. The basis for the comparison are specific procedural activities common to the five procedural systems, including evaluation, collection, disclosure, admissibility and presentation of evidence.

    Certain general principles of law are applicable to evidence. However, the judges tend to favour one type of legal system (either adversarial or inquisitorial) when they identify general principles of national law which run counter to the concept of this source of law. The practice of the modern two-tiered systems suggests that pre-trial and trial judges are bound or at least guided by decisions of the Appeals Chamber. In comparison with international law in general, international criminal procedure is thus a sui generis legal system as regards the status of legal precedents. The balance between crime control, fair trial, expeditious proceedings, state sovereignty, truth-seeking,  victims’ participation and witnesses and victims protection may vary. No abstract procedural model (either adversarial or inquisitorial) can be applied in its entirety to an existing procedural framework. Instead, the proceedings are mixed and in relation to a specific procedural activity one model may be more relevant as a tool of analysis than another. The concept of “robustness” is used to discuss quantity in addition to concepts that deal with quality, including “probative value” and “weight”. Finally, the method involving exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis of innocence is examined as one of several analytical steps that may contribute to the systematic evaluation of evidence.

  • 15.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Evidentiary Matters in the Context of Investigating and Prosecuting International Crimes in Sweden: Admissibility, Digital Evidence and Judicial Notice, Scandinavian Studies in Law2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The prosecution of international crimes may entail additional challenges in relation to evidentiary matters. The trials held in Sweden have all concerned acts committed outside Sweden in areas of conflict. The consequence is that part of the evidence was collected by other actors than the regular administration of justice, often without the required decisions by a court or other state agency. In addition to questions of whether the collection of evidence follows legal requirements, there will be questions on how the evidence has been handled and stored, i.e. issues related to the chain of custody, which may affect how the authenticity and reliability of the evidence will be assessed.This article examines in a Swedish context issues relating to admissibility of evidence and evaluation of evidence, in particular the challenges and opportunities that come with technological development. There will also be an account of how facts of common knowledge and adjudicated facts may be used.This article is part of a volume on investigation and prosecution in Scandinavia of international crimes.

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  • 16.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Evolution of Rules and Concepts in International Humanitarian Law: Navigating through Legal Gaps and Fault-lines2018In: International Humanitarian Law and Justice: Historical and Sociological Perspectives / [ed] Mats Deland; Mark Klamberg; Pål Wrange, Abingdon: Routledge, 2018, p. 79-84Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter is concerned with specific rules and concepts in the field of international humanitarian law (IHL). IHL, as most other fields of law, attempts to categorize different situations, which subsequently determine the applicable rules. Among internal theories such as theories of essence, possibility, operation and implementation, one could with a historical perspective consider theories of evolution, a cyclical theory of history and discontinuity in history. Among the external theories, one may find those who challenge the continued relevance of the "war" model that assumes wars are between sovereigns on a battlefield with clearly defined geographical and temporal boundaries. These theories and relational and evolutionary approaches to the development of concepts and rules in IHL may place different emphasis on structure versus agency. ColinHay argues that structure and agency logically entail one another – a social or political structure only exists by virtue of the constraints on, or opportunities for, agency that it effects.

  • 17.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Exploiting legal thresholds, fault-lines and gaps in the context of remote warfare2017In: Research Handbook on Remote Warfare / [ed] Jens David Ohlin, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017, p. 186-210Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conflicts increasingly involve action at a distance as opposed to traditional battlefield engagements. Development of new weapons, modern communications and growing economic interdependence between states push national decision-makers to adopt asymmetrical strategies, overt as well as covert. States may adopt such strategies to minimize the exposure to risk of their own forces while their opponents can be easily attacked and also for the purpose of avoiding attribution and retribution. Since international law is used as a tool for legitimizing state policies—in the words of Sari—legal thresholds, fault-lines and gaps will be used by states to portray their own actions as legal or at least belonging to a grey area but never illegal. These issues have been brought to the fore not least by increased tensions between the West and Russia. Russia states in its 2014 Military doctrine that the nature and characteristics of modern warfare conflict includes, inter alia: a) [i]ntegrated use of military force, political, economic, informational and other non-military measures nature, implemented with the extensive use of the protest potential of the population, and special operations forces … h) participation in hostilities irregular armed groups and private military companies; i) the use of indirect and asymmetric methods Action; j) the use of externally funded and run political forces and social movements. Russia perceives as one of the main military dangers ‘subversive activities of special services and organizations foreign states and their coalitions against the Russian Federation’.

  • 18.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Foreword2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Although none of the Scandinavian countries have had armed conflicts on their soil since the Second World War, there are in Scandinavia at present war criminals, and witnesses and victims of atrocity crimes. The crimes have been committed in different situations outside Scandinavia and it is only lately that the investigation and prosecution of these crimes have gained adequate attention.This is the foreword to a volume that presents 21 articles on the investigation and prosecution in Scandinavia of international crimes. The foreword explains the metholdogy, i.e. that the articles present decisions and cases tried at domestic level in a thematic manner, by examining some overarching questions. For instance, to what extent and how international law sources are considered and/or implemented in the Scandinavian countries and how the objectives of international criminal law are operationalized in relation to the issue at handbrought into action. The volume is organized into five sections: Introduction, General Principles and Matters of Criminal Law, International Crimes, Procedural Matters, and Comparative Outlook.Considering that countries outside Scandinavia have already, or will, meet similar challenges; the need to exchange experience and scrutinize one’s own assumptions will remain. Thus the foreward makes a call to undertake comparative study of the domestic investigation and prosecution of international crimes, asking how different countries sanction international crimes

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  • 19.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    FRA and the European Convention on Human Rights: A Paradigm Shift in Swedish Electronic Surveillance Law2010In: Overvåking i en rettstat / [ed] Dag Wiese Schartaum, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget , 2010, p. 99-134Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Electronic surveillance law is subject to a paradigm shift where traditional principles are reconsidered and the notion of privacy has to be reconstructed. This paradigm shift is the result of four major changes in our society with regard to 1) technology; 2) perceptions of threats, 3) interpretation of human rights and 4) ownership over telecommunications. The above-mentioned changes have created a need to reform both the tools of electronic surveillance and domestic legislation. Surveillance that was previously kept secret is now subject to public debate. The article focuses on systems of “mass surveillance” such as data retention and signal intelligence and whether these are consistent with the European Convention on Human Rights.

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  • 20.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    FRA:s signalspaning ur ett rättsligt perspektiv2009In: Svensk Juristtidning, Vol. 4, p. 519-541Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I juni 2008 antog riksdagen lagstiftning som innebar en reglering av signalspaning i etern och en rätt för Försvarets radioanstalt att även spana mot kabelkommunikation. Lagförslaget gav upphov till en debatt där lagstiftningens förespråkare betonade behovet av en effektiv försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet och den precision med vilket signalspaning kan bedrivas med vilket enskilda med ”rent mjöl i påsen” skulle vara fredade. Kritikerna liknade FRA:s tillgång till den kabelbundna kommunikation vid ”massavlyssning”, pekade på utvidgningen av FRA:s mandat för signalspaning och oklarheter i avgränsningen mot polisiär verksamhet. Debatten fördes ofta i termer av avlyssning vilket skapat föreställningen att FRA läser och lyssnar på all kommunikation när tekniken och lagstiftningen även medger andra former av övervakning/underrättelseverksamhet. Vidare fanns en fokus på FRA:s försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet där inhämtning av signaler är förhållandevis smal, när myndighetens breda inhämtning av signaler sker inom dess relativt ouppmärksammade utvecklingsverksamhet. Artikeln uppmärksammar särskilt regleringen av dessa två verksamhetsgrenar, FRA:s verktyg för bearbetning av kommunikation och försvarsunderrättelseverksamhetens avgränsning mot polisiär verksamhet.

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  • 21.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Fråga om tillämpning av legalitetsprincipen beträffande folkrättsbrott2007In: Juridisk Tidskrift: vid Stockholms Universitet, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 130-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    The district court of Stockholm convicted on 18 December 2006 Jackie Arklöv for a crime against international law. It was the first and, until the present date, the only time liability for an international crime has been tried before a Swedish court. This comment presents the law applied by the Court, draws attention to the principles of legality, ne bis in idem, and discusses whether a national court in a dualistic legal system can impose criminal responsibility with reference to customary international law.

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  • 22.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Gränsdragningen mellan utlänningslagen och svensk straffrätt beträffande internationella brott2013In: Juridisk Tidskrift, ISSN 1100-7761, no 2, p. 286-293Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Swedish migration law grants refugees and other persons in need of protection who are uin Sweden the right to reside in Sweden. There is a clause which provides that a person may be excluded from refugee status if there are reasons to believe that he or she have committed crimes against the peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity or acts in contravention with the purposes of the United Nations. The provisions in the migration law may create uncertainties in two regards. First, the definition of armed conflict in the Swedish migration law which is relevant for persons in need of protection differs from the definition provided for in international law and Swedish legislation on war crimes. Second, crimes that under the migration law may cause exclusion from protection are only partially criminalized in Swedish law. This article explains why this conflicts exist, possible challenges for the relevant state agencies and a recommendation how to deal with these challenges.

  • 23.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Inhämtning och bearbetning av personuppgifter i samband med brottsbekämpning och försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet2015In: Rättsinformatik: juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2015Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Staten har som en av sina kärnuppgifter att värna nationell säkerhet och fysiskt skydda sina medborgare. Potentiella hot mot dessa intressen manifesteras inte enbart i form av brottslighet utan kan även handla om andra aktörers agerande inom områden som rör ekonomisk utveckling, politiskt oberoende och militär säkerhet. För att möta dessa hot inhämtar stater information som innehåller personuppgifter, och dessa uppgifter blir i allt högre utsträckning föremål för automatiserad databehandling.

    Texten beskriver informationsbehandling inom brottsbekämpning och underrättelseverksamhet i form av i en informationslivscykel. Därefter behandlas följande problem och utmaningar särskilt: teknikneutral lagstiftning; ändamål som styrmedel för behandling av information och personuppgiftsbehandling; prevention jämfört med reaktion; tidpunkter för och gradering av integritetsintrång; och kontrollfunktioner. Avslutningsvis presenteras två fallstudier beträffande det s.k. "Romregistret" och det s.k. "Kvinnoregistret".

  • 24.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Inhämtning och bearbetning av personuppgifter i samband med brottsbekämpning och försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet2018In: Rättsinformatik: Juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2018, 3, p. 214-238Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This section deals with collection and processing of personal data for law enforcement purposes and intelligence operations according to different stages of an information life cycle. The text focus on special problems and challenges whereof some are illustrated in two case studies: police registers on Roma and women.

  • 25.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Inhämtning och bearbetning av personuppgifter i samband med brottsbekämpning och försvarsunderättelseverksamhet2016In: Rättsinformatik: Juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur, 2016, 2, p. 219-243Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This section deals with collection and processing of personal data for law enforcement purposes and intelligence operations according to different stages of an information life cycle. The text focus on special problems and challenges whereof some are illustrated in two case studies: police registers on Roma and women.

  • 26.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Initial Appearance Hearings2021In: Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law [MPIL], Oxford University Press, 2021Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This comment is on initial appearance hearings held at international criminal tribunals and courts. The purpose of an initial appearance hearing is at least twofold: to inform the suspect of the charges against them, and of their rights during the proceedings. It is part of the pretrial proceedings and normally occurs while investigations are still ongoing. However, it differs from theearly parts of an investigation in the sense that the initial appearance hearing sets the stage for trial. It is usually the first opportunity for the suspectto state their view on the court’s jurisdiction and the accusations made offering an exception whereby a suspect may challenge the admissibility and/or jurisdiction of a case. As such the hearing is of great symbolicimportance. At the time of the initial appearance hearing, the accusation againstthe suspect has to some extent already been formalized either as an arrest warrant or summons to appear,or an indictment. Due to the different regulatory framework and timing of different procedural activities ofinternational tribunals and courts, the status and characterization of the person may vary from ‘person investigated’, ‘suspect’, or ‘defendant’.

  • 27.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    International Criminal Law in Swedish Courts: The Principle of Legality in the Arklöv Case2009In: International Criminal Law Review, ISSN 1567-536X, E-ISSN 1571-8123, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 395-409Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The district court of Stockholm convicted on 18 December 2006 Jackie Arklöv for a crime against international law. It was the first and, until the present date, the only time liability for an international crime has been tried before a Swedish court. This comment presents the law applied by the Court, draws attention to the principles of legality, ne bis in idem, and discusses whether a national court in a dualistic legal system can impose criminal responsibility with reference to customary international law.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 28.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    International Human Rights Law and States of Emergency2021In: Human Rights in War / [ed] Damien Rogers, Springer, 2021Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Public unrest, terrorist attacks, natural disasters and events of equal severity have in recent years prompted states to declare state of emergency. Sometimes, the proclamation of a public emergency is necessary or at least defendable, for example a natural disaster may call for special measures which could not be taken with full respect for all the obligations under human rights treaties. In other cases, public emergencies can be used as a smokescreen for repressive government policies. Once the necessity for derogation is conceded, it becomes difficult to control whether the suspension of rights amounts to abuse of power. Serious violations of human rights often accompany emergency situations.

    This study first sets out an analytical framework which seeks to answer two questions: what is the role of the sovereign, i.e. the legislative and executive branches of Government? What do states perceive as threats and what consequences will that have for their policies. Next the legislative framework as provided for in human rights regimes is described. The analytical and legal framework is applied to five recent cases and phenomena: counterterrorism; Arab Spring; migration; pandemics and economic crises.

  • 29.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law, Stockholm Center for International Law and Justice (SCILJ). Uppsala University, Sweden.
    International Law in the Age of Asymmetrical Warfare, Virtual Cockpits and Autonomous Robots2014In: International Law and Changing Perceptions of Security: Liber Amicorum Said Mahmoudi / [ed] Jonas Ebbesson, Marie Jacobsson, Mark Klamberg, David Langlet, Pål Wrange, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2014, p. 152-170Chapter in book (Refereed)
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  • 30.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Kommersiella avtal kan bli lättare att hävda mot andra stater2008Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Column in the weekly newsletter "Dagens Juridik", 15 February 2008 concerning the case-law from the Swedish Supreme Court on state immunity and the proposal that Sweden should ratify the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property from 2004.

  • 31.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Lagföring i Sverige av internationella brott2020Collection (editor) (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Som ”internationella brott” brukar man beteckna folkmord, brott mot mänskligheten och krigsförbrytelser. Alla tre brotten avser individers ansvar för grova kränkningar av internationell humanitär rätt och de definieras i folkrätten.

    I den nya boken "Lagföring av internationella brott i Sverige" redogör författarna, verksamma inom såväl folkrätt som svensk straffrätt, för den speciella brottstypen och de problem det innebär att lagföra denna typ av brott. De utgår från prognosen att det svenska rättsmaskineriet av flera anledningar lär stå inför uppgiften att handlägga ett antal rättegångar av en typ som man tidigare har saknat större erfarenhet av. Gärningarna kan vara begångna på olika håll i världen, i fallen hittills ofta i Afrika eller Mellanöstern.

    Mycket pekar på att internationella brott av skilda slag fortsätter att begås på olika håll i världen. Mot den bakgrunden kan man rimligtvis förvänta ett fortsatt tryck på domstolarna också i Sverige att ta upp mål om sådana brott.

    Bristen på tillräcklig svensk erfarenhet av den här typen av mål innebär naturligtvis särskilda utmaningar vad gäller omfång, organisation och rättegångens genomförande. De medför med andra ord osedvanligt höga krav både på domstolskanslier och domare och på medverkande åklagare och försvarare. Hittills har nu i Sverige avgjorts tolv mål. Åtta av dem har handlagts vid Stockholms tingsrätt; nio fall har gått vidare, varav sex avgjorts i Svea hovrätt. I ett par fall har rätten funnit det nödvändigt att hålla syn på stället. De avgjorda målen ger givetvis möjligheter till att samla och utveckla kompetens.

    Den nya boken vänder sig till skilda svenska aktörer: domare, åklagare, målsägarbiträden och offentliga försvarare. Men den kan säkert bli högst användbar också inom juridisk forskning och utbildning i Norden.

  • 32.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Lemkin on vandalism and the protection of cultural works and historical monuments during armed conflict2018In: International Humanitarian Law and Justice: Historical and Sociological Perspectives / [ed] Mats Deland; Mark Klamberg; Pål Wrange, Abingdon: Routledge, 2018, p. 183-196Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The destruction of cultural property has been subject to different attempts of criminalization at the international level and international prosecution is only a recent phenomenon. There may be several reasons for such destruction: symbolic, part of erasing an ethnicity or part of breaking the moral resistance of an enemy. The destruction of cultural property may be part of an armed conflict as well as in the absence of an armed conflict. Cultural property is not only vulnerable in terms of destruction; it may also be subject to other crimes such as theft and illicit transport, during armed conflict as well as during peace. This study focuses on the destruction of cultural property with a starting point with the concept used by Raphaël Lemkin: vandalism and his attempt to include it into genocide convention. Lemkin’s efforts turned out to be a sidetrack to present status of the protection of cultural works and historical monuments under international law. However, this omission should not be exaggerated since acts which would amount to cultural genocide according to Lemkin’s original idea could also constitute war crimes and occur in a context of crimes against humanity or genocide.

  • 33.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Nordic perspectives on international criminal law and international humanitarian law2022In: Nordic Criminal Justice in a Global Context: Practices and Promotion of Exceptionalism / [ed] Mikkel Jarle Christensen; Kjersti Lohne; Magnus Hörnqvist, London: Routledge, 2022, p. 59-76Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a common Nordic perspective on international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL) which may be explained by a common historical and cultural heritage as well as by conscious and close Nordic cooperation in the field of legislation, including criminal law. This chapter examines how ICL and IHL has been implemented in a domestic context in relation to three themes: implementing legislation; prosecutorial discretion, jurisdiction, and government involvement, and situations investigated and cases adjudicated by courts in the Nordic countries. This is based on separate country and thematic studies previously conducted by several scholars. For each of the three themes there will be an initial account for each of the Nordic countries, followed by a comparative analysis. Particular attention is paid to transplants from one Nordic country to another.

  • 34.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Ahlin, Per (Contributor)
    Lundgren, Magnus (Contributor)
    Norm development in the UN Security Council: Codebook2023Other (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This dataset contains information on language and speech-acts by the UN Security Council (UNSC) and its member states. More specifically, the focus lies on how the UNSC as a whole, in its resolutions, and the individual member states “talk” about the norms and issues that are construed as threats against international peace and security.

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    Norm development in the UN Security Council
  • 35.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Personuppgiftsbehandling inom brottsbekämpning och försvarsunderrättelseverksamhet2021In: Rättsinformatik: juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2021, 4, p. 242-267Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Staten har som en av sina kärnuppgifter att värna nationell säkerhet och fysiskt skydda sina medborgare. Potentiella hot mot dessa intressen manifesteras inte enbart i form av brottslighet utan kan även handla om andra aktörers agerande inom områden som rör ekonomisk utveckling, politiskt oberoende och militär säkerhet. För att möta dessa hot inhämtar stater information som innehåller personuppgifter, och dessa uppgifter blir i allt högre utsträckning föremål för automatiserad databehandling.

    Texten beskriver informationsbehandling inom brottsbekämpning och underrättelseverksamhet i form av i en informationslivscykel. Därefter behandlas följande problem och utmaningar särskilt: teknikneutral lagstiftning; ändamål som styrmedel för behandling av information och personuppgiftsbehandling; prevention jämfört med reaktion; tidpunkter för och gradering av integritetsintrång; och kontrollfunktioner. Avslutningsvis presenteras två fallstudier beträffande det s.k. "Romregistret" och det s.k. "Kvinnoregistret".

  • 36.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Power and Law in International Society: International Relations as the Sociology of International Law2015Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When studying international law, there is often a risk of focusing entirely on the content of international rules (i.e. regimes), and ignoring why these regimes exist and to what extent the rules affect state behavior. Similarly, international relations studies can focus so much on theories based on the distribution of power among states that it overlooks the existence and relevance of the rules of international law. Both approaches hold their dangers. The overlooking of international relations risks assuming that states actually follow international law, and discounting the specific rules of international law makes it difficult for readers to understand the impact of the rules in more than a superficial manner. This book unifies international law and international relations by exploring how international law and its institutions may be relevant and how it influences the course of international relations in international trade, protection ofthe environment, human rights, international criminal justice and the use of force.

  • 37.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Prosecuting Corporate Executives for War Crimes in Sudan2022In: New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, ISSN 0028-7873, E-ISSN 1930-6237, Vol. 54, no 3, p. 887-939Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Around the world, corporate behavior can have harmful impacts, transcending territorial boundaries and traditional commercial settings. Apparent corporate involvement in atrocities and human rights violations raises questions about liability. During the second Sudanese civil war (1983-2005), corporations from North America and Europe sought to exploit gas and oil resources in the conflict areas of southern Sudan. There have been various attempts to hold those corporations and their executives liable for alleged involvement in atrocities committed during that conflict. Among them is the recent indictment lodged in the district court of Stockholm against leading executives of Lundin Energy, a Swedish oil and gas company, for complicity in alleged war crimes in southern Sudan from 1999 to 2003. The case has prompted further litigation and scholarly discussion on a variety of related issues in Sweden and elsewhere, including the capacity to prosecute persons residing in other countries under universal jurisdiction, the role of government in authorizing prosecutions, complicity in international crimes, applicability of international humanitarian law, and the Swedish penal provision on war crimes. In exploring the Lundin case and relevant precedent regarding domestic criminalization of violations of international humanitarian law in a non-international armed conflict, this article argues that the district court does have jurisdiction in the Lundin case and that questions relating to complicity should be adjudicated pursuant to general principles of domestic criminal law.

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  • 38.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Raphaël Lemkin in Stockholm – Significance for his Work on “Axis Rule in Occupied Europe”2019In: Genocide Studies and Prevention, ISSN 1911-0359, E-ISSN 1911-9933, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 64-87Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Raphaël Lemkin coined in 1944 the term “genocide” when he published his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. A significant part of the material was collected when Raphaël Lemkin lived in Stockholm 1940-1941. This study introduces new information on how Lemkin was allowed to enter Sweden, his time as a lecturer at Stockholm university college and the persons who helped him in Sweden, most notably the prominent lawyer and politician Karl Schlyter. The study also raises the question whether the Swedish businessmen who travelled to Warsaw and helped Lemkin with acquiring documents about the Nazi occupation are the same Swedish businessmen who helped the Polish resistance to smuggle key documents about the holocaust to London via Stockholm.

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  • 39.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Rebels, the Vanquished, Rogue States and Scapegoats in the Crosshairs: Hegemony in International Criminal Justice2020In: Power in International Criminal Justice / [ed] Morten Bergsmo, Mark Klamberg, Kjersti Lohne, Christopher B. Mahony, Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher , 2020, p. 623-646Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    At the foundation of the mainstream, the international criminal justice programme is of the view that there should be no ‘outside-of-law’: everyone, regardless of nationality or position, should be held accountable for his or her atrocities committed. The establishment of the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’) is often portrayed as a march toward the rule of law, away from politics and expediency. The idealistic description of international criminal justice may be challenged when considering the actual situations and cases investigated and prosecuted:only rebels, the vanquished and defeated, rogue States and scapegoats appear to be in the crosshairs of international criminal justice.

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  • 40.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Recharacterisation of Charges in International Criminal Trials2014In: Festskrift till Christian Diesen / [ed] Katrin Lainpelto, Simon Andersson, Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik AB, 2014, p. 327-345Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The text examines under what circumstances judges during trial may deviate from and recharacterize the charges. Depending on the legal tradition of a given country, the answer to these questions may vary. This test studies different traditions and procedural models as well as what is required under human rights law, as defined and interpreted in regional regimes and UN bodies. Finally, the text discusses and critically analyzes decisions and judgments from the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) where the judges have recharacterized the chargesduring trial.

  • 41.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Reconstructing the Notion of State of Emergency2020In: The George Washington International Law Review, ISSN 1534-9977, Vol. 52, no 1, p. 53-97Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Public unrest, terrorist attacks, natural disasters and events of equal severity have in recent years prompted states to declare state of emergency. Sometimes, the proclamation of a public emergency is necessary or at least defendable, for example a natural disaster may call for special measures which could not be taken with full respect for all the obligations under human rights treaties. In other cases, public emergencies can be used as a smokescreen for repressive government policies. Once the necessity for derogation is conceded, it becomes difficult to control whether the suspension of rights amounts to abuse of power. Serious violations of human rights often accompany emergency situations.

    This study first sets out an analytical framework which seeks to answer two questions: what is the role of the sovereign, i.e. the legislative and executive branches of Government? What do states perceive as threats and what consequences will that have for their policies. Next the legislative framework as provided for in human rights regimes is described. The analytical and legal framework is applied to five recent cases and phenomena: counterterrorism; Arab Spring; migration; Ebola outbreak in Western Africa and economic crises.

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  • 42.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Regulatory Choices at the Advent of Gig Warfare2023In: International Journal of Humanitarian Legal Studies, ISSN 1878-1373, E-ISSN 1878-1527Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Regulation of military AI may take place in three ways. First, existing rules and principles in IHL is already or could be extended via reinterpretation to apply to military AI; second, new AI regulation may appear via “add-ons” to existing rules, finally, regulation of military AI may appear as a completely new framework, either through new state behavior that results in customary international law or through a new legal act or treaty. By introducing this typology, one may identify possible manners of regulation that are presently under-researched and/or ignored, for example how Rules of Engagement (ROE) may be a way to control the use of military AI. Expanding on existing scholarship, the articles discusses how military AI may operate under different forms of military command and control systems, how regulation of military AI is not only a question of “means” but also “methods” of warfare and how the doctrine of supervisory responsibility may go beyond the doctrine of command responsibility. In the case that fully-automated Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) are available and considered for use, it is suggested that their use should be prohibited in densely populated areas following the same logic as incendiary weapons. Further, one could introduce certain export restrictions on fully-automated laws to prevent proliferation to non-state actors and rogue states.

  • 43.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Saddam borde ha tystats2006Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Op-Ed Column in the daily Svenska Dagbladet, 6 November 2006, commenting upon the verdict in the Saddam Hussein trial, one day earlier.

  • 44.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Security Council Resolutions and the Double Function of Explanation of Votes2022In: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, ISSN 0090-2594, Vol. 55, no 4, p. 919-955Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    UN Security Council resolutions are not always clear: they sometimes need to be interpreted. Members of the Security Council may make statements in connection with their votes, termed explanation of votes. Explanation of votes may have at least two functions. First, they may contribute to the formation of customary international law. Secondly, they can be used as a means for interpreting Security Council resolutions in relation to a specific situation or dispute. The present Article examines different trajectories of conversations to show how Security Council resolutions and explanation of votes may protect the status quo in some instances and act as agents of change in others. 

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    Security Council Resolutions and the Double Function of Explanation of Votes
  • 45.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Skydd enligt Europakonventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna; Skydd enligt Europeiska unionens stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna2021In: Rättsinformatik: juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2021, 4, p. 186-190Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    These two sections deal with privacy protection, in particular against surveillance and concering personal data under the European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

  • 46.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Skydd enligt Europakonventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna; Skydd enligt Europeiska unionens stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna2018In: Rättsinformatik: Juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2018, 3, p. 164-170Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    These two sections deal with privacy protection, in particular against surveillance and concering personal data under the European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

  • 47.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Skydd enligt Europakonventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna; Skydd enligt Europeiska unionens stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna2016In: Rättsinformatik: Juridiken i det digitala informationssamhället / [ed] Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2016, 2, p. 168-174Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    These two sections deal with privacy protection, in particular against surveillance and concering personal data under the European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

  • 48.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    Svensk domstol är behörig att pröva mål om folkrättsbrott i Sudan: Analys Högsta domstolen 2022-11-10, mål nr Ö 1314-222022In: JP Juridiskt bibliotek, , p. 4Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In a new decision, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Swedish court has jurisdiction to adjudicate on the indictment that has been brought against a Swiss former representative of Lundin Oil for aiding and abetting violations of international law in Sudan. Mark Klamberg analyzes the decision.

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  • 49.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    The Concept of Genocide and the Anfal Campaign2012Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 50.
    Klamberg, Mark
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law.
    The Evolution of Swedish Legislation on International Crimes2020In: Scandinavian Studies in Law, ISSN 0085-5944, Vol. 66, p. 205-215Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The article describes how the Swedish legislation has evolved on international crimes starting with the Penal Law Reform of 1948 and the subsequent amendments following Swedish accession to the Geneva Conventions with an extended scope in 1954. It continues with mentioning the separate law on Genocide 1964 and the limitation to serious violations in 1986. Finally, it explains the transition from an open-ended penal regulation to an exhaustive list, and the introduction of a provision on crimes against humanity 2014.This article is part of a volume on investigation and prosecution in Scandinavia of international crimes.

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