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  • 1.
    Abreu-Vieira, Gustavo
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Fischer, Alexander W.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. University of Hamburg, Germany.
    Mattsson, Charlotte
    de Jong, Jasper M. A.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Ryden, Mikael
    Laurencikiene, Jurga
    Arner, Peter
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Cidea improves the metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue2015In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 6, article id 7433Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In humans, Cidea (cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A) is highly but variably expressed in white fat, and expression correlates with metabolic health. Here we generate transgenic mice expressing human Cidea in adipose tissues (aP2-hCidea mice) and show that Cidea is mechanistically associated with a robust increase in adipose tissue expandability. Under humanized conditions (thermoneutrality, mature age and prolonged exposure to high-fat diet), aP2-hCidea mice develop a much more pronounced obesity than their wild-type littermates. Remarkably, the malfunctioning of visceral fat normally caused by massive obesity is fully overcome-perilipin 1 and Akt expression are preserved, tissue degradation is prevented, macrophage accumulation is decreased and adiponectin expression remains high. Importantly, the aP2-hCidea mice display enhanced insulin sensitivity. Our data establish a functional role for Cidea and suggest that, in humans, the association between Cidea levels in white fat and metabolic health is not only correlative but also causative.

  • 2. Anisimov, Vladimir N.
    et al.
    Egorov, Maxim V.
    Krasilshchikova, Marina S.
    Lyamzaev, Konstantin G.
    Manskikh, Vasily N.
    Moshkin, Mikhail P.
    Novikov, Evgeny A.
    Popovich, Irina G.
    Rogovin, Konstantin A.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Shekarova, Olga N.
    Skulachev, Maxim V.
    Titova, Tatiana V.
    Vygodin, Vladimir A.
    Vyssokikh, Mikhail Yu.
    Yurova, Maria N.
    Zabezhinsky, Mark A.
    Skulachev, Vladimir P.
    Effects of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 on lifespan of rodents2011In: Aging, ISSN 1945-4589, E-ISSN 1945-4589, Vol. 3, no 11, p. 1110-1119Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of the mitochondria-targeted, plastoquinone-containing antioxidant SkQ1 on the lifespan of outbred mice and of three strains of inbred mice was studied. To this end, low pathogen (LP) or specific pathogen free (SPF) vivaria in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Stockholm were used. For comparison, we also studied mole-voles and dwarf hamsters, two wild species of small rodents kept under simulated natural conditions. It was found that substitution of a LP vivarium for a conventional (non-LP) one doubled the lifespan of female outbred mice, just as SkQ1 did in a non-LP vivarium. SkQ1 prevented age-dependent disappearance of estrous cycles of outbred mice in both LP and non-LP vivaria. In the SPF vivarium in Moscow, male BALB/c mice had shorter lifespan than females, and SkQ1 increased their lifespan to the values of the females. In the females, SkQ1 retarded development of such trait of aging as heart mass increase. Male C57Bl/6 mice housed individually in the SPF vivarium in Stockholm lived as long as females. SkQ1 increased the male lifespan, the longevity of the females being unchanged. SkQ1 did not change food intake by these mice. Dwarf hamsters and mole-voles kept in outdoor cages or under simulated natural conditions lived longer if treated with SkQ1. The effect of SkQ1 on longevity of females is assumed to mainly be due to retardation of the age-linked decline of the immune system. For males under LP or SPF conditions, SkQ1 increased the lifespan, affecting also some other system(s) responsible for aging.

  • 3.
    Bokhari, Muhammad Hamza
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Halleskog, Carina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Åslund, Alice
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Boulet, Nathalie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. INSERM/Université Paul Sabatier, France.
    Casadesús Rendos, Eva
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    de Jong, Jasper Martin Anton
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Yale School of Medicine, USA.
    Csikasz, Robert
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Amri, Ez-Zoubir
    Shabalina, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Bengtsson, Tore
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Isothermal microcalorimetry measures UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in mature brite adipocytes2021In: Communications Biology, E-ISSN 2399-3642, Vol. 4, no 1, article id 1108Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The activation of thermogenesis in adipose tissue has emerged as an important target for the development of novel anti-obesity therapies. Using multi-well isothermal microcalorimetry, we have demonstrated that mature murine brown and brite adipocytes produce quantifiable heat upon β3-AR stimulation, independently of any anaerobic mechanisms. Additionally, in brite adipocytes lacking UCP1 protein, β3-AR stimulation still induces heat production, albeit to a much lower extent than in their wildtype counterparts, suggesting that UCP1 is an essential component of adrenergic induced thermogenesis in murine brite adipocytes exvivo. Similarly, we could observe an increase in heat production in human-derived adipocytes (hMADS) upon β-AR stimulation. Collectively, these results establish the use of isothermal microcalorimetry as a sensitive and accurate technique for measuring thermogenic responses in intact mature brite adipocytes from murine and human origin.

  • 4. Bruton, Joseph D.
    et al.
    Aydin, Jan
    Yamada, Takashi
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Ivarsson, Niklas
    Zhang, Shi-Jin
    Wada, Masanobu
    Tavi, Pasi
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Katz, Abram
    Westerblad, Håkan
    Increased fatigue resistance linked to Ca(2+)-stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle fibres of cold-acclimated mice2010In: Journal of Physiology, ISSN 0022-3751, E-ISSN 1469-7793, Vol. 588, no 21, p. 4275-4288Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mammals exposed to a cold environment initially generate heat by repetitive muscle activity (shivering). Shivering is successively replaced by the recruitment of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1)-dependent heat production in brown adipose tissue. Interestingly, adaptations observed in skeletal muscles of cold-exposed animals are similar to those observed with endurance training. We hypothesized that increased myoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) is important for these adaptations. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed on flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles, which do not participate in the shivering response, of adult wild-type (WT) and UCP1-ablated (UCP1-KO) mice kept either at room temperature (24 ºC) or cold-acclimated (4 ºC) for 4-5 weeks. [Ca2+]i (measured with indo-1) and force were measured under control conditions and during fatigue induced by repeated tetanic stimulation in intact single fibres. The results show no differences between fibres from WT and UCP1-KO mice. However, muscle fibres from cold-acclimated mice showed significant increases in basal [Ca2+]i (~50%), tetanic [Ca2+]i (~40%), and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak (~four-fold) as compared to fibres from room-temperature mice. Muscles of cold-acclimated mice showed increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and increased citrate synthase activity (reflecting increased mitochondrial content). Fibres of cold-acclimated mice were more fatigue resistant with higher tetanic [Ca2+]i and less force loss during fatiguing stimulation. In conclusion, cold exposure induces changes in FDB muscles similar to those observed with endurance training and we propose that increased [Ca2+]i is a key factor underlying these adaptations.

  • 5. Edgar, Daniel
    et al.
    Shabalina, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Camara, Yolanda
    Wredenberg, Anna
    Calvaruso, Maria Antonietta
    Nijtmans, Leo
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Larsson, Nils-Göran
    Trifunovic, Aleksandra
    Random point mutations with major effects on protein-coding genes are the driving force behind premature aging in mtDNA mutator mice.2009In: Cell metabolism, ISSN 1932-7420, Vol. 10, no 2, p. 131-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mtDNA mutator mice have high levels of point mutations and linear deletions of mtDNA causing a progressive respiratory chain dysfunction and a premature aging phenotype. We have now performed molecular analyses to determine the mechanism whereby these mtDNA mutations impair respiratory chain function. We report that mitochondrial protein synthesis is unimpaired in mtDNA mutator mice consistent with the observed minor alterations of steady-state levels of mitochondrial transcripts. These findings refute recent claims that circular mtDNA molecules with large deletions are driving the premature aging phenotype. We further show that the stability of several respiratory chain complexes is severely impaired despite normal synthesis of the corresponding mtDNA-encoded subunits. Our findings reveal a mechanism for induction of aging phenotypes by demonstrating a causative role for amino acid substitutions in mtDNA-encoded respiratory chain subunits, which, in turn, leads to decreased stability of the respiratory chain complexes and respiratory chain deficiency.

  • 6.
    Fischer, Alexander W.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Mattsson, Charlotte L.
    Abreu-Vieira, Gustavo
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    UCP1 inhibition in Cidea-overexpressing mice is physiologically counteracted by brown adipose tissue hyperrecruitment2017In: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 0193-1849, E-ISSN 1522-1555, Vol. 312, no 1, p. e72-E87Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cidea is a gene highly expressed in thermogenesis- competent (UCP1-containing) adipose cells, both brown and brite/beige. Here, we initially demonstrate a remarkable adipose-depot specific regulation of Cidea expression. In classical brown fat, Cidea mRNA is expressed continuously and invariably, irrespective of tissue recruitment. However, Cidea protein levels are regulated posttranscriptionally, being conspicuously induced in the thermogenically recruited state. In contrast, in brite fat, Cidea protein levels are regulated at the transcriptional level, and Cidea mRNA and protein levels are proportional to tissue briteness. Although routinely followed as a thermogenic molecular marker, Cidea function is not clarified. Here, we employed a gain-of-function approach to examine a possible role of Cidea in the regulation of thermogenesis. We utilized transgenic aP2-hCidea mice that overexpress human Cidea in all adipose tissues. We demonstrate that UCP1 activity is markedly suppressed in brown-fat mitochondria isolated from aP2-hCidea mice. However, mitochondrial UCP1 protein levels were identical in wildtype and transgenic mice. This implies a regulatory effect of Cidea on UCP1 activity, but as we demonstrate that Cidea itself is not localized to mitochondria, we propose an indirect inhibitory effect. The Cidea-induced inhibition of UCP1 activity (observed in isolated mitochondria) is physiologically relevant since the mice, through an appropriate homeostatic compensatory mechanism, increased the total amount of UCP1 in the tissue to exactly match the diminished thermogenic capacity of the UCP1 protein and retain unaltered nonshivering thermogenic capacity. Thus, we verified Cidea as being a marker of thermogenesis-competent adipose tissues, but we conclude that Cidea, unexpectedly, functions molecularly as an indirect inhibitor of thermogenesis.

  • 7.
    Gao, Yun
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Northwest A&F University, China.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Stockholm Univ, Wenner Gren Inst, Dept Mol Biosci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Braz, G. Ruda F.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Yang, Gongshe
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Establishing the potency of N-acyl amino acids versus conventional fatty acids as thermogenic uncouplers in cells and mitochondria from different tissues2022In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1863, no 4, article id 148542Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The possibility that N-acyl amino acids could function as brown or brite/beige adipose tissue-derived lipokines that could induce UCP1-independent thermogenesis by uncoupling mitochondrial respiration in several peripheral tissues is of significant physiological interest. To quantify the potency of N-acyl amino acids versus conventional fatty acids as thermogenic inducers, we have examined the affinity and efficacy of two pairs of such compounds: oleate versus N-oleoyl-leucine and arachidonate versus N-arachidonoyl-glycine in cells and mitochondria from different tissues. We found that in cultures of the muscle-derived L6 cell line, as well as in primary cultures of murine white, brite/beige and brown adipocytes, the N-acyl amino acids were proficient uncouplers but that they did not systematically display higher affinity or potency than the conventional fatty acids, and they were not as efficient uncouplers as classical protonophores (FCCP). Higher concentrations of the N-acyl amino acids (as well as of conventional fatty acids) were associated with signs of deleterious effects on the cells. In liver mitochondria, we found that the N-acyl amino acids uncoupled similarly to conventional fatty acids, thus apparently via activation of the adenine nucleotide transporter-2. In brown adipose tissue mitochondria, the N-acyl amino acids were able to activate UCP1, again similarly to conventional fatty acids. We thus conclude that the formation of the acyl-amino acid derivatives does not confer upon the corresponding fatty acids an enhanced ability to induce thermogenesis in peripheral tissues, and it is therefore unlikely that the N-acyl amino acids are of specific physiological relevance as UCP1-independent thermogenic compounds.

  • 8. Gomez Rodriguez, Alexia
    et al.
    Naudi, Alba
    Kalinovich, Anastasia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Pauter, Anna Maria
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Pamplona, Reinald
    Dobrzyn, Pawel
    Shabalina, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Jacobsson, Anders
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Elovl2-ablation leads to mitochondrial DHA-deficiency and reduced oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in mouse liverManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Gómez Rodríguez, Alexia
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Complutense University, Spain.
    Talamonti, Emanuela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Naudi, Alba
    Kalinovich, Anastasia V.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Pauter, Anna M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Barja, Gustavo
    Bengtsson, Tore
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Jacobsson, Anders
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Pamplona, Reinald
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Elovl2-Ablation Leads to Mitochondrial Membrane Fatty Acid Remodeling and Reduced Efficiency in Mouse Liver Mitochondria2022In: Nutrients, E-ISSN 2072-6643, Vol. 14, no 3, article id 559Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The fatty acid elongase elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2) controls the elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) producing precursors for omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and omega-6, docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) in vivo. Expectedly, Elovl2-ablation drastically reduced the DHA and DPAn-6 in liver mitochondrial membranes. Unexpectedly, however, total PUFAs levels decreased further than could be explained by Elovl2 ablation. The lipid peroxidation process was not involved in PUFAs reduction since malondialdehyde-lysine (MDAL) and other oxidative stress biomarkers were not enhanced. The content of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins remained unchanged. Still, membrane remodeling was associated with the high voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), a possible reflection of the increased demand on phospholipid transport to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was impaired despite preserved content of the respiratory chain proteins and the absence of oxidative damage. Oligomycin-insensitive oxygen consumption increased, and coefficients of respiratory control were reduced by 50%. The mitochondria became very sensitive to fatty acid-induced uncoupling and permeabilization, where ANT2 is involved. Mitochondrial volume and number of peroxisomes increased as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the results imply that endogenous DHA production is vital for the normal function of mouse liver mitochondria and could be relevant not only for mice but also for human metabolism.

  • 10. Hagberg, Carolina E.
    et al.
    Li, Qian
    Kutschke, Maria
    Bhowmick, Debajit
    Kiss, Endre
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Harms, Matthew J.
    Shilkova, Olga
    Kozina, Viviana
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Boucher, Jeremie
    Thorell, Anders
    Spalding, Kirsty L.
    Flow Cytometry of Mouse and Human Adipocytes for the Analysis of Browning and Cellular Heterogeneity2018In: Cell Reports, E-ISSN 2211-1247, Vol. 24, no 10, p. 2746-2756Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Adipocytes, once considered simple lipid-storing cells, are rapidly emerging as complex cells with many biologically diverse functions. A powerful high-throughput method for analyzing single cells is flow cytometry. Several groups have attempted to analyze and sort freshly isolated adipocytes; however, using an adipocyte-specific reporter mouse, we demonstrate that these studies fail to detect the majority of white adipocytes. We define critical settings required for adipocyte flow cytometry and provide a rigid strategy for analyzing and sorting white and brown adipocyte populations. The applicability of our protocol is shown by sorting mouse adipocytes based on size or UCP1 expression and demonstrating that a subset of human adipocytes lacks the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, particularly in the insulin-resistant state. In conclusion, the present study confers key technological insights for analyzing and sorting mature adipocytes, opening up numerous downstream research applications.

  • 11. Hutchinson, Dana S.
    et al.
    Csikasz, Robert I.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Yamamoto, Daniel L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Wikström, Per
    Wilcke, Mona
    Bengtsson, Tore
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Diphenylene iodonium stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells through mitochondrial complex I inhibition and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase2007In: Cellular Signalling, ISSN 0898-6568, E-ISSN 1873-3913, Vol. 19, no 7, p. 1610-1620Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    NADPH oxidase inhibitors such as diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and apocynin lower whole body and blood glucose levels and improve diabetes when administered to rodents. Skeletal muscle has an important role in managing glucose homeostasis and we have used L6 cells, C2C12 cells and primary muscle cells as model systems to investigate whether these drugs regulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. The data presented in this study show that apocynin does not affect glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in culture. Tat gp91ds, a chimeric peptide that inhibits NADPH oxidase activity, also failed to affect glucose uptake and we found no significant evidence of NADPH oxidase (subunits tested were Nox4, p22phox, gp91phox and p47phox mRNA) in skeletal muscle cells in culture. However, DPI increases basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 cells, C2C12 cells and primary muscle cells. Detailed studies on L6 cells demonstrate that the increase of glucose uptake is via a mechanism independent of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt but dependent on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We postulate that DPI through inhibition of mitochondrial complex 1 and decreases in oxygen consumption, leading to decreases of ATP and activation of AMPK, stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells.

  • 12.
    Kalinovich, Anastasia V.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation.
    Mattsson, C. L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Youssef, M. R.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Ost, M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Skulachev, V. P.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation.
    Mitochondria-targeted dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C12TPP) combats high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice2016In: International Journal of Obesity, ISSN 0307-0565, E-ISSN 1476-5497, Vol. 40, no 12, p. 1864-1874Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: A membrane-penetrating cation, dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C12TPP), facilitates the recycling of fatty acids in the artificial lipid membrane and mitochondria. C12TPP can dissipate mitochondrial membrane potential and may affect total energy expenditure and body weight in animals and humans. METHODS: We investigated the metabolic effects of C12TPP in isolated brown-fat mitochondria, brown adipocyte cultures and mice in vivo. Experimental approaches included the measurement of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, western blotting, magnetic resonance imaging and bomb calorimetry. RESULTS: In mice, C12TPP (50 mu mol per (day.kg body weight)) in the drinking water significantly reduced body weight (12%, P<0.001) and body fat mass (24%, P<0.001) during the first 7 days of treatment. C12TPP did not affect water palatability and intake or the energy and lipid content in feces. The addition of C12TPP to isolated brown-fat mitochondria resulted in increased oxygen consumption. Three hours of pretreatment with C12TPP also increased oligomycin-insensitive oxygen consumption in brown adipocyte cultures (P<0.01). The effects of C12TPP on mitochondria, cells and mice were independent of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). However, C12TPP treatment increased the mitochondrial protein levels in the brown adipose tissue of both wild-type and UCP1-knockout mice. Pair-feeding revealed that one-third of the body weight loss in C12TPP-treated mice was due to reduced food intake. C12TPP treatment elevated the resting metabolic rate (RMR) by up to 18% (P<0.05) compared with pair-fed animals. C12TPP reduced the respiratory exchange ratio, indicating enhanced fatty acid oxidation in mice. CONCLUSIONS: C12TPP combats diet-induced obesity by reducing food intake, increasing the RMR and enhancing fatty acid oxidation.

  • 13.
    Kalinovich, Anastasia V.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
    Novel mitochondrial cationic uncoupler C(4)R1 is an effective treatment for combating obesity in mice2015In: Biochemistry (Moscow), ISSN 0006-2979, E-ISSN 1608-3040, Vol. 80, no 5, p. 620-628Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Obesity is associated with premature mortality, impaired quality of life, and large healthcare costs. However, treatment options remain quite limited. Here we studied potential anti-obesity effects of a novel cationic mitochondrial uncoupler, C(4)R1 (derivative of rhodamine 19) in C57Bl/6 mice. Obesity was induced by long-term (eight weeks) high fat diet feeding at thermoneutrality. The treated group of mice received consecutively two doses of C(4)R1 in drinking water (30 and 12-14 mu mol/kg daily) during 30 days. Effects of C(4)R1 were dose-dependent. After six days of C(4)R1 treatment at dose 30 mu mol/kg daily, food intake was reduced by 68%, body weight by 19%, and fat mass by 21%. Body weight decrease was explained partly by reduced food intake and partly by increased metabolism, likely resulting from uncoupling. Body fat reduction upon C(4)R1 treatment was associated with improved lipid utilization estimated from decrease in respiratory quotient to the minimal level (0.7). Interestingly, the classical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol at similar dose (27 mu mol/kg daily) did not have any effect. Our results are relevant to the search for substances causing mild uncoupling of mitochondria that could be a promising therapeutic strategy to treat obesity.

  • 14.
    Kramarova, Tatiana V.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Andersson, Ulf
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Westerberg, Rolf
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Carlberg, Inger
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
    Houstek, Josef
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Mitochondrial ATP synthase levels in brown adipose tissue are governed by the c-Fo subunit P1 isoform2008In: The FASEB Journal, ISSN 0892-6638, E-ISSN 1530-6860, Vol. 22, no 1, p. 55-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the significance of mitochondrial ATP synthase for mammalian metabolism, the regulation of the amount of ATP synthase in mammalian systems is not understood. As brown adipose tissue mitochondria contain very low amounts of ATP synthase, relative to respiratory chain components, they constitute a physiological system that allows for examination of the control of ATP synthase assembly. To examine the role of the expression of the P1-isoform of the c-F-o subunit in the biogenesis of ATP synthase, we made transgenic mice that express the P1-c subunit isoform under the promoter of the brown adipose tissue-specific protein UCP1. In the resulting UCP1p1 transgenic mice, total P1-c subunit mRNA levels were increased; mRNA levels of other F1F(o)-ATPase subunits were unchanged. In isolated brown-fat mitochondria, protein levels of the total c-Fo subunit were increased. Remarkably, protein levels of ATP synthase subunits that are part of the F-1-ATPase complex were also increased, as was the entire Complex V. Increased ATPase and ATP synthase activities demonstrated an increased functional activity of the F1Fo-ATPase. Thus, the levels of the c-F-o subunit P1-isoform are crucial for defining the final content of the ATP synthase in brown adipose tissue. The level of c-F-o subunit may be a determining factor for F1Fo-ATPase assembly in all higher eukaryotes.-Kramarova, T. V., Shabalina, I. G., Andersson, U., Westerberg, R., Carlberg, I., Houstek, J., Nedergaard, J., Cannon, B. Mitochondrial ATP synthase levels in brown adipose tissue are governed by the c-F-o subunit P1 isoform.

  • 15. Logan, Angela
    et al.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Prime, Tracy A.
    Rogatti, Sebastian
    Kalinovich, Anastasia V.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Hartley, Richard C.
    Budd, Ralph C.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Murphy, Michael P.
    In vivo levels of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide increase with age in mtDNA mutator mice2014In: Aging Cell, ISSN 1474-9718, E-ISSN 1474-9726, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 765-768Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In mtDNA mutator mice, mtDNA mutations accumulate leading to a rapidly aging phenotype. However, there is little evidence of oxidative damage to tissues, and when analyzed ex vivo, no change in production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by mitochondria has been reported, undermining the mitochondrial oxidative damage theory of aging. Paradoxically, interventions that decrease mitochondrial ROS levels in vivo delay onset of aging. To reconcile these findings, we used the mitochondria-targeted mass spectrometry probe MitoB to measure hydrogen peroxide within mitochondria of living mice. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide was the same in young mutator and control mice, but as the mutator mice aged, hydrogen peroxide increased. This suggests that the prolonged presence of mtDNA mutations in vivo increases hydrogen peroxide that contributes to an accelerated aging phenotype, perhaps through the activation of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory redox signaling pathways.

  • 16.
    Luijten, Ineke
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Brooks, Katie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Boulet, Nathalie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Shabalina, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Jaiprakash, Ankita
    Carlsson, Bo
    Fischer, Alexander
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Glucocorticoid-induced obesity develops independently of UCP1Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    An excess of glucocorticoids is associated with the development of obesity, as is evident from the accumulation of visceral fat in patients suffering from Cushing’s Syndrome. Activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) reduces metabolic efficiency; correspondingly an inactivation of BAT has been proposed to cause glucocorticoid-induced obesity. Here we determine the extent to which changes in BAT function as a result of glucocorticoid treatment contribute to the simultaneous development of obesity. In mice housed at 21 °C and treated with corticosterone for 2 weeks (CORT), we unexpectedly found no change in total BAT uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein levels or in non-shivering thermogenic capacity. In mice housed at thermoneutrality, a humanized condition, we did observe a reduction in total UCP1 protein levels in BAT in response to CORT, which was reflected in reduced brown adipocyte cellular and mitochondrial UCP1-dependent respiration. However, glucocorticoid-induced obesity developed to the same extent in animals housed at 21 °C and 30 °C, while total BAT UCP1 protein levels differed 100-fold between the two groups. In wild-type and UCP1 knock-out mice housed at 30 °C and treated with CORT, obesity also developed to the same extent. Thus, contrary to what has previously been suggested, our results show that the development of glucocorticoid-induced obesity is unrelated to the presence of UCP1.

  • 17.
    Luijten, Ineke H. N.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Brooks, Katie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Boulet, Nathalie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Jaiprakash, Ankita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Carlsson, Bo
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Fischer, Alexander W.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendor, Germany.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Glucocorticoid-Induced Obesity Develops Independently of UCP12019In: Cell Reports, E-ISSN 2211-1247, Vol. 27, no 6, p. 1686-1698Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An excess of glucocorticoids leads to the development of obesity in both mice and humans, but the mechanism for this is unknown. Here, we determine the extent to which decreased BAT thermogenic capacity (as a result of glucocorticoid treatment) contributes to the development of obesity. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that only in mice housed at thermoneutrality (30 degrees C) does corticosterone treatment reduce total BAT UCP1 protein. This reduction is reflected in reduced brown adipocyte cellular and mitochondrial UCP1-dependent respiration. However, glucocorticoid-induced obesity develops to the same extent in animals housed at 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C, whereas total BAT UCP1 protein levels differ 100-fold between the two groups. In corticosterone-treated wild-type and UCP1 knockout mice housed at 30 degrees C, obesity also develops to the same extent. Thus, our results demonstrate that the development of glucocorticoid-induced obesity is not caused by a decreased UCP1-dependent thermogenic capacity.

  • 18. Manskikh, V. N.
    et al.
    Gancharova, S.
    Nikiforova, I.
    Krasilshchikova, M. S.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Egorov, M. V.
    Karger, E. M.
    Milanovsky, G. E.
    Galkin, I. I.
    Skulachev, V. P.
    Zinovkin, R. A.
    Age-associated murine cardiac lesions are attenuated by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ12015In: Histology and Histopathology, ISSN 0213-3911, E-ISSN 1699-5848, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 353-360Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Age-related changes in mammalian hearts often result in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis that are preceded by inflammatory infiltration. In this paper, we show that lifelong treatment of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 retards senescence-associated myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy), cardiac hypertrophy, and diffuse myocardial fibrosis. To investigate the molecular basis of the action of SkQ1, we have applied DNA microarray analysis. The global gene expression profile in heart tissues was not significantly affected by administration of SkQ1. However, we found some small but statistically significant modifications of the pathways related to cell-to-cell contact, adhesion, and leukocyte infiltration. Probably, SkQ1-induced decrease in leukocyte and mesenchymal cell adhesion and/or infiltration lead to a reduction in age-related inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. The data indicate a causative role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular aging and imply that SkQ1 has potential as a drug against age-related cardiac dysfunction.

  • 19.
    Mattsson, Charlotte L.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Csikasz, Robert I.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Caveolin-1-ablated mice survive cold by nonshivering thermogenesis, despite desensitized adrenergic receptorsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 20.
    Mattsson, Charlotte L
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Csikasz, Robert I
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Shabalina, Irina G
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Caveolin-1-ablated mice survive in cold by nonshivering thermogenesis despite desensitized adrenergic responsiveness2010In: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 0193-1849, E-ISSN 1522-1555, Vol. 299, no 3, p. E374-83Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Caveolin-1 (Cav1)-ablated mice display impaired lipolysis in white adipose tissue. They also seem to have an impairment in brown adipose tissue function, implying that Cav1-ablated mice could encounter problems in surviving longer periods in cold temperatures. To investigate this, Cav1-ablated mice and wild-type mice were transferred to cold temperatures for extended periods of time, and parameters related to metabolism and thermogenesis were investigated. Unexpectedly, the Cav1-ablated mice survived in the cold. There were no differences between Cav1-ablated and wild-type mice with regard to food intake, in behavior related to shivering, or in body temperature. The Cav1-ablated mice had a halved total fat content independently of acclimation temperature. There was no difference in brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) protein amount, and isolated brown fat mitochondria were thermogenically competent but displayed 30% higher thermogenic capacity. However, the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor amount was reduced by about one-third in the Cav1-ablated mice at all acclimation temperatures. Principally in accordance with this, a higher than standard dose of norepinephrine was needed to obtain full norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in the Cav1-ablated mice; the higher dose was also needed for the Cav1-ablated mice to be able to utilize fat as a substrate for thermogenesis. In conclusion, the ablation of Cav1 impairs brown adipose tissue function by a desensitization of the adrenergic response; however, the desensitization is not evident in the animal as it is overcome physiologically, and Cav1-ablated mice can therefore survive in prolonged cold by nonshivering thermogenesis.

  • 21.
    Nabben, Miranda
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Moonen-Kornips, Esther
    van Beurden, Denis
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Schrauwen, Patrick
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Hoeks, Joris
    Uncoupled respiration, ROS production, acute lipotoxicity and oxidative damage in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria from UCP3-ablated mice2011In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1807, no 9, p. 1095-1105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The function of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is still not established. Mitochondrial uncoupling, control of ROS production, protection against lipotoxicity and protection against oxidative stress are functions classically discussed. To establish a role for UCP3 in these functions, we have here used UCP3 (-/-) mice, backcrossed for 10 generations on a C57Bl/6 background. In isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria, we examined uncoupled respiration, both unstimulated and in the presence of fatty acids. We did not observe any difference between mitochondria from wildtype and UCP3 (-/-) mice. We measured H(2)O(2) production rate and respiration rate under reactive oxygen species-generating conditions (succinate without rotenone) but found no effect of UCP3. We tested two models of acute lipotoxicity fatty add-induced oxidative inhibition and fatty acid-induced swelling-but did not observe any protective effect of UCP3. We examined oxidative stress by quantifying 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts and protein carbonyls in the mitochondria-but did not observe any protective effect of UCP3. We conclude that under the experimental conditions tested here, we find no evidence for the function of UCP3 being basal or induced uncoupling, regulation of ROS production, protection against acute lipotoxicity or protection against oxidative damage.

  • 22.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Shabalina, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Mild uncoupling to counteract ROS production: Physiologically relevant or not?2012In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1817, no Suppl., p. S96-S97Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Petrovic, Natasa
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Walden, Tomas B
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Shabalina, Irina G
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Timmons, James A
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Chronic Perixosome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classical brown adipocytes.2010In: Journal of Biological Chemistry, ISSN 0021-9258, E-ISSN 1083-351X, Vol. 285, no 10, p. 7153-7164Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recent insight that brown adipocytes and muscle cells share a common origin and in this respect are distinct from white adipocytes has spurred questions concerning the origin and molecular characteristics of the UCP1-expressing cells observed in classical white adipose tissue depots under certain physiological or pharmacological conditions. Examining precursors from the purest white adipose tissue depot (epididymal), we report here that chronic treatment with the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone promotes not only the expression of PGC-1alpha and mitochondriogenesis in these cells but also a norepinephrine-augmentable UCP1 gene expression in a significant subset of the cells, providing these cells with a genuine thermogenic capacity. However, although functional thermogenic genes are expressed, the cells are devoid of transcripts for the novel transcription factors now associated with classical brown adipocytes (Zic1, Lhx8, Meox2 and characteristically PRDM16) or for myocyte-associated genes (myogenin and myomirs (muscle-specific microRNAs)) and retain white-fat characteristics such as Hoxc9 expression. Co-culture experiments verify that the UCP1-expressing cells are not proliferating classical brown adipocytes (adipomyocytes) and these cells therefore constitute a subset of adipocytes (''brite'' adipocytes) with a developmental origin and molecular characteristics distinguishing them as a separate class of cells.

  • 24. Rupprecht, Anne
    et al.
    Bräuer, Anja U.
    Smorodchenko, Alina
    Goyn, Justus
    Hilse, Karolina E.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Infante-Duarte, Carmen
    Pohl, Elena E.
    Quantification of Uncoupling Protein 2 Reveals Its Main Expression in Immune Cells and Selective Up-Regulation during T-Cell Proliferation2012In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 7, no 8, article id e41406Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Although the protein was discovered in 1997, its function and even its tissue distribution are still under debate. Here we present a quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein expression in various mice tissues, revealing that UCP2 is mainly expressed in organs and cells associated with the immune system. Although the UCP2 gene is present in the brain, as demonstrated using quantitative RT-PCR, the protein was not detectable in neurons under physiological conditions. Instead, we could detect UCP2 in microglia, which act in the immune defense of the central nervous system. In lymphocytes, activation led to a ten-fold increase of UCP2 protein expression simultaneously to the increase in levels of other mitochondrial proteins, whereas lymphocyte re-stimulation resulted in the selective increase of UCP2. The highest detected level of UCP2 expression in stimulated T-cells (0.54 ng/(mg total cellular protein)) was approximately 200 times lower than the level of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue from room temperature acclimated mice. Both the UCP2 expression pattern and the time course of up-regulation in stimulated T-cells imply UCP2's involvement in the immune response, probably by controlling the metabolism during cell proliferation.

  • 25. Sahlin, Kent
    et al.
    Shabalina, Irina G
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Mattsson, C Mikael
    Bakkman, Linda
    Fernström, Maria
    Rozhdestvenskaya, Zinaida
    Enqvist, Jonas K
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Ekblom, Björn
    Tonkonogi, Michail
    Ultraendurance exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species in isolated mitochondria from human skeletal muscle2010In: Journal of applied physiology, ISSN 8750-7587, E-ISSN 1522-1601, Vol. 108, no 4, p. 780-7Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Exercise-induced oxidative stress is important for the muscular adaptation to training but may also cause muscle damage. We hypothesized that prolonged exercise would increase mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured in vitro and that this correlates with oxidative damage. Eight male athletes (24-32 yr) performed ultraendurance exercise (kayaking/running/cycling) with an average work intensity of 55% V(O(2peak)) for 24 h. Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 28 h of recovery. The production of H(2)O(2) was measured fluorometrically in isolated mitochondria with the Amplex red and peroxidase system. Succinate-supported mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production was significantly increased after exercise (73% higher, P = 0.025) but restored to the initial level at recovery. Plasma level of free fatty acids (FFA) increased fourfold and exceeded 1.2 mmol/l during the last 6 h of exercise. Plasma FFA at the end of exercise was significantly correlated to mitochondrial ROS production (r = 0.74, P < 0.05). Mitochondrial content of 4-hydroxy-nonenal-adducts (a marker of oxidative damage) was increased only after recovery and was not correlated with mitochondrial ROS production. Total thiol group level and glutathione peroxidase activity were elevated after recovery. In conclusion, ultraendurance exercise increases ROS production in isolated mitochondria, but this is reversed after 28 h recovery. Mitochondrial ROS production was not correlated with oxidative damage of mitochondrial proteins, which was increased at recovery but not immediately after exercise.

  • 26. Schilperoort, Maaike
    et al.
    van Dam, Andrea D.
    Hoeke, Geerte
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Okolo, Anthony
    Hanyaloglu, Aylin C.
    Dib, Lea H.
    Mol, Isabel M.
    Caengprasath, Natarin
    Chan, Yi-Wah
    Damak, Sami
    Reifel Miller, Anne
    Coskun, Tamer
    Shimpukade, Bharat
    Ulven, Trond
    Kooijman, Sander
    Rensen, Patrick C. N.
    Christian, Mark
    The GPR120 agonist TUG-891 promotes metabolic health by stimulating mitochondrial respiration in brown fat2018In: EMBO Molecular Medicine, ISSN 1757-4676, E-ISSN 1757-4684, Vol. 10, no 3, article id e8047Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation stimulates energy expenditure in human adults, which makes it an attractive target to combat obesity and related disorders. Recent studies demonstrated a role for G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) in BAT thermogenesis. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of GPR120 agonism and addressed GPR120-mediated signaling in BAT. We found that activation of GPR120 by the selective agonist TUG-891 acutely increases fat oxidation and reduces body weight and fat mass in C57Bl/6J mice. These effects coincided with decreased brown adipocyte lipid content and increased nutrient uptake by BAT, confirming increased BAT activity. Consistent with these observations, GPR120 deficiency reduced expression of genes involved in nutrient handling in BAT. Stimulation of brown adipocytes invitro with TUG-891 acutely induced O-2 consumption, through GPR120-dependent and GPR120-independent mechanisms. TUG-891 not only stimulated GPR120 signaling resulting in intracellular calcium release, mitochondrial depolarization, and mitochondrial fission, but also activated UCP1. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of brown adipocytes with the GPR120 agonist TUG-891 is a promising strategy to increase lipid combustion and reduce obesity.

  • 27.
    Shabalina, Irina G
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Hoeks, Joris
    Kramarova, Tatiana V
    Schrauwen, Patrick
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Cold tolerance of UCP1-ablated mice: A skeletal muscle mitochondria switch toward lipid oxidation with marked UCP3 up-regulation not associated with increased basal, fatty acid- or ROS-induced uncoupling or enhanced GDP effects.2010In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, ISSN 0006-3002, E-ISSN 1878-2434, Vol. 1797, no 6-7, p. 968-80Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mice lacking the thermogenic mitochondrial membrane protein UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) - and thus all heat production from brown adipose tissue - can still adapt to a cold environment (4 degrees C) if successively transferred to the cold. The mechanism behind this adaptation has not been clarified. To examine possible adaptive processes in the skeletal muscle, we isolated mitochondria from the hind limb muscles of cold-acclimated wild-type and UCP1(-/-) mice and examined their bioenergetic chracteristics. We observed a switch in metabolism, from carbohydrate towards lipid catabolism, and an increased total mitochondrial complement, with an increased total ATP production capacity. The UCP1(-/-) muscle mitochondria did not display a changed state-4 respiration rate (no uncoupling) and were less sensitive to the uncoupling effect of fatty acids than the wild-type mitochondria. The content of UCP3 was increased 3-4 fold, but despite this, endogenous superoxide could not invoke a higher proton leak, and the small inhibitory effect of GDP was unaltered, indicating that it was not mediated by UCP3. Double mutant mice (UCP1(-/-) plus superoxide dismutase 2-overexpression) were not more cold sensitive than UCP1(-/-), bringing into question an involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in activation of any alternative thermogenic mechanism. We conclude that there is no evidence for an involvement of UCP3 in basal, fatty-acid- or superoxide-stimulated oxygen consumption or in GDP sensitivity. The adaptations observed did not imply any direct alternative process for nonshivering thermogenesis but the adaptations observed would be congruent with adaptation to chronically enhanced muscle activity caused by incessant shivering in these mice.

  • 28.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Kalinovich, Anastasia V.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acids directly activate uncoupling protein 1 in brown-fat mitochondria2016In: Archives of Toxicology, ISSN 0340-5761, E-ISSN 1432-0738, Vol. 90, no 5, p. 1117-1128Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acids perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) can display fatty acid-like activity in biological systems. The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue is physiologically (re)activated by fatty acids, including octanoate. This leads to bioenergetically uncoupled energy dissipation (heat production, thermogenesis). We have examined here the possibility that PFOA/PFOS can directly (re)activate UCP1 in isolated mouse brown-fat mitochondria. In wild-type brown-fat mitochondria, PFOS and PFOA overcame GDP-inhibited thermogenesis, leading to increased oxygen consumption and dissipated membrane potential. The absence of this effect in brown-fat mitochondria from UCP1-ablated mice indicated that it occurred through activation of UCP1. A competitive type of inhibition by increased GDP concentrations indicated interaction with the same mechanistic site as that utilized by fatty acids. No effect was observed in heart mitochondria, i.e., in mitochondria without UCP1. The stimulatory effect of PFOA/PFOS was not secondary to non-specific mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or to ROS production. Thus, metabolic effects of perfluorinated fatty acids could include direct brown adipose tissue (UCP1) activation. The possibility that this may lead to unwarranted extra heat production and thus extra utilization of food resources, leading to decreased fitness in mammalian wildlife, is discussed, as well as possible negative effects in humans. However, a possibility to utilize PFOA-/PFOS-like substances for activating UCP1 therapeutically in obesity-prone humans may also be envisaged.

  • 29.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Kramarova, Tatiana V.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Mattsson, Charlotte L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Qazi, Mousumi Rahman
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
    Csikasz, Robert I.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Chang, Shu-Ching
    Butenhoff, John
    DePierre, Joseph W.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    The Environmental Pollutants Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Perfluorooctanoic Acid Upregulate Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) in Brown-Fat Mitochondria Through a UCP1-Dependent Reduction in Food Intake2015In: Toxicological Sciences, ISSN 1096-6080, E-ISSN 1096-0929, Vol. 146, no 2, p. 334-343Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The environmental pollutants perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) cause a dramatic reduction in the size of the major adipose tissue depots and a general body weight decrease when they are added to the food of mice. We demonstrate here that this is mainly due to a reduction in food intake; this reduction was not due to food aversion. Remarkably and unexpectedly, a large part of the effect of PFOA/PFOS on food intake was dependent on the presence of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the mice. Correspondingly, PFOA/PFOS treatment induced recruitment of brown adipose tissue mitochondria: increased oxidative capacity and increased UCP1-mediated oxygen consumption (thermogenesis). In mice pair-fed to the food intake during PFOA/PFOS treatment in wildtype mice, brown-fat mitochondrial recruitment was also induced. We conclude that we have uncovered the existence of a regulatory component of food intake that is dependent upon brown adipose tissue thermogenic activity. The possible environmental consequences of this novel PFOA/PFOS effect (a possible decreased fitness) are noted, as well as the perspectives of this finding on the general understanding of control of food intake control and its possible extension to combatting obesity.

  • 30.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Landreh, Luise
    Edgar, Daniel
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Hou, Mi
    Gibanova, Natalia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Atanassova, Nina
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Hultenby, Kjell
    Söder, Olle
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Svechnikov, Konstantin
    Leydig cell steroidogenesis unexpectedly escapes mitochondrial dysfunction in prematurely aging mice2015In: The FASEB Journal, ISSN 0892-6638, E-ISSN 1530-6860, Vol. 29, no 8, p. 3274-3286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Point mutations and deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulate in tissues during aging in animals and humans and are the basis for mitochondrial diseases. Testosterone synthesis occurs in the mitochondria of Leydig cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction (as induced here experimentally in mtDNA mutator mice that carry a proofreading-deficient form of mtDNA polymerase gamma, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in all cells types so far studied) would therefore be expected to lead to low testosterone levels. Although mtDNA mutator mice showed a dramatic reduction in testicle weight (only 15% remaining) and similar decreases in number of spermatozoa, testosterone levels in mt DNA mutator mice were unexpectedly fully unchanged. Leydig cell did not escape mitochondrial damage (only 20% of complex I and complex IV remaining) and did show high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (>5-fold increased), and permeabilized cells demonstrated absence of normal mitochondrial function. Nevertheless, within intact cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained high, and testosterone production was maintained. This implies development of a compensatory mechanism. A rescuing mechanism involving electronsfrom the pentose phosphate pathway transferred via a 3-fold up-regulated cytochrome b5 to cytochrome c, allowing for mitochondrial energization, is suggested. Thus, the Leydig cells escape mitochondrial dysfunction via a unique rescue pathway. Such a pathway, bypassing respiratory chain dysfunction, may be of relevance with regard to mitochondrial disease therapy and to managing ageing in general.

  • 31.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute .
    Mitochondrial ('mild') uncoupling and ROS production: physiologically relevant or not?2011In: Biochemical Society Transactions, ISSN 0300-5127, E-ISSN 1470-8752, Vol. 39, p. 1305-1309Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the last decade, the possibility that 'mild' uncoupling could be protective against oxidative damage by diminishing ROS (reactive oxygen species) production has attracted much interest. In the present paper, we briefly examine the evidence for this possibility. It is only ROS production from succinate under reverse electron-flow conditions that is sensitive to membrane potential fluctuations, and so only this type of ROS production could be affected; however, the conditions under which succinate-supported ROS production is observed include succinate concentrations that are supraphysiological. Any decrease in membrane potential, even 'mild uncoupling', must necessarily lead to large increases in respiration, i.e. it must be markedly thermogenic. Mitochondria within cells are normally ATP-producing and thus already have a diminished membrane potential, and treatment of cells, organs or animals with small amounts of artificial uncoupler does not seem to have beneficial effects that are explainable via reduced ROS production. Although it has been suggested that members of the uncoupling protein family (UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3) may mediate a mild uncoupling, present evidence does not unequivocally support such an effect, e.g. the absence of the truly uncoupling protein UCP1 is not associated with increased oxidative damage. Thus present evidence does not support mild uncoupling as a physiologically relevant alleviator of oxidative damage.

  • 32.
    Shabalina, Irina G
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Ost, Mario
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Vrbacky, Marek
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Uncoupling protein-1 is not leaky.2010In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, ISSN 0006-3002, E-ISSN 1878-2434, Vol. 1797, no 6-7, p. 773-84Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The activity of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) is rate-limiting for nonshivering thermogenesis and diet-induced thermogenesis. Characteristically, this activity is inhibited by GDP experimentally and presumably mainly by cytosolic ATP within brown-fat cells. The issue as to whether UCP1 has a residual proton conductance even when fully saturated with GDP/ATP (as has recently been suggested) has not only scientific but also applied interest, since a residual proton conductance would make overexpressed UCP1 weight-reducing even without physiological/pharmacological activation. To examine this question, we have here established optimal conditions for studying the bioenergetics of wild-type and UCP1(-/-) brown-fat mitochondria, analysing UCP1-mediated differences in parallel preparations of brown-fat mitochondria from both genotypes. Comparing different substrates, we find that pyruvate (or palmitoyl-l-carnitine) shows the largest relative coupling by GDP. Comparing albumin concentrations, we find the range 0.1-0.6% optimal; higher concentrations are inhibitory. Comparing basic medium composition, we find 125mM sucrose optimal; an ionic medium (50-100mM KCl) functions for wild-type but is detrimental for UCP1(-/-) mitochondria. Using optimal conditions, we find no evidence for a residual proton conductance (not a higher post-GDP respiration, a lower membrane potential or an altered proton leak at highest common potential) with either pyruvate or glycerol-3-phosphate as substrates, nor by a 3-4-fold alteration of the amount of UCP1. We could demonstrate that certain experimental conditions, due to respiratoty inhibition, could lead to the suggestion that UCP1 possesses a residual proton conductance but find that under optimal conditions our experiments concur with implications from physiological observations that in the presence of inhibitory nucleotides, UCP1 is not leaky.

  • 33.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Petrovic, Natasa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    de Jong, Jasper M. A.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Kalinovich, Anastasia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    UCP1 in Brite/Beige Adipose Tissue Mitochondria Is Functionally Thermogenic2013In: Cell Reports, E-ISSN 2211-1247, Vol. 5, no 5, p. 1196-1203Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The phenomenon of white fat browning, in which certain white adipose tissue depots significantly increase gene expression for the uncoupling protein UCP1 and thus supposedly acquire thermogenic, fat-burning properties, has attracted considerable attention. Because the mRNA increases are from very low initial levels, the metabolic relevance of the change is unclear: is the UCP1 protein thermogenically competent in these brite/beige-fat mitochondria? We found that, in mitochondria isolated from the inguinal white adipose depot of cold-acclimated mice, UCP1 protein levels almost reached those in brown-fat mitochondria. The UCP1 was thermogenically functional, in that these mitochondria exhibited UCP1-dependent thermogenesis with lipid or carbohydrate substrates with canonical guanosine diphosphate (GDP) sensitivity and loss of thermogenesis in UCP1 knockout (KO) mice. Obesogenic mouse strains had a lower thermogenic potential than obesity-resistant strains. The thermogenic density (UCP1-dependent oxygen consumption per g tissue) of inguinal white adipose tissue was maximally one-fifth of interscapular brown adipose tissue, and the total quantitative contribution of all inguinal mitochondria was maximally one-third of all interscapular brown-fat mitochondria, indicating that the classical brown adipose tissue depots would still predominate in thermogenesis.

  • 34.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Vrbacky, Marek
    Pecinova, Alena
    Kalinovich, Anastasia V.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Drahota, Zdenek
    Houstek, Josef
    Mracek, Tomas
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    ROS production in brown adipose tissue mitochondria: The question of UCP1-dependence2014In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1837, no 12, p. 2017-2030Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Whether active UCP1 can reduce ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria is presently not settled. The issue is of principal significance, as it can be seen as a proof- or disproof-of-principle concerning the ability of any protein to diminish ROS production through membrane depolarization. We therefore undertook a comprehensive investigation of the significance of UCP1 for ROS production, by comparing the ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria isolated from wildtype mice (that display membrane depolarization) or from UCP1(-/-) mice (with a high membrane potential). We tested the significance of UCP1 for glycerol-3-phosphate-supported ROS production by three methods (fluorescent dihydroethidium and the ESR probe PHH for superoxide, and fluorescent Amplex Red for hydrogen peroxide), and followed ROS production also with succinate, acyl-CoA or pyruvate as substrate. We studied the effects of the reverse electron flow inhibitor rotenone, the UCP1 activity inhibitor GDP, and the uncoupler FCCP. We also examined the effect of a physiologically induced increase in UCP1 amount. We noted GDP effects that were not UCP1-related. We conclude that only ROS production supported by exogenously added succinate was affected by the presence of active UCP1; ROS production supported by any other tested substrate (including endogenously generated succinate) was unaffected. This conclusion indicates that UCP1 is not involved in control of ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria. Extrapolation of these data to other tissues would imply that membrane depolarization may not necessarily decrease physiologically relevant ROS production.

  • 35.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Vyssokikh, Mikhail Yu.
    Gibanova, Natalia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Csikasz, Robert I.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Edgar, Daniel
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Hallden-Waldemarson, Anne
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Rozhdestvenskaya, Zinaida
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Bakeeva, Lora E.
    Vays, Valeria B.
    Pustovidko, Antonina V.
    Skulachev, Maxim V.
    Cannon, Barbara
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Skulachev, Vladimir P.
    Nedergaard, Jan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Improved health-span and lifespan in mtDNA mutator mice treated with the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant SkQ12017In: Aging, ISSN 1945-4589, E-ISSN 1945-4589, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 315-339Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    MtDNA mutator mice exhibit marked features of premature aging. We find that these mice treated from age of approximate to 100 days with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 showed a delayed appearance of traits of aging such as kyphosis, alopecia, lowering of body temperature, body weight loss, as well as ameliorated heart, kidney and liver pathologies. These effects of SkQ1 are suggested to be related to an alleviation of the effects of an enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in mtDNA mutator mice: the increased mitochondrial ROS released due to mitochondrial mutations probably interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiolipin, releasing malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal that form protein adducts and thus diminishes mitochondrial functions. SkQ1 counteracts this as it scavenges mitochondrial ROS. As the results, the normal mitochondrial ultrastructure is preserved in liver and heart; the phosphorylation capacity of skeletal muscle mitochondria as well as the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue is also improved. The SkQ1-treated mice live significantly longer (335 versus 290 days). These data may be relevant in relation to treatment of mitochondrial diseases particularly and the process of aging in general.

  • 36. Suski, Jan M.
    et al.
    Schoenfeld, Peter
    Bonora, Massimo
    Shabalina, Irina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute.
    Pinton, Paolo
    Wieckowski, Mariusz R.
    Guanosine diphosphate exerts a lower effect on superoxide release from mitochondrial matrix in the brains of uncoupling protein-2 knockout mice: New evidence for a putative novel function of uncoupling proteins as superoxide anion transporters2012In: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC, ISSN 0006-291X, E-ISSN 1090-2104, Vol. 428, no 2, p. 234-238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this report, we show new experimental evidence that, in mouse brain mitochondria, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) can be involved in superoxide (O-2(center dot-)) removal from the mitochondrial matrix. We found that the effect of guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) on the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release from brain mitochondria of UCP2 knockout mice was less Pronounced compared to the wild type animals. This putative novel UCP2 activity, evaluated by the use of UCP2-knockout transgenic animals, along with the known antioxidant defence systems, may provide additional protection from ROS in brain mitochondria.

  • 37.
    Öberg, Anette I.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Yassin, Kamal
    Csikasz, Robert I.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Dehvari, Nodi
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Shabalina, Irina G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Hutchinson, Dana S.
    Wilcke, Mona
    Östenson, Claes-Göran
    Bengtsson, Tore
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Physiology.
    Shikonin Increases Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells and Improves Plasma Glucose Levels in Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats2011In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 6, no 7, p. e22510-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: There is considerable interest in identifying compounds that can improve glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle, due to its large mass, is the principal organ for glucose disposal in the body and we have investigated here if shikonin, a naphthoquinone derived from the Chinese plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: Shikonin increases glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle myotubes, but does not phosphorylate Akt, indicating that in skeletal muscle cells its effect is medaited via a pathway distinct from that used for insulin-stimulated uptake. Furthermore we find no evidence for the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in shikonin induced glucose uptake. Shikonin increases the intracellular levels of calcium in these cells and this increase is necessary for shikonin-mediated glucose uptake. Furthermore, we found that shikonin stimulated the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface in L6 myoblasts. The beneficial effect of shikonin on glucose uptake was investigated in vivo by measuring plasma glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Treatment with shikonin (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) once daily for 4 days significantly decreased plasma glucose levels. In an insulin sensitivity test (s.c. injection of 0.5 U/kg insulin), plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the shikonin-treated rats. In conclusion, shikonin increases glucose uptake in muscle cells via an insulin-independent pathway dependent on calcium. Conclusions/Significance: Shikonin increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells via an insulin-independent pathway dependent on calcium. The beneficial effects of shikonin on glucose metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo, show that the compound possesses properties that make it of considerable interest for developing novel treatment of type 2 diabetes.

1 - 37 of 37
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