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  • 1. Baumann, Chris
    et al.
    Winzar, Hume
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    East Asian wisdom and relativity: Inter-ocular testing of Schwartz values from WVS with extension of the ReVaMB model2018Inngår i: Cross cultural & strategic management, ISSN 2059-5794, E-ISSN 2059-5808, Vol. 25, nr 2, s. 210-230Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, the paper demonstrates how inter-ocular testing (looking at the data) of Schwartz values from world values study (WVS) provides a surprisingly different picture to what the authors would expect from traditional mean comparison testing (t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA)). Second, the authors suggest that the ReVaMB model can be applied to an East Asian philosophical perspective. Relativity, the authors argue, is a factor when East Asian wisdom, philosophies and ideologies (Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Legalism) drive outcomes such as work ethic. Third, the paper serves as an editorial to a special issue in CCSM on East Asian wisdom and its impact on business culture and performance in a cross-cultural context. Common themes are Yin Yang, how different cultures deal with paradox, and Zhong Yong, with accompanying concerns of how to conceptualise and deal with balance of opposites. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted ten variables of the Schwartz values scales used in the WVS and subjected them to principle components analysis to reduce the number of variables. The authors found a two-factor solution: one relating to personal material success and adventure and excitement; another relating to success and personal recognition. The authors labelled these factors as Altruism and Hedonism. The analysis is based on an overall sample of 84,692 respondents in 60 countries. In addition to traditional statistical testing, the authors conduct inter-ocular testing. The authors also suggest that the ReVaMB model can be applied to East Asian wisdom. Findings Three recommendations help to arrive at more accurate conclusions when comparing groups: the authors recommend to aspire to consistent look and statistic. If the data distribution does not agree with the statistics, then the researcher should take a closer look. To avoid misinterpreting statistics and other analysis, the authors recommend inter-ocular testing, i.e. eyeballing data in a scientific fashion. The authors provide specific examples how to do that. The authors recommend to test for common-language effect size (CLE), and also recommend a new rule of thumb, i.e. a split of 60/40 as minimum difference to make any generalisation; 70/30 is worth considering. The rule of thumb contributes to better differentiation between real and not real differences. Originality/value The authors introduce two concepts: the inter-ocular test, which simply means to look at your data, and the Chinese word, ?? (Cujue) which roughly translates to illusion, wrong impression, or misconception. This study argues against accepting simplistic averages for data analysis. The authors provide evidence that an inter-ocular test provides a more comprehensive picture of data when comparing groups rather than simply relying on traditional statistical mean comparison testing. The word of caution is to avoid premature conclusions on group comparisons with statistical testing alone. The authors also propose an extension of the original ReVaMB model from a confucian orientation to a broad East Asian philosophical perspective. Culture does determine attitudes and behaviour which in turn contribute to the shaping of cultures, depending on situation, context, location and time. The context for a situation to occur should be tested as moderators, for example, between East Asian wisdom (Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Legalism) and behavioural or attitudinal dimensions such as work ethic.

  • 2. Bird, A
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Cross cultural management in the age of globalization2009Inngår i: International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, ISSN 1470-5958, E-ISSN 1741-2838, Vol. 9, nr 2, s. 139-143Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 3.
    Chimenson, Dina
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Tung, Rosalie L.
    Panibratov, Andrei
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    The paradox and change of Russian cultural values2022Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 31, nr 3, artikkel-id 101944Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Existing studies on Russian culture using the dominant dimensional theory of culture (e.g., Hofstede’s), in general, offer “stereotypical” characterization of that country’s societal culture but fail to capture the dynamics of cultural values that exist in Russian business and society. We argue that this weakness stems from the either/or logic associated with such an approach. We echo the call for improving the quality of cross-cultural research by going beyond Hofstede (Tung & Verbeke, 2010) through studying cultural paradoxes and their embedded contexts (e.g., Osland & Bird, 2000) in historical and contemporary Russia. To this end, we have applied Faure & Fang’s (2008) framework which builds on the holistic, dynamic, and paradoxical Yin Yang thinking to unravel the paradox inherent and changes to Russian cultural values over time. We find that underlying paradoxical values that traditionally coexisted in Russian culture during the Communist regime have been further reinforced as a consequence of Russia’s interactions with the rest of the world. In post-Communist Russia, traditional values have not disappeared; rather, they coexist and interact with new values as a result of cultural learning and knowledge transfer in global economy. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.

  • 4.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    A critique of Hofstede’s fifth national culture dimension2003Inngår i: International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, ISSN 1470-5958, E-ISSN 1741-2838, Vol. 3, nr 3, s. 347-368Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Using indigenous knowledge of Chinese culture and philosophy, this article critiques Geert Hofstede’s fifth national culture dimension, i.e. ‘Confucian dynamism’, also referred to as ‘long-term orientation’. The basic premise on which the dimension is founded is scrutinized and the way in which this index has been constructed is assessed in detail. It is argued that there is a philosophical flaw inherent in this ‘new’ dimension. Given this fatal flaw and other methodological weaknesses, the usefulness of Hofstede’s fifth dimension is doubted. The article concludes by calling for new visions and perspectives in our cross cultural research.

  • 5.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Asian management research needs more self-confidence: Reflection on Hofstede (2007) and beyond.2010Inngår i: Asia Pacific Journal of Management, ISSN 0217-4561, E-ISSN 1572-9958, Vol. 27, nr 1, s. 155-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 6.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Att göra affärer i dagens Kina2005Collection/Antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    En introduktion om vad det innebär för svenska företag att göra affärer i Kina och en presentation av det kinesiska samhället, dess politik, ekonomi, och kultur ur ett svensk-kinesiskt perspektiv.

  • 7.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Chinese Business Negotiating Style1999Bok (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 8.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Chinese business style: a regional approach2005Inngår i: Challenges for China's development: an enterprise perspective / [ed] David H. Brown, Alasdair MacBean, London: Routledge, 2005, s. 156-172Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The existing knowledge of Chinese business style is based largely on the perception of China as one single homogeneous land and the Chinese as doing business in “the Chinese style”. This “one China, one style” approach had its advantages and was acceptable at a time when Western companies started embarking on their China mission. But, after many years of extensive operations on Chinese soil, Western managers have come to realize that there exist “many Kingdoms” within the Middle Kingdom and there is a variety of “Chineseness” among the Chinese. How to understand and cope with the diverse patterns of Chinese business behaviour within China poses an increasing challenge to management. The purpose of this chapter is to conduct an exploratory study of the diversity of Chinese business styles from a regional subcultural perspective. A survey was conducted among Swedish companies to identify the differences in Chinese business negotiating style between Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The profiles of businesspeople from the three regions are discussed and compared with each other. The chapter concludes with a number of theoretical and managerial implications.

  • 9.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Cross-cultural management is at crossroads2010Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 10.
    Fang, Tony
    Institute of International Business (IIB), Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Culture as a driving force for interfirm adaptation: A Chinese case2001Inngår i: Industrial Marketing Management, ISSN 0019-8501, E-ISSN 1873-2062, Vol. 30, nr 1, s. 51-63Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The concept of interfirm adaptation is a critical component in the IMP (industrial marketing and purchasing) paradigm. The existing wisdom points to the “five metaphors” (investment, decision making, political process, learning, and evolution) as the cognitive map for understanding the mechanisms of interfirm adaptations. This article, however, reveals that culture can be a significant force driving interfirm adaptations. An empirical case of a Chinese shipyard negotiating large shipbuilding projects with Scandinavian ship owner and classification society is used to illustrate the role that culture plays in interfirm adaptations. The article concludes by suggesting adding a new metaphor—the culture metaphor—to the list of the metaphors to better understand the workings of interfirm adaptation in business relationships.

  • 11.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Den kinesiske erhvervskultur2006Inngår i: Jeg skal til Kina / [ed] Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard, København: Forlagskompagniet/Jepsen & Co , 2006, s. 37-53Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 12.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Efterord av Tony Fang2007Inngår i: Möjligheternas Rike: Svenska entreprenörer i Kina / [ed] David Stockelberg, Göteborg: Poolen , 2007, s. 178-186Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 13.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    From "Onion" to "Ocean": Paradox and change in national cultures. 2006Inngår i: Academy of International Business (AIB) annual meeting, Beijing, June 23-26. , 2006Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 14.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    From “onion” to “ocean”: paradox and change in national cultures2005Inngår i: International Studies of Management and Organization, ISSN 0020-8825, E-ISSN 1558-0911, Vol. 35, nr 4, s. 71-90Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 15.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    From"onion" to "ocean": Paradox and change in national cultures2009Inngår i: Cross-cultural management: critical perspectives on business and management / [ed] Tim G. Andrews, Richard Mead, London: Routledge, 2009, s. 374-393Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Differing from the dominant bipolar paradigm of analyzing national cultures, this paper champions a dialectical approach that sees each national culture as having a life of its own full of dynamics and paradoxes. The paper calls for shifting our mindset from the Cold War “onion” way of analyzing culture to a new “ocean” way of understanding culture to capture the dynamics of national cultures and international cross-cultural management in the age of globalization.

  • 16.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Impression of China National Centre for Performing Arts2013Annet (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 17.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Inherit Hofstede and go beyond Hofstede: Cross-cultural management at the crossroads2010Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 18.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Negotiation: the Chinese style.2006Inngår i: Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 21, nr 1, s. 50-60Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 19.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Nordic culture and Nordic people: A Chinese perspective2008Inngår i: Making it in China / [ed] Merete Lie, Ragnhild Lund, Gard Hopsdal Hansen, Høyskoleforlaget , 2008, s. 71-89Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 20.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    The "coop-comp" Chinese negotiation strategy2003Inngår i: Trust and antitrust in Asian business alliances: historical roots and current practices / [ed] John B. Kidd, Frank-Jurgen Richter, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, s. 121-150Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 21.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    The moon and the sun of culture. 2004Inngår i: The Academy of International Business (AIB), Competitive Paper. Stockholm, July 10-13. , 2004Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 22.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Two books: Globalization of Chinese enterprises (by Ilan Alon and John R. McIntyre, eds.), and Chinese Multinationals (by Jean-Paul Larçon, ed.), International Business Review, 20(1), 113-115.2011Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 20, nr 1, s. 113-115Artikkel, omtale (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 23.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Understanding Chinese culture and communication: The Yin Yang approach2014Inngår i: Global Leadership Practices: A Cross-Cultural Management Perspective / [ed] Bettina Gehrke; Marie-Thérèse Claes, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, s. 171-187Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    China is one of the world’s oldest civilizations with a splendid culture. But what is the uniqueness of Chinese culture that transcends the Chinese society from its “blue gowns” and “bound feet” times (Little, 1902) to today’s China with increasingly sophisticated information technology and with popular TV shows such as “Super Girls” (超女Chaonü) and “You are the One” (非诚勿扰 Fei cheng wu rao) followed live by tens of millions of Chinese fans? What is the same uniqueness of Chinese culture that has contributed to making China’s market economy differ from Western market economy in the same way Chinese Communism differs from the former Soviet (or Eastern Bloc) Communism?

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 24.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Yin Yang: A New Perspective on Culture2012Inngår i: Management and Organization Review, ISSN 1740-8776, E-ISSN 1740-8784, Vol. 8, nr 1, s. 25-50Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article I propose a Yin Yang perspective to understand culture. Basedon the indigenous Chinese philosophy of Yin Yang, I conceptualize culture as possessinginherently paradoxical value orientations, thereby enabling it to embrace opposite traitsof any given cultural dimension. I posit that potential paradoxical values coexist in anyculture; they give rise to, exist within, reinforce, and complement each other to shapethe holistic, dynamic, and dialectical nature of culture. Seen from the Yin Yangperspective, all cultures share the same potential in value orientations, but at the sametime they are also different from each other because each culture is a unique dynamicportfolio of self-selected globally available value orientations as a consequence of thatculture’s all-dimensional learning over time.

  • 25.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Axelsson, Björn
    Strategic change towards global sourcing: Ericsson in China2005Inngår i: Developing sourcing capabilities: creating strategic change in purchasing and supply management / [ed] Björn Axelsson, Frank Rozemeijer, Finn Wynstra, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, s. 305-322Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 26.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Chimenson, Dina
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    The Internationalization of Chinese Firms and Negative Media Coverage: The Case of Geely's Acquisition of Volvo Cars2017Inngår i: Thunderbird International Business Review, ISSN 1096-4762, E-ISSN 1520-6874, Vol. 59, nr 4, s. 483-502Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Chinese firms are internationalizing at an unprecedented speed. One profound phenomenon linked to this active Chinese firms internationalization process is that the process tends to be confronted with negative media coverage of China and Chinese firms in Western countries. How to understand and cope with the negative image of China and Chinese firms, as they are often seen in the Western media, emerges as a relevant and timely research topic in the study of the internationalization of Chinese firms. The purpose of this article is to stimulate ideas for further research on the relations between the internationalization of Chinese firms and the media coverage. We use the case of Geely's acquisition of Volvo Cars, which was to a large extent negatively reported in the Swedish media during 2008-2013, as inspiration to identify the interesting research themes and questions. Given the increasing anti-globalization trend, we hypothesize that Chinese firms will have to face up to the reality of negative media coverage in many Western countries for the foreseeable future, at least in the firms' initial establishment phases. We end our paper with the managerial implications.

  • 27.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Faure, Guy Olivier
    Chinese Communication Characteristics: A Yin Yang Perspective2011Inngår i: International Journal of Intercultural Relations, ISSN 0147-1767, E-ISSN 1873-7552, Vol. 35, s. 320-333Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Research on Chinesecommunication has so far focused on the understanding of the impact of traditional Confucian cultural values on Chinesecommunicationcharacteristics. While this Confucian-oriented Chinesecommunication style remains meaningful and in many situations powerful in Chinese society and in communication between Chinese and western professionals, the paradox inherent in Chinese culture and communication has rarely been researched. Moreover, China's three decades of rapid economic progress and unprecedented interactions with the rest of the world have contributed to an emergent Chinesecommunication style, which differs from the traditional one. Based on the philosophical principle of Yin Yang, this paper provides a framework to capture the paradox and change of Chinesecommunicationcharacteristics in today's changing Chinese society. Implications for how to communicate effectively with the Chinese from practitioners’ point of view are also discussed.

  • 28.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Fridh, C
    Schultzberg, S
    The failure of Telia-Telenor merger negotiation2003Inngår i: The First International Biennale on Negotiation, NEGOCIA, Paris, December 11-12., 2003Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 29.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Fridh, Camilla
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Schultzberg, Sara
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Why did the Telia-Telenor merger fail?2004Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 13, nr 5, s. 573-594Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this article is to examine through a case study of the merger of Telia–Telenor why firms from apparently similar national cultures can fail to form a co-operative venture. Telia and Telenor were the largest telecom operators in Sweden and Norway, respectively. Both were government-owned with a strong monopoly over their respective national markets for a long time. Despite perceived similarities between the negotiating parties in national culture, corporate practice, and language, the negotiation eventually went askew and the ongoing merger ended in December 1999 after only two months in existence. We describe the process of the Telia–Telenor merger negotiation and analyze it from a cross-cultural management perspective. Our major finding is that historical sentiments, feelings and emotions, if not handled well, can cause fatal damage to cross-cultural business ventures.

  • 30.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Gunterberg, Caroline
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Larsson, Emma
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Sourcing in an Increasingly Expensive China: Four Swedish Cases2010Inngår i: Journal of Business Ethics, ISSN 0167-4544, E-ISSN 1573-0697, Vol. 97, nr 1, s. 119-138Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    China has long enjoyed its position as the world's cheapest production country. However, this position is being shaken due to the increasingly rising costs in China in pace with China's rapid economic development. China's New Labour Contract Law which took effect from 1 January 2008 has further pushed the labour costs in China in general. The purpose of this article is to arrive at an in-depth understanding of why foreign firms conduct sourcing in China where sourcing is becoming increasingly expensive. The experiences of four Swedish companies in the textile and clothing industry (TCI) conducting sourcing in China are presented. Our findings show that sourcing in China is becoming both cost- and strategy-driven. Companies purely chasing the cheapest production would most probably consider leaving China, whereas companies with a long-term strategic intent and a high level of business ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices will retain all or most of their sourcing activities on the Chinese soil despite the rising costs.

  • 31.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Kriz, A
    Cross-cultural challenges to the IMP paradigm: Evidence from China2000Inngår i: Paper presented at the 16th IMP annual conference, Bath, U.K., September 7-9. , 2000Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 32.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Kriz, A
    The spirit of Chinese society and innovation2010Inngår i: Innovation driven research education / [ed] Hans von Holst, et al, Lightning Source. , 2010Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 33.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Kriz, A
    Trust in Chinese relational networks: Moving from guanxi to xinren2003Inngår i: The 2003 IMP Annual Meeting, University of Lugano, September 4-6, www.impgroup.org, 2003Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 34.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Schaumburg, Josephine
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Fjellström, Daniella
    International business negotiations in Brazil2017Inngår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing, ISSN 0885-8624, E-ISSN 2052-1189, Vol. 32, nr 4, s. 591-605Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose - The purpose of this study was to explore an innovative strategy for studying the Brazilian negotiator's unique and paradoxical characteristics from a cultural point of view to acquire a better understanding of the nature of international business negotiations in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach - The study is of a qualitative nature, using a multiple-case study design at three levels (small-, medium-and large-scale negotiations). Interviews were conducted with Brazilian and German managers to capture the emic-etic view of the Brazilian negotiator. The Strategic Trinity Model was developed to assess the behavior of the Brazilian negotiator in agreement with three metaphors: African Capoeirista, Portuguese Bureaucrat and Indigenous Warrior. Findings - The three roles African Capoeirista, Portuguese Bureaucrat and Indigenous Warrior comprised similar as well as contradicting characteristics. The Brazilian negotiator chose naturally and even paradoxically from these role features, effectively negotiating any given situation, context and time. During the pre-and post-negotiation phases, traits of the African Capoeirista and Indigenous Warrior were the most salient. During the formal negotiation phase, however, the characteristics of the African Capoeirista and Portuguese Bureaucrat dominated. Research limitations/implications - International business negotiations in Brazil call for an in-depth comprehension of the paradoxical roles that local negotiators take on to achieve better negotiation outcomes. Originality/value - The present study unveiled the contradicting Brazilian negotiating style in international business negotiations, thus acquiring a better understanding of the negotiation process in the Brazilian market.

  • 35.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Tung, Rosalie L.
    Berg, Linda
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Nematshahi, Nazanin
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Parachuting internationalization: a study of four Scandinavian firms entering China2017Inngår i: Cross cultural & strategic management, ISSN 2059-5794, E-ISSN 2059-5808, Vol. 24, nr 4, s. 554-589Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to propose a parachuting internationalization metaphor as an alternative strategy that firms may choose to enter foreign markets compared to Uppsala Model and Born Global Model. This proposed new metaphor seeks to integrate the Uppsala and the Born Global Models to show that firms can attain success in the age of globalization if they are adept at devising creative strategies that help them overcome the challenges in a psychically distant environment. Design/methodology/approach - This is a research paper that develops theoretical perspectives inspired by the Yin Yang thinking as well as the thick descriptive multiple case studies. Findings - Parachuting internationalization embraces essential elements of the Born Global and the Uppsala Models and refers to a firm's strategic targeting of markets with great potentials, correct positioning, swift actions, and fast learning, thus enabling the firm to circumvent the conventional wisdom of liability of foreignness, cultural distance, and psychic distance. Parachuting internationalization is essentially a GLOCAL approach which can be implemented in practice in terms of global vision, location, opportunity, capital, accelerated cultural learning and quick action, and logistics. Research limitations/implications - The parachuting internationalization metaphor is derived from interviews with four Scandinavian firms' experiences that have entered into the Chinese market. This research reveals that two seemingly opposite approaches, i.e., the Born Global and the Uppsala Models, can be fruitfully combined and reconciled to generate a third novel approach. Originality/value - To date, there has been little attempt to reconcile and/or integrate the Born Global and the Uppsala Models of internationalization. The paper enriches the ongoing debate on the internationalization of firms in the international business literature that has relied primarily on the Uppsala Model or Born Global Model. The study shows that a third way, i.e. the parachuting internationalization is both theoretically innovative and practically feasible.

  • 36.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Worm, Verner
    Tung, Rosalie L.
    Changing success and failure factors in business negotiations with the PRC2008Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 17, nr 2, s. 159-169Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This article studies the factors that could affect success and failure in business negotiations with the People's Republic of China (PRC). By comparing this study with two earlier studies on the same subject conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively, the article suggests that both success and failure factors in negotiating with the PRC are in transition. The article emphasizes the importance of trust, professionalism, technology, and price competition in negotiating with the Chinese in post-WTO China. Future research and managerial implications are discussed.

  • 37.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation. Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Yang, D
    Pykäläinena, T
    Alleviating piracy through open source strategy: An exploratory study of business software firms in China2009Inngår i: The Journal of strategic informations systems, ISSN 0963-8687, Vol. 18, nr 4, s. 165-177Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper advances the existing knowledge of anti-piracy strategies by proposing an open source strategy (OS strategy) to alleviate software piracy based on a qualitative, case-based, exploratory study of eight software firms operating in China. The paper shows that the OS strategy is conditionally adoptable, depending on how users are willing to pay for services (market conditions); how critical and complex software is required for upgrading and modifications (software conditions); and how firms can avoid resources overloading and/or shortage (firm conditions). The paper also identifies several new indicators to assess the effectiveness of the OS strategy against piracy. Managerial implications about how to improve business in piracy-ridden environment are discussed.

     

  • 38.
    Fang, Tony
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Zhao, S
    Worm, V
    The changing Chinese culture and business behaviour2008Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 17, nr 2, s. 141-145Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 39. Faure, Guy Olivier
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Changing Chinese values: Keeping up with paradoxes2008Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 17, nr 2, s. 194-207Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The impact of China's modernization during the past three decades (1978-2008) on the changes of Chinese behaviours is salient. However, these changes have had an even greater impact on Chinese values. Indeed, China seems to have never given up its single most important cultural characteristic, the ability to manage paradoxes. Ancient Chinese society was an oxymoron melting pot. In the current age of globalization, Chinese society has retained and reinforced this unique feature even in the most significant sociocultural changes. Through the analysis of eight pairs of paradoxical values, referring to business and society at large, the article argues that life in contemporary China has undergone significant cultural change. Nonetheless, in terms of the thinking process, modern Chinese society remains anchored to the classical Yin Yang approach. 

  • 40. Fjellstrom, Daniella
    et al.
    Bai, Wensong
    Oliveira, Luis
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Springboard internationalisation in times of geopolitical tensions2023Inngår i: International Business Review, ISSN 0969-5931, E-ISSN 1873-6149, Vol. 32, nr 6, artikkel-id 102144Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Geopolitical tensions and a world where state interventions are driven by national security and ideology present novel challenges for emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). Often, individual companies are targeted, and their corporate growth gets curbed. These phenomena are derived from non-market factors, which are generally absent in the springboard view of the international business discourse that explains the foreign expansion of EMNEs by viewing these firms as ambidextrous organisations capable of handling conflicting requirements. This research aims to understand the international expansion of EMNEs under geopolitical tensions by incorporating non-market factors into the ambidexterity model to enrich the springboard view. A case study of Huawei and its exclusion from the telecommunications industry in Sweden forms the empirical base of this research. The contributions are twofold. First, within the springboard view, the ambidexterity model can be upgraded by incorporating non-market factors that better explain the international expansion of EMNEs in changing geopolitical and business contexts. Second, the research highlights the management of EMNEs' subsidiaries while considering geopolitical tensions.

  • 41. Fjellström, Daniella
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Chimenson, Dina
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Explaining reshoring in the context of Asian competitiveness: evidence from a Swedish firm2019Inngår i: Journal of Asia Business Studies, ISSN 1558-7894, E-ISSN 1559-2243, Vol. 13, nr 2, s. 277-293Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    The purpose of this paper is to arrive at a different understanding of reshoring in Asia vis-à-vis the Western context of competitiveness, through a case study of the Swedish company FM Mattsson.

    Design/methodology/approach

    Empirical studies with semi-structured interviews have been conducted both in Sweden and China to gain an in-depth understanding of the case company’s reshoring activities.

    Findings

    The findings point at reshoring as a competitive means to respond to the dynamics of internal (firm-specific) and external (country-specific) factors. Reshoring comes as a dynamic process by reshuffling resources inside and outside of the firm that strives for continuous competitiveness. Organizations need to meet the challenges of changing environment, especially the dynamic business competition in Asia, and reshoring is a way.

    Originality/value

    This paper contributes to the literature by perceiving reshoring as a dynamic process of competitiveness development. Reshoring is not seen as one-off short-term decision-making on cost and location but as a long-term process in response to the dynamic internal and external challenges ahead.

  • 42. Fjellström, Daniella
    et al.
    Hilletofth, Per
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Kumar, V.
    Kumar, Ajay
    Tan, Kim Hua
    Manufacturing Relocation Ambiguity Model: A Prerequisite for Knowledge Management2023Inngår i: British Journal of Management, ISSN 1045-3172, E-ISSN 1467-8551, Vol. 34, nr 3, s. 1100-1116Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Knowledge management and manufacturing relocation have been treated as independent spheres. However, for a relocation to be fruitful, knowledge management needs to be incorporated. The purpose of this research is to shed light on the lack of knowledge management in dynamic manufacturing relocation. In particular, the research focuses on the ability to change, adapt and revert manufacturing relocation decisions, that is, the dynamic nature (or use) of the concept. A Swedish company was used as a case study. Nine in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants at the company's headquarters in Sweden and its factory in China to capture a dyadic perspective. The findings demonstrate that: (1) knowledge transfer is crucial to create/sustain competitive advantage in the offshoring and reshoring phase; (2) lack of knowledge transfer results in limited learning outcomes with operational and strategic consequences in the relocation; (3) resistance to knowledge transfer in the offshoring creates a knowledge gap that consequently leads to relocation ambiguity in the reshoring phase; and (4) companies need to develop knowledge management strategies to promote knowledge transfer and learn from their international relocation, to cope with relocation ambiguity. Our theoretical contribution introduces the knowledge ambiguity framework, which is a result of insufficient knowledge transfer in the dynamic manufacturing relocation. Even if an organization relocates efficiently, it can fail to take advantage of knowledge transfer and development as potential learning for the organization. 

  • 43. Fletcher, R
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Assessing the impact of culture on relationship creation and network formation in emerging Asian markets2006Inngår i: European Journal of Marketing, ISSN 0309-0566, E-ISSN 1758-7123, Vol. 40, nr 3/4, s. 430-446Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose– The purpose of this article is to develop an alternative approach to researching the impact of culture on relationship creation and network formation in Asian markets.Design/methodology/approach– A conceptual approach is taken.Findings– The paper has argued that in Asian markets culture can be better understood on the basis of cultural groupings (e.g. ethnic grouping) than on politically defined and artificially created national boundaries. The assessment and comparison of cultural differences and similarities in Asia can be conducted by using an “enlarged” emic approach. Given the idiosyncratic nature of relationships and the increasing significance of the emic contexts enriched by globalisation, the proposed approach is likely to generate a better understanding of the impact of culture on relationship creation and network formation in emerging Asian markets.Practical implications– Managers doing business in emerging Asian markets need to go beyond traditional national culture stereotypes to capture cultural diversities and paradoxes in terms of, for example, ethnic culture, regional culture, professional culture, and emerging global culture groupings within and across national borders.Originality/value– Differing from the “either/or” nature of the mainstream scholarship which tends to bipolarise national cultures, this paper emphasises the “both/and” character of Asian cultures which intrinsically embrace paradoxes in philosophies, values, and behaviours. The paper has suggested that an “enlarged” emic approach to cross‐cultural clustering and comparison be used in Asian contexts to better understand the workings of relationship creation and network formation in emerging Asian markets.

  • 44. Ghauri, Pervez
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Negotiating with the Chinese: A socio-cultural analysis2001Inngår i: Journal of world business (Print), ISSN 1090-9516, E-ISSN 1878-5573, Vol. 36, nr 3, s. 303--325Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    China has been one of the most favorite markets for Western firms for the last decade. However, doing business with China is considered difficult, mainly because negotiating with Chinese counterparts is quite complex. This paper analyses the negotiation process with China from a socio-cultural perspective. A Swedish multinational, Ericsson, is followed for several years and its negotiation process for different Chinese projects in the telecommunication industry is studied in depth. Based on these cases and literature a model is developed and some conclusions are drawn. Finally, managerial implications presented as four Ps: Priority, Patience, Price and People sum up the essence of Chinese business negotiation process.

  • 45. Ghauri, Pervez N.
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Negotiating with the Chinese: a process view2003Inngår i: International business negotiation / [ed] Pervez N. Ghauri, Jean-Claude Usunier, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2003, 2. uppl., s. 411-434Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 46. Kumar, Kunal Kamal
    et al.
    Mishra, Sushanta
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    The Indian cultural paradox2019Inngår i: Indian business: Understanding a rapidly emerging economy / [ed] Pawan S. Budhwar, Arup Varma, Rajesh Kumar, Routledge, 2019Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This book chapter highlights the contradicting identities and value systems that Indians follow and the rationale behind the same. It discusses the concept of Ardhanarishvara in India, and yin and yang in China and how they help others appreciate the paradoxes of the East. The history of India is marked by continual contact with countless cultures of the world. The chapter shows how the Ardhanarishvara perspective provides a better understanding of the cultural considerations crucial to fostering business relations in India. It explores the paradoxical value systems that govern the Indian mindset and their impact on business behaviour. While the evidence of human settlement in the Indian subcontinent stretches far back in the history of human civilization, the settlements that took the form of urban civilization were arguably around the fertile land along the three rivers: Indus, Ghaggar-Hakra, and the extinct Saraswati.

  • 47. Meyer, Klaus E.
    et al.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Panibratov, Andrei Y.
    Peng, Mike W.
    Gaur, Ajai
    International business under sanctions2023Inngår i: Journal of world business (Print), ISSN 1090-9516, E-ISSN 1878-5573, Vol. 58, nr 2, artikkel-id 101426Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Sanctions are a tool used by political actors to induce foreign countries, firms or individuals to alter their behavior. As nonmilitary coercive measure, they have the potential to disrupt the international business environment, often on short notice, and change the rules of the game. Synthesizing the available evidence on the economic and political impacts of sanctions, we explore how sanctions disrupt the institutional framework for international business and how firms respond to sanctions. Based on a review of available scholarly evidence, we discuss how theories of international business, such as institution-based view, resource-and knowledge-based view, resource dependency theory, and behavioral theories of the firm, can contribute to explaining the impact of sanctions. At the same time, we discuss how sanctions, as politically motivated disruptions, challenge some assumptions underlying these theories. Going forward, our research agenda on sanctions is likely to help firms and governments to strategize in a geopolitically sensitive world.

  • 48. Pauluzzo, Rubens
    et al.
    Guarda, Marta
    De Pretto, Laura
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Managing paradoxes, dilemmas, and change: A case study to apply the Yin Yang wisdom in Western organizational settings2018Inngår i: Cross cultural & strategic management, ISSN 2059-5794, E-ISSN 2059-5808, Vol. 25, nr 2, s. 257-275Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose Drawing on Fang's (2012) Yin Yang theory of culture while taking up the roadmap proposed by Li (2016) for applying the epistemological system of Yin Yang balancing to complex issues in management research, in general, and to paradoxical issues, in particular, the purpose of this paper is to explore how organizations and individuals in the West can balance cultural paradoxes and manage culture dilemmas through the lens of Yin Yang wisdom. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a qualitative case study. Data are gathered through interviews, documents, and field observations in four subsidiaries of an Italian insurance multinational corporation and were analyzed according to the three parameters, i.e., situation, context, and time (Fang, 2012). Findings The findings show how the integration and learning from seemingly opposite cultures and sets of values lead the organization and individuals to balancing cultural paradox and managing cultural dilemma effectively. With regard to situation, the authors find that both organizations and customers choose the most relevant value(s) to take advantage of specific events or circumstances, and that different value orientations can coexist. As for context, the authors show that organizations can adapt their values either through suppression and/or promotion, which can foster individuals to find new balancing within the paradox. In terms of time, the authors show that the process of learning from other cultures over time can play a role in the shift of people's and organizations' choices of attitudes and value orientations. Originality/value The paper suggests the relevance and usefulness of adopting Yin Yang wisdom to uncover the dynamic process of cultural learning in Western scenarios.

  • 49. Pykäläinen, T
    et al.
    Yang, D
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen.
    Open Source Strategy Against Software Piracy2010Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 50.
    Shoai, Randy
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Fang, Tony
    Stockholms universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Management & Organisation.
    Understanding Paradoxes in Middle Eastern Arab Culture2011Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
12 1 - 50 of 52
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