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  • 1.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Casa Rut: A Multilevel Analysis of a “Good Practice” in the Social Assistance of Sexually Trafficked Nigerian Women2015In: Affilia, ISSN 0886-1099, E-ISSN 1552-3020, Vol. 30, no 40, p. 546-559Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article depicts the case study of Casa Rut (“Ruth Home”), a shelter for victims of sexual trafficking, who are predominantly Nigerian women. Since 1995, through the implementation of article 18 of the consolidated act on immigration, Casa Rut has offered a program of social assistance and rehabilitation to 340 women, 120 of whom were Nigerian and 41 of whom were pregnant. Data gathered during a two-month internship between 2008 and 2009 are examined in light of the context of the Nigerian sexual trafficking operation and its collusion with the local criminal organization Camorra in the surroundings of the southern Italian city of Caserta.

    Casa Rut’s interventions are analyzed according to a multilevel perspective and the nature of victims’ case management in order to assess whether this NGO can be considered to represent “good practice” in the fight against sexual trafficking. Hence, the work of the social cooperative NewHope—a tailoring cooperative founded in 2004 by Casa Rut that provides vocational training to formerly trafficked women—is considered in relation to the long-term employment needs of sexual trafficking victims.

    Human and sexual trafficking has not been extensively investigated within social work, even though practitioners are best positioned to address this issue. This work therefore aims to facilitate social service providers in their everyday activities by presenting multilevel evidence of “good practice” in the fight against the modern day slave trade. 

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  • 2.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    “Credit plus” microcredit schemes: a key to women's adaptive capacity2014In: Climate and Development, ISSN 1756-5529, E-ISSN 1756-5537, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 179-184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the provision of “credit plus” training activities, conditionally and jointly with microloans by Equity Bank and by Swedish non-governmental organization Vi-Skogen in the area of Kisumu, Kenya to women's groups as a key to improving women's capacity to adapt to climate change. Groups received training in small business administration and agroforestry, which produced positive outcomes or a virtuous spiral in their families' economy, well-being and in their intra-household bargaining power. In agroforestry and new farming practices, group training enhanced the women's set of planned adaptation strategies. In a context where formal financial institutions are still reluctant to provide credit to subsistence farmers, this case study shows the beneficial effects that credit would generate for women's adaptive capacity.

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  • 3.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    East African Hydropatriarchies: An analysis of changing waterscapes in smallholder irrigation farming2015Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis examines the local waterscapes of two smallholder irrigation farming systems in the dry lands of East African in a context of socio-ecological changes. It focuses on three aspects: institutional arrangements, gender relations and landscape investments. 

    This thesis is based on a reflexive analysis of cross-cultural, cross-language research, particularly focusing on the role of field assistants and interpreters, and on member checking as a method to ensure validity.

    Flexible irrigation infrastructure in Sibou, Kenya, and Engaruka, Tanzania, allow farmers to shift the course of water and to extend or reduce the area cultivated depending on seasonal rainfall patterns. Water conflicts are avoided through a decentralized common property management system. Water rights are continuously renegotiated depending on water supply. Water is seen as a common good the management of which is guided by mutual understanding to prevent conflicts through participation and shared information about water rights.

    However, participation in water management is a privilege that is endowed mostly to men. Strict patriarchal norms regulate control over water and practically exclude women from irrigation management. The control over water usage for productive means is a manifestation of masculinity. The same gender bias has emerged in recent decades as men have increased their engagement in agriculture by cultivating crops for sale. Women, because of their subordinated position, cannot take advantage of the recent livelihood diversification. Rather, the cultivation of horticultural products for sale has increased the workload for women who already farm most food crops for family consumption. In addition, they now have to weed and harvest the commercial crops that their husbands sell for profit. This agricultural gender divide is mirrored in men´s and women´s response to increased climate variability. Women intercrop as a risk adverting strategy, while men sow more rounds of crops for sale when the rain allows for it. Additionally, while discursively underestimated by men, women´s assistance is materially fundamental to maintaining of the irrigation infrastructure and to ensuring the soil fertility that makes the cultivation of crops for sale possible.

    In sum, this thesis highlights the adaptation potentials of contemporary smallholder irrigation systems through local common property regimes that, while not inclusive towards women, avoid conflicts generated by shifting water supply and increased climate variability.

    To be able to assess the success and viability of irrigation systems, research must be carried out at a local level. By studying how local water management works, how conflicts are adverted through common property regimes and how these systems adapt to socio-ecological changes, this thesis provides insights that are important both for the planning of current irrigation schemes and the rehabilitation or the extension of older systems. By investigating the factors behind the consistent marginalization of women from water management and their subordinated role in agricultural production, this study also cautions against the reproduction of these discriminatory norms in the planning of irrigation projects.

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  • 4.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Hydropatriarchies and landesque capital: a local gender contract analysis of two smallholder irrigation systems in East Africa2015In: Geographical Journal, ISSN 0016-7398, E-ISSN 1475-4959, Vol. 181, no 4, p. 388-400Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Water is a natural resource whose control for productive purposes is often in the hands of men. Societies grounded on such unequal gender relations have been defined ‘hydropatriarchies’. Against this background, this paper presents a gender analysis of landscape investments, conceptualised as landesque capital in smallholder irrigation farming in East Africa. Based on the analysis of how local gender contracts are negotiated, I argue that as processes of landesque capital formation are often explicitly gendered, attentiveness to gender dynamics is required to fully understand such practices. Moreover, as investments in landesque capital, for example, irrigation, terracing and drainage systems, have primarily been conceptualised as the result of men's systematic work, this study highlights women's contributions to the creation of landesque capital, taking smallholder irrigation as an example. Findings show that a distinction between ‘incremental’ and ‘systematic’ change (Doolittle 1984; Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74 124–37) is central to understanding the gender dynamics of landesque capital investment, but it is not sufficient. As women's work processes are typically not systematic, possibly promoting incremental change, they contribute to the production of landesque capital by supporting and facilitating men's work. However, the work of women is, as a rule, homogenised and stereotypically rendered as reproductive and secondary, due to the underlying cultural norms that limit, control or exploit women. This conceptualisation, or rather lack of, I argue, risks leading to a gender-blind analysis of land use intensification processes. Building on the gendered and symbolic nature of landesque capital, I propose a local gender contract analysis that integrates the cultural, symbolic and physical dimensions of the local gender division of labour into agricultural work and landscape change processes.

  • 5.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Managing variability and scarcity. An analysis of Engaruka: A Maasai smallholder irrigation farming community2015In: Agricultural Water Management, ISSN 0378-3774, E-ISSN 1873-2283, Vol. 159, p. 318-330Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article examines the common-pool regime of Engaruka, a smallholder irrigation farming community in northern Tanzania. Irrigation is a complex issue due to water asymmetry. Water use is regulated in Engaruka through boundary, allocation, input and penalty rules by a users’ association that controls and negotiates water allocation to avoid conflicts among headenders and tailenders. As different crops – maize and beans, bananas and vegetables – are cultivated, different watering schemes are applied depending on the water requirements of every single crop. Farmers benefit from different irrigation schedules and from different soil characteristics through having their plots both downstream and upstream. In fact, depending on water supply, cultivation is resourcefully extended and retracted. Engaruka is an ethnically homogeneous and interdependent community where headenders and tailenders are often the same people and are hence inhibited to carry out unilateral action. Drawing on common-pool resource literature, this study argues that in a context of population pressure alongside limited and fluctuating water availability, non-equilibrium behavior, consisting in negotiating water rights and modifying irrigation area continuously through demand management, is crucial for the satisfaction of basic and productive needs and for the avoidance of water conflicts.

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  • 6.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Member checking: A feminist participatory analysis of the use of preliminary results pamphlets in cross-cultural, cross-language research2016In: Qualitative Research, ISSN 1468-7941, E-ISSN 1741-3109, Vol. 16, no 3, p. 305-318Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Participation and reflexivity have become buzzwords that are seldom discussed in terms of their practical employment. Against this backdrop, with a specific focus on geography, this article presents and analyzes the advantages and limitations of a methodological tool that seeks to enhance both reflexivity and participation. The tool was a pamphlet written in local languages that contained several pictures and summarized the data gathered in previous fieldwork sessions. This tool was used in a four-year research project on the gender division of labor in smallholder irrigation farming in Kenya and Tanzania. The pamphlet showed participants their contributions to the research process and offered them the opportunity to correct, improve and further discuss previously collected data. It not only ensured research validity but also allowed for a shift in the research power hierarchy. Finally, the pamphlet effectively created a space for inclusion, discussion and reciprocal learning, leading to collective reflexivity and catalytic validity by empowering participants and re-orienting the researcher.

  • 7.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Member checking: a participatory method to test and analyze preliminary results in cross-cultural, cross-language researchManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Participation and reflexivity have become buzzwords that are seldom discussed in terms of their practical employment. Against this backdrop, with a specific focus on geography, this article presents and analyzes the advantages and limitations of a methodological tool that seeks to enhance both reflexivity and participation. The tool was a pamphlet written in local languages that contained several pictures and summarized the data gathered in previous fieldwork sessions. This tool was used in a four-year research project on the gender division of labor in smallholder irrigation farming in Kenya and Tanzania. The pamphlet showed participants their contributions to the research process and offered them the opportunity to correct, improve and further discuss previously collected data. It not only ensured research validity but also allowed for a shift in the research power hierarchy. Finally, the pamphlet effectively created a space for inclusion, discussion and reciprocal learning, leading to collective reflexivity and catalytic validity by empowering participants and re-orienting the researcher. 

  • 8.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Situated knowledge in cross-cultural, cross-language research: a collaborative reflexive analysis of researcher, assistant and participant subjectivities2014In: Qualitative Research, ISSN 1468-7941, E-ISSN 1741-3109, Vol. 15, no 4, p. 489-505Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article analyzes situated knowledge through the lens of the author and her three field assistants. This work is written self-reflexively and is based on geographical fieldwork in Eastern Africa. It seeks to capitalize on the personal and professional relationships of the researcher and her field assistants to improve both research outcomes and working arrangements. Reflecting on episodes of failure, anxiety and misunderstanding, it disentangles the power geometry of situated knowledge and sheds light on the vital role played by the assistant/interpreter and by his/her positionality ‘in the making’ of cross-cultural, cross-language research. Grounded in a feminist epistemological perspective, this article shows that methodological reflexivity should engage not only the researcher or the participants but also the field assistants. This praxis is crucial to enhancing the validity of studies conducted in a cross-cultural, cross-language environment across social science.

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  • 9.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Börjeson, Lowe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Local gender contract and adaptive capacity in smallholder irrigation farming: a case study from the Kenyan drylands2015In: Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, ISSN 0966-369X, E-ISSN 1360-0524, Vol. 22, no 5, p. 644-661Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article presents the local gender contract of a smallholder irrigation farming community in Sibou, Kenya. Women's role in subsistence farming in Africa has mostly been analyzed through the lens of gender division of labor. In addition to this, we used the concept of ‘local gender contract’ to analyze cultural and material preconditions shaping gender-specific tasks in agricultural production, and consequently, men's and women's different strategies for adapting to climate variability. We show that the introduction of cash crops, as a trigger for negotiating women's and men's roles in the agricultural production, results in a process of gender contract renegotiation, and that families engaged in cash cropping are in the process of shifting from a ‘local resource contract’ to a ‘household income contract.’ Based on our analysis, we argue that a transformation of the local gender contract will have a direct impact on the community's adaptive capacity climate variability. It is, therefore, important to take the negotiation of local gender contracts into account in assessments of farming communities' adaptive capacity.

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  • 10.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Cadena Montero, Yulier Cadena
    Sulbaran, Luisana
    Sandoval, Rafael
    “¿La revolución tiene cara de campesina?” Un caso de estudio de la participación activa de las mujeres en el riego del páramo venezolano "Has the Revolution a Peasant Face?" A case study on the activeparticipation of women in an irrigation project in the Venezuelan Páramo2015In: Revista Latino-Americana de Geografia e Gênero, ISSN 2177-2886, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 3-23Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Venezuela, women’s participation in decision making processes has improved thanks to theBolivarian revolution. While it has been shown that legislative changes have brought aboutachievements for women in urban areas, there are no similar studies done in rural zones. Thisarticle is a first attempt to fill this scientific gap. Qualitative data have been gathered with a focuson gender, in order to investigate women’s participation in the spatial organization of the economicand productive system of Mixteque, in the municipality of Rangel, in the state of Mérida,Venezuela. The results show that while women are mainly in charge in the municipal council, theirparticipation is passive in decision makings related to the productive processes. The irrigationcommittee is indeed mainly composed by men, who consequently control agriculture, which is themost important economic activity in Mixteque. Our study also indicates that although patriarchalrelations are changing in some families, at the community level there has been a reinforcement ofthe productive/reproductive work division between men and women, respectively. This articleconfirms that Venezuela is a unique case when it comes to the legislative impulse towards women’sparticipation and that gender equality has been improving. Nevertheless, it emerges, mostimportantly, that women farmers in the Venezuelan Andes are no different from their counterpartsin Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia: none of them has direct access to water management decisionmaking. Given its novelty within the discipline of geography in Venezuela, this research can help toilluminate how new organizational processes could – if they could – change gender roles inVenezuela.

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  • 11.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Kuns, Brian
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Webster, Natasha
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Praktiska, metodologiska och emotionella utmaningar i fält – mot ärligare diskurser om fältarbete inom kulturgeografi2014In: Geografiska Notiser, ISSN 0016-724X, Vol. 72, no 2, p. 116-127Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Praktiska, metodologiska och emotionella utmaningar i fält – mot ärligare diskurser om fältarbete inom kulturgeografi
  • 12.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Riaño, Yvonne
    Feminist participatory methodologies in geography: creating spaces of inclusion2016In: Qualitative Research, ISSN 1468-7941, E-ISSN 1741-3109, Vol. 16, no 3, p. 258-266Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This introduction prefaces a special issue on the topic of feminist participatory methodologies in geography. Drawing upon the experiences of the contributors in developing new tools and methods to facilitate interaction with participants and working with groups that tend to be forgotten, subordinated and/or alienated, we argue for the methodological significance of instating a feminist perspective to participatory research. Although much theoretical debate has taken place among feminist and post-colonial scholars on unequal research relationships between “researchers” and “research subjects”, the literature on how to operationalize greater equality remains quite limited. We attempt to fill this research gap by bringing together scholars working in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres in order to illuminate the multifaceted ways in which these methods can be used not only to debunk hierarchical research relationships, but also to produce new scientific insights with greater validity.  

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  • 13.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Vacchelli, Elena
    Re-Thinking the Boundaries of the Focus Group: A Reflexive Analysis on the Use and Legitimacy of Group Methodologies in Qualitative Research2015In: Sociological Research Online, E-ISSN 1360-7804, Vol. 20, no 4, article id 13Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article aims at problematizing the boundaries of what counts as focus group and in so doing it identifies some continuity between focus group and workshop, especially when it comes to arts informed and activity laden focus groups. The workshop[1] is often marginalized as a legitimate method for qualitative data collection outside PAR (Participatory Action Research)-based methodologies. Using examples from our research projects in East Africa and in London we argue that there are areas of overlap between these two methods, yet we tend to use concepts and definitions associated with focus groups because of the lack of visibility of workshops in qualitative research methods academic literature.

    The article argues that focus groups and workshops present a series of intertwined features resulting in a blending of the two which needs further exploration. In problematizing the boundaries of focus groups and recognizing the increasing usage of art-based and activity-based processes for the production of qualitative data during focus groups, we argue that focus groups and workshop are increasingly converging. We use a specifically feminist epistemology in order to critically unveil the myth around the non-hierarchical nature of consensus and group interaction during focus group discussions and other multi-vocal qualitative methods and contend that more methodological research should be carried out on the workshop as a legitimate qualitative data collection technique situated outside the cycle of action research.

  • 14.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Westerberg, Lars-Owe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology.
    Börjeson, Lowe
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Östberg, Wilhelm
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Labour, climate perceptions and soils in the irrigation systems in Sibou, Kenya & Engaruka, Tanzania2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This booklet presents the results of a 4 years project (2011-2015) by four geographers from the university of Stockholm. This research took place in two small villages: Sibou, Kenya and Engaruka, Tanzania. The overall project looks at three variables: soil, climate and labor. These aspects can give an indication of the type of changes that happened in these irrigation systems and what have been the triggers behind them. In this booklet results are presented according to location and focus on: agricultural practices, women´s and men´s labor tasks, soil and water characteristics, adaptation weather variability and how all of these aspects have changed over time.

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    NGUVU KAZI, MITIZAMO JUU YA HALI YA HEWA NA UDONGO KWENYE MAENENOYA UMWAGILIAJI YALIYOPO SIIPOW, NCHINI KENYA NA ENGARUKA, NCHINI TANZANIA
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    IIRWA PAIIT,WOOLO ROSTOOY PIICH KOORE NGOO NG’ALEE ROOP NGO NYUNG’UUNY NGO WOOLOO KIIRTOOY PER NGO SIIPOW,KENYA & ENGARUKA, TANZANIA
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    Labour, climate perceptions and soils in the irrigation systems in Sibou, Kenya & Engaruka, Tanzania
  • 15.
    Duong, Sandra
    et al.
    Stockholm University.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Migration with dignity: — en studie om klimatsanpassning i Kiribati2015In: Geografiska Notiser, ISSN 0016-724X, Vol. 73, no 3, p. 120-131Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Små östater med utvecklingsstatus (SIDS – Small Island Developing States) erkändes formellt som en unik grupp länder med specifika hållbarhetsutmaningar vid FN:s konferens om miljö och utveckling i Rio de Janeiro år 1992 (FN 1992). Små önationer omnämns ofta som att vara i frontlinjen för klimatförändringar på grund av sina lågt liggande kustländer av ringa storlek, sina begränsade resurser, sin ömtåliga naturmiljö och geografiska spridning som görde isolerade från marknader. Klimatförändringar, i form av förhöjda temperaturer och havsnivåer, kommer att ha stora effekter på beboeligheten på dessa öar, framförallt längs kustområden där de flesta människor idag lever. Andra allvarliga följder av klimatförändringar är ökad förekomst och intensitet av stormfloder, cykloner, och översvämningar, samt minskad tillförlitlighet för nederbörd.

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  • 16.
    Higgins, Lindsey
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography.
    Caretta, Martina A.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Lake Extent Changes in Basotu, Tanzania: A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding the Impacts of Anthropogenic Influence and Climate VariabilityManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 17.
    Mace, Amber
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Postdoktoral karriär vid Stockholms universitet ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv: Rapport från Centrala Doktorandrådet (CDR)2015Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    Several previous studies indicate that among newly graduated PhDs, women tend to continue with a postdoctoral academic career to a lesser extent than men do. The Central PhD Student Council (CDR) has investigated to what degree this is also the case for Stockholm University. Using various sources, the relative change of the gender balance of PhD students compared to researchers at a postdoctoral level has been assessed at the four faculties of Stockholm University.

    For the Faculty of Science, the four different sections have been analysed as well. CDR finds that it is first and foremost at this faculty that a clear change in the gender balance between PhD students and postdoctoral researchers is discerned. Even though the variations between the individual departments and sections at the faculty are large, as a whole the relative decrease of the proportion of women is between 11 % and 21 %, depending on what metric is used. The dropoff of female researchers takes place primarily in already male-dominated areas of research.

    Unlike at the other faculties, we also find that the proportion of female senior lecturers at the Faculty of Science is lower than what could be expected. The proportion of female professors, even among new recruits, is still lower than the population of hypothetical recruits at all faculties – except at the Faculty of Humanities. We do, however, note that the proportion of female professors at the Faculty of Science is currently increasing and approaching that of the population of hypothetical recruits. At the Faculty of Social Sciences we see that, compared to the rest of the faculty, the proportion of women within the educational sciences is considerably higher and when excluding these subjects the trend towards more female professors disappears.

    CDR concludes that it is important to increase the directed efforts to encourage support to newly graduated female PhDs within male-dominated areas to stay in academia. Furthermore, it is crucial to study the reasons for a larger female drop-off within certain areas of research in the transition from PhD studies to a postdoctoral level. We further consider it important to ensure that women are given the same possibilities as men to qualify themselves scientifically and not be burdened with teaching and administrative duties to a larger extent than men are.

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  • 18.
    Mace, Amber
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Undervisning måste få samma status som forskning2014In: Universitetsläraren, ISSN 0282-4973, no 12, p. 30-31Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 19.
    Webster, Natasha A.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Early-career women in geography. Practical pathways to advancement in the neoliberal university2019In: Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, ISSN 0435-3684, E-ISSN 1468-0467, Vol. 101, no 1, p. 1-6Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 20.
    Webster, Natasha
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography. West Virginia University, USA.
    "Women in Groups Can Help Each and Learn from Each Other?: The Role of Homosocial Practices within Women's Social Networks in Building Local Gender Contracts2016In: Géneros: Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies, ISSN 2014-3613, Vol. 5, no 3, p. 1072-1095Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Feminist scholars struggle to articulate gender relations in different contexts. Using the concept of local gender contract - a place specific agreement of gender relations, we explore how women’s networks challenge or shift gender contracts in their communities. Based on two empirical case studies of women´s groups from Eastern Africa and Thai migrants in Sweden, we show gender contracts are challenged through women’s homosocial activities. We highlight tensions between gender contracts and the women’s goals revealing a complicated process of assent and resistance. This study expands gender contract theoretically and provides a way to understand vulnerable women’s activities.

  • 21.
    Östberg, Wilhelm
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography. West Virginia University, USA.
    Caretta, Martina Angela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography. West Virginia University, USA.
    Kerio Valley, 1973–2013: A case study of Kenyan smallholder agriculture2017In: African Studies, ISSN 0002-0184, E-ISSN 1469-2872, Vol. 76, no 3, p. 402-422Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article examines changes during the last 40 years in a smallholder irrigation-farming community in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya. Agricultural productivity has increased thanks to improved seeds and the practice of adding manure and crop residues to fields, a very rare occurrence in the 1970s. People’s range of assets, housing conditions and communications have also improved. Development agencies have had limited impact on these developments, particularly in comparison with their ambitious plans for a radical transformation of the study area. Increased yields and improved living conditions are attributed to local initiatives rather than to external interventions.

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  • asciidoc
  • rtf