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  • 1.
    Ahmed, Moinuddin
    et al.
    Fed Urdu Univ Arts Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Karachi 75300, Pakistan.
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Zorita, Eduardo
    PAGES 2k Consortium,
    Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia2013In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 6, no 5, p. 339-346Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions during the past one to two millennia. The most coherent feature in nearly all of the regional temperature reconstructions is a long-term cooling trend, which ended late in the nineteenth century. At multi-decadal to centennial scales, temperature variability shows distinctly different regional patterns, with more similarity within each hemisphere than between them. There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between ad 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century. The transition to these colder conditions occurred earlier in the Arctic, Europe and Asia than in North America or the Southern Hemisphere regions. Recent warming reversed the long-term cooling; during the period ad 1971–2000, the area-weighted average reconstructed temperature was higher than any other time in nearly 1,400 years.

  • 2. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Arseneault, Dominique
    Boucher, Étienne
    Churakova (Sidorova), Olga V.
    Gennaretti, Fabio
    Crivellaro, Alan
    Hughes, Malcolm K.
    Kirdyanov, Alexander V.
    Kippel, Lara
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. University of Cambridge, UK.
    Linderholm, Hans W.
    C. Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Sweden.
    Ludescher, Josef
    McCormick, Michael
    Myglan, Vladimir S.
    Nicolussi, Kurt
    Piermattei, Alma
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Reinig, Frederick
    Sigl, Michael
    Vaganov, Eugene A.
    Esper, Jan
    Prominent role of volcanism in Common Era climate variability and human history2020In: Dendrochronologia, ISSN 1125-7865, E-ISSN 1612-0051, Vol. 64, article id 125757Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate reconstructions for the Common Era are compromised by the paucity of annually-resolved and absolutely-dated proxy records prior to medieval times. Where reconstructions are based on combinations of different climate archive types (of varying spatiotemporal resolution, dating uncertainty, record length and predictive skill), it is challenging to estimate past amplitude ranges, disentangle the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic forcing, or probe deeper interrelationships between climate variability and human history. Here, we compile and analyse updated versions of all the existing summer temperature sensitive tree-ring width chronologies from the Northern Hemisphere that span the entire Common Era. We apply a novel ensemble approach to reconstruct extra-tropical summer temperatures from 1 to 2010 CE, and calculate uncertainties at continental to hemispheric scales. Peak warming in the 280s, 990s and 1020s, when volcanic forcing was low, was comparable to modern conditions until 2010 CE. The lowest June-August temperature anomaly in 536 not only marks the beginning of the coldest decade, but also defines the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA). While prolonged warmth during Roman and medieval times roughly coincides with the tendency towards societal prosperity across much of the North Atlantic/European sector and East Asia, major episodes of volcanically-forced summer cooling often presaged widespread famines, plague outbreaks and political upheavals. Our study reveals a larger amplitude of spatially synchronized summer temperature variation during the first millennium of the Common Era than previously recognised.

  • 3. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Arseneault, Dominique
    Boucher, Étienne
    Churakova (Sidorova), Olga V.
    Gennaretti, Fabio
    Crivellaro, Alan
    Hughes, Malcolm K.
    Kirdyanov, Alexander V.
    Klippel, Lara
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. University of Cambridge, UK.
    Linderholm, Hans W.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Sweden.
    Ludescher, Josef
    McCormick, Michael
    Myglan, Vladimir S.
    Nicolussi, Kurt
    Piermattei, Alma
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Reinig, Frederick
    Sigl, Michael
    Vaganov, Eugene A.
    Esper, Jan
    Recognising bias in Common Era temperature reconstructions2022In: Dendrochronologia, ISSN 1125-7865, E-ISSN 1612-0051, Vol. 74, article id 125982Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A steep decline in the quality and quantity of available climate proxy records before medieval times challenges any comparison of reconstructed temperature and hydroclimate trends and extremes between the first and second half of the Common Era. Understanding of the physical causes, ecological responses and societal consequences of past climatic changes, however, demands highly-resolved, spatially-explicit, seasonally-defined and absolutely-dated archives over the entire period in question. Continuous efforts to improve existing proxy records and reconstruction methods and to develop new ones, as well as clear communication of all uncertainties (within and beyond academia) must be central tasks for the paleoclimate community.

  • 4. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Esper, Jan
    Luterbacher, Jürg
    Wagner, Sebastian
    Werner, Johannes P.
    Consolidation, finalization and publication of the Euro-Med2k database2016In: Past Global Changes Magazine, ISSN 2411-9180, Vol. 24, no 1, p. 43-43Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 5. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Crivellaro, Alan
    Arseneault, Dominique
    Baillie, Mike
    Barclay, David
    Bernabei, Mauro
    Bontadi, Jarno
    Boswijk, Gretel
    Brown, David
    Christie, Duncan A.
    Churakova, Olga V.
    Cook, Edward R.
    D'Arrigo, Rosanne
    Davi, Nicole
    Esper, Jan
    Fonti, Patrick
    Greaves, Ciara
    Hantemirov, Rashit M.
    Hughes, Malcolm K.
    Kirdyanov, Alexander V.
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI). University of Cambridge, UK.
    Le Quesne, Carlos
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI). Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Sweden.
    McCormick, Michael
    Myglan, Vladimir S.
    Nicolussi, Kurt
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Palmer, Jonathan
    Qin, Chun
    Reinig, Frederick
    Salzer, Matthew
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI). Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography.
    Stoffel, Markus
    Torbenson, Max
    Trnka, Mirek
    Villalba, Ricardo
    Wiesenberg, Nick
    Wiles, Greg
    Yang, Bao
    Piermattei, Alma
    Global wood anatomical perspective on the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA) in the mid-6th century CE2022In: Science Bulletin, ISSN 2095-9273, Vol. 67, no 22, p. 2336-2344Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Linked to major volcanic eruptions around 536 and 540 CE, the onset of the Late Antique Little Ice Age has been described as the coldest period of the past two millennia. The exact timing and spatial extent of this exceptional cold phase are, however, still under debate because of the limited resolution and geographical distribution of the available proxy archives. Here, we use 106 wood anatomical thin sections from 23 forest sites and 20 tree species in both hemispheres to search for cell-level fingerprints of ephemeral summer cooling between 530 and 550 CE. After cross-dating and double-staining, we identified 89 Blue Rings (lack of cell wall lignification), nine Frost Rings (cell deformation and collapse), and 93 Light Rings (reduced cell wall thickening) in the Northern Hemisphere. Our network reveals evidence for the strongest temperature depression between mid-July and early-August 536 CE across North America and Eurasia, whereas more localised cold spells occurred in the summers of 532, 540–43, and 548 CE. The lack of anatomical signatures in the austral trees suggests limited incursion of stratospheric volcanic aerosol into the Southern Hemisphere extra-tropics, that any forcing was mitigated by atmosphere-ocean dynamical responses and/or concentrated outside the growing season, or a combination of factors. Our findings demonstrate the advantage of wood anatomical investigations over traditional dendrochronological measurements, provide a benchmark for Earth system models, support cross-disciplinary studies into the entanglements of climate and history, and question the relevance of global climate averages.

  • 6. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Eggertsson, Ólafur
    Wacker, Lukas
    Sigl, Michael
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Di Cosmo, Nicola
    Plunkett, Gill
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. University of Cambridge, UK.
    Newfield, Timothy P.
    Esper, Jan
    Lane, Christine
    Reinig, Frederick
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Multi-proxy dating of Iceland's major pre-settlement Katla eruption to 822-823 CE2017In: Geology, ISSN 0091-7613, E-ISSN 1943-2682, Vol. 45, no 9, p. 783-786Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Investigations of the impacts of past volcanic eruptions on climate, environment, and society require accurate chronologies. However, eruptions that are not recorded in historical documents can seldom be dated exactly. Here we use annually resolved radiocarbon (C-14) measurements to isolate the 775 CE cosmogenic C-14 peak in a subfossil birch tree that was buried by a glacial outburst flood in southern Iceland. We employ this absolute time marker to date a subglacial eruption of Katla volcano at late 822 CE to early 823 CE. We argue for correlation between the 822-823 CE eruption and a conspicuous sulfur anomaly evident in Greenland ice cores, which follows in the wake of an even larger volcanic signal (ca. 818-820 CE) as yet not attributed to a known eruption. An abrupt summer cooling in 824 CE, evident in tree-ring reconstructions for Fennoscandia and the Northern Hemisphere, suggests a climatic response to the Katla eruption. Written historical sources from Europe and China corroborate our proposed tree ring-radiocarbon-ice core linkage but also point to combined effects of eruptions occurring during this period. Our study describes the oldest precisely dated, high-latitude eruption and reveals the impact of an extended phase of volcanic forcing in the early 9th century. It also provides insight into the existence of prehistoric woodland cover and the nature of volcanism several decades before Iceland's permanent settlement began.

  • 7. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    Verstege, Anne
    Sanguesa-Barreda, Gabriel
    Wagner, Sebastian
    Julio Camarero, J.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Zorita, Eduardo
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Konter, Oliver
    Tegel, Willy
    Gärtner, Holger
    Cherubini, Paolo
    Reinig, Frederick
    Esper, Jan
    New Tree-Ring Evidence from the Pyrenees Reveals Western Mediterranean Climate Variability since Medieval Times2017In: Journal of Climate, ISSN 0894-8755, E-ISSN 1520-0442, Vol. 30, no 14, p. 5295-5318Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Paleoclimatic evidence is necessary to place the current warming and drying of the western Mediterranean basin in a long-term perspective of natural climate variability. Annually resolved and absolutely dated temperature proxies south of the European Alps that extend back into medieval times are, however, mainly limited to measurements of maximum latewood density (MXD) from high-elevation conifers. Here, the authors present the world's best replicated MXD site chronology of 414 living and relict Pinus uncinata trees found >2200 m above mean sea level (MSL) in the Spanish central Pyrenees. This composite record correlates significantly (p <= 0.01) with May-June and August-September mean temperatures over most of the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa (r = 0.72; 1950-2014). Spanning the period 1186-2014 of the Common Era (CE), the new reconstruction reveals overall warmer conditions around 1200 and 1400, and again after around 1850. The coldest reconstructed summer in 1258 (-4.4 degrees C compared to 1961-90) followed the largest known volcanic eruption of the CE. The twentieth century is characterized by pronounced summer cooling in the 1970s, subsequently rising temperatures until 2003, and a slowdown of warming afterward. Little agreement is found with climate model simulations that consistently overestimate recent summer warming and underestimate preindustrial temperature changes. Interannual-multidecadal covariability with regional hydroclimate includes summer pluvials after large volcanic eruptions. This study demonstrates the relevance of updating MXD-based temperature reconstructions, not only back in time but also toward the present, and emphasizes the importance of comparing temperature and hydroclimatic proxies, as well as model simulations for understanding regional climate dynamics.

  • 8. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Luterbacher, Jürg
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Esper, Jan
    Fleitmann, Dominik
    Gagen, Mary
    González-Rouco, Fidel
    Wagner, Sebastian
    Werner, Johannes
    Zorita, Eduardo
    Martínez Peña, Fernando
    Towards a spatiotemporal expansion of temperature and hydroclimatic proxy archives2015In: Past Global Changes Magazine, ISSN 2411-605X, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 34-34Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 9. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Myglan, Vladimir S.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    McCormick, Michael
    Di Cosmo, Nicola
    Sigl, Michael
    Jungclaus, Johann
    Wagner, Sebastian
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Esper, Jan
    Kaplan, Jed O.
    de Vaan, Michiel A. C.
    Luterbacher, Jürg
    Wacker, Lukas
    Tegel, Willy
    Kirdyanov, Alexander V.
    Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD2016In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 231-236Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climatic changes during the first half of the Common Era have been suggested to play a role in societal reorganizations in Europe and Asia. In particular, the sixth century coincides with rising and falling civilizations, pandemics, human migration and political turmoil. Our understanding of the magnitude and spatial extent as well as the possible causes and concurrences of climate change during this period is, however, still limited. Here we use tree-ring chronologies from the Russian Altai and European Alps to reconstruct summer temperatures over the past two millennia. We find an unprecedented, long-lasting and spatially synchronized cooling following a cluster of large volcanic eruptions in 536, 540 and 547 AD, which was probably sustained by ocean and sea-ice feedbacks, as well as a solar minimum. We thus identify the interval from 536 to about 660 AD as the Late Antique Little Ice Age. Spanning most of the Northern Hemisphere, we suggest that this cold phase be considered as an additional environmental factor contributing to the establishment of the Justinian plague, transformation of the eastern Roman Empire and collapse of the Sasanian Empire, movements out of the Asian steppe and Arabian Peninsula, spread of Slavic-speaking peoples and political upheavals in China.

  • 10. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Myglan, Vladimir S.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    McCormick, Michael
    Di Cosmo, Nicola
    Sigl, Michael
    Jungclaus, Johann
    Wagner, Sebastian
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Esper, Jan
    Kaplan, Jed O.
    de Vaan, Michiel A. C.
    Luterbacher, Jürg
    Wacker, Lukas
    Tegel, Willy
    Solomina, Olga N.
    Nicolussi, Kurt
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Reinig, Frederick
    Kirdyanov, Alexander V.
    Reply to 'Limited Late Antique cooling'2017In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 10, no 4, p. 243-243Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 11. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Trnka, Miroslav
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. Navarino Environmental Observatory, Greece.
    Kyncl, Tomáš
    Kyncl, Josef
    Luterbacher, Jürg
    Zorita, Eduardo
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Auer, Ingeborg
    Konter, Oliver
    Schneider, Lea
    Tegel, Willy
    Štěpánek, Petr
    Brönnimann, Stefan
    Hellmann, Lena
    Nievergelt, Daniel
    Esper, Jan
    Tree-Ring Amplification of the Early Nineteenth-Century Summer Cooling in Central Europe2015In: Journal of Climate, ISSN 0894-8755, E-ISSN 1520-0442, Vol. 28, no 13, p. 5272-5288Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Annually resolved and absolutely dated tree-ring chronologies are the most important proxy archives to reconstruct climate variability over centuries to millennia. However, the suitability of tree-ring chronologies to reflect the “true” spectral properties of past changes in temperature and hydroclimate has recently been debated. At issue is the accurate quantification of temperature differences between early nineteenth-century cooling and recent warming. In this regard, central Europe (CEU) offers the unique opportunity to compare evidence from instrumental measurements, paleomodel simulations, and proxy reconstructions covering both the exceptionally hot summer of 2003 and the year without summer in 1816. This study uses 565 Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) ring width samples from high-elevation sites in the Slovakian Tatra Mountains and Austrian Alps to reconstruct CEU summer temperatures over the past three centuries. This new temperature history is compared to different sets of instrumental measurements and state-of-the-art climate model simulations. All records independently reveal the coolest conditions in the 1810s and warmest after 1996, but the ring width–based reconstruction overestimates the intensity and duration of the early nineteenth-century summer cooling by approximately 1.5°C at decadal scales. This proxy-specific deviation is most likely triggered by inflated biological memory in response to reduced warm season temperature, together with changes in radiation and precipitation following the Tambora eruption in April 1815. While suggesting there exists a specific limitation in ring width chronologies to capture abrupt climate perturbations with increased climate system inertia, the results underline the importance of alternative dendrochronological and wood anatomical parameters, including stable isotopes and maximum density, to assess the frequency and severity of climatic extremes.

  • 12. Büntgen, Ulf
    et al.
    Wacker, Lukas
    Galvan, J. Diego
    Arnold, Stephanie
    Arseneault, Dominique
    Baillie, Michael
    Beer, Jurg
    Bernabei, Mauro
    Bleicher, Niels
    Boswijk, Gretel
    Brauning, Achim
    Carrer, Marco
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. University of Cambridge, UK.
    Cherubini, Paolo
    Christl, Marcus
    Christie, Duncan A.
    Clark, Peter W.
    Cook, Edward R.
    D'Arrigo, Rosanne
    Davi, Nicole
    Eggertsson, Olafur
    Esper, Jan
    Fowler, Anthony M.
    Gedalof, Ze'ev
    Gennaretti, Fabio
    Griessinger, Jussi
    Grissino-Mayer, Henri
    Grudd, Hakan
    Gunnarson, Björn E.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography.
    Hantemirov, Rashit
    Herzig, Franz
    Hessl, Amy
    Heussner, Karl-Uwe
    Jull, A. J. Timothy
    Kukarskih, Vladimir
    Kirdyanov, Alexander
    Kolar, Tomas
    Krusic, Paul J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. University of Cambridge, UK; Navarino Environmental Observatory, Greece.
    Kyncl, Tomas
    Lara, Antonio
    LeQuesne, Carlos
    Linderholm, Hans W.
    Loader, Neil J.
    Luckman, Brian
    Miyake, Fusa
    Myglan, Vladimir S.
    Nicolussi, Kurt
    Oppenheimer, Clive
    Palmer, Jonathan
    Panyushkina, Irina
    Pederson, Neil
    Rybnicek, Michal
    Schweingruber, Fritz H.
    Seim, Andrea
    Sigl, Michael
    Churakova (Sidorova), Olga
    Speer, James H.
    Synal, Hans-Arno
    Tegel, Willy
    Treydte, Kerstin
    Villalba, Ricardo
    Wiles, Greg
    Wilson, Rob
    Winship, Lawrence J.
    Wunder, Jan
    Yang, Bao
    Young, Giles H. F.
    Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE2018In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 9, article id 3605Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric radiocarbon enrichment events of cosmogenic origin leave spatiotemporally consistent fingerprints. Here we measure the C-14 content in 484 individual tree rings formed in the periods 770-780 and 990-1000 CE. Distinct C-14 excursions starting in the boreal summer of 774 and the boreal spring of 993 ensure the precise dating of 44 tree-ring records from five continents. We also identify a meridional decline of 11-year mean atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations across both hemispheres. Corroborated by historical eye-witness accounts of red auroras, our results suggest a global exposure to strong solar proton radiation. To improve understanding of the return frequency and intensity of past cosmic events, which is particularly important for assessing the potential threat of space weather on our society, further annually resolved C-14 measurements are needed.

  • 13.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    1600-talet – det kallaste århundradet2011In: Sveriges historia : 1600–1721 / [ed] Nils Erik Villstrand, Stockholm: Norstedts , 2011, p. 441-445Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 14.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia2010In: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography, ISSN 0435-3676, E-ISSN 1468-0459, Vol. 92A, no 3, p. 339-351Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new temperature reconstruction with decadal resolution, covering the last two millennia, is presented for the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere (90–30°N), utilizing many palaeotemperature proxy records never previously included in any large-scale temperature reconstruction. The amplitude of the reconstructed temperature variability on centennial time-scales exceeds 0.6°C. This reconstruction is the first to show a distinct Roman Warm Period c. AD 1–300, reaching up to the 1961–1990 mean temperature level, followed by the Dark Age Cold Period c. AD 300–800. The Medieval Warm Period is seen c. AD 800–1300 and the Little Ice Age is clearly visible c. AD 1300–1900, followed by a rapid temperature increase in the twentieth century. The highest average temperatures in the reconstruction are encountered in the mid to late tenth century and the lowest in the late seventeenth century. Decadal mean temperatures seem to have reached or exceeded the 1961–1990 mean temperature level during substantial parts of the Roman Warm Period and the Medieval Warm Period. The temperature of the last two decades, however, is possibly higher than during any previous time in the past two millennia, although this is only seen in the instrumental temperature data and not in the multi-proxy reconstruction itself. Our temperature reconstruction agrees well with the reconstructions by Moberg et al. (2005) and Mann et al. (2008) with regard to the amplitude of the variability as well as the timing of warm and cold periods, except for the period c. AD 300–800, despite significant differences in both data coverage and methodology.

  • 15.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    A regional approach to the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age2010In: Climate Change and Variability / [ed] Suzanne W. Simard & Mary E. Austin, Rijeka: Sciyo , 2010, p. 1-25Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 16.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Arngrímur Jónsson och hans verk2003In: Scripta Islandica, ISSN 0582-3234, Vol. 54, p. 57-74Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Bannlyst kung av Guds nåde: Maktlegitimering och kungaideologi i Sverris saga2008In: Collegium Medievale: Tverrfaglig tidsskrift for middelalderforskning, ISSN 0801-9282, Vol. 21, p. 3-66Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    A Divine King Excommunicated: Legitimisation of Power and Ideology of Kingship in Sverris Saga

    This article investigates how Sverrir Sigurðarson, ruler of Norway between 1177 and 1202, is ideologically legitimised as king in the biography Sverris saga. In previous research, the perception that Sverrir is portrayed as a Christian rex iustus has competed with the perception that Sverrir is depicted as a traditional Old Norse warrior king, who gains his legitimacy through his military successes. This article demonstrates that the rex iustus idea is central in the saga when it comes to legitimising Sverrir, and that his seizure of power is also placed in the salvation-historical worldview of the time. Fully in accordance with the way contemporary continental European kings legitimised their claims to power, Sverrir’s royal power is justified in the saga through a combination of the notion that God has chosen Sverrir as king and the notion of a line of succession to the throne through paternal blood ties. The article also demonstrates that the saga, like the polemic pamphlet A Speech against the Bishops (Ett tal mot biskoparna), propagates against the perception that the Church is above the royal power and dismisses the Church’s excommunication of Sverrir as unjust and invalid.

  • 18.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Corona: ett historiskt perspektiv på vår tids pandemi2020Book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Under historien har allvarliga epidemier och pandemier varit ett återkommande gissel för mänskligheten. Men när ett nytt coronavirus fick spridning i hela världen i början av 2020 hade det gått över femtio år sedan den senaste all-varliga pandemin, och reaktionen blev närmast panikartad. Katastrofscenarier baserade på fragmentariska data fick många att befara att tiotals miljoner människor skulle dö av viruset. Samhällen stängdes ned, undantagslagar som annars är reserverade för krig togs i bruk. Men viruset fortsatte att sprida sig som en löpeld.

    Snart blev det allt tydligare att covid-19 är en betydligt mindre dödlig sjukdom än vad många hade befarat, och att viruset redan var så spritt att det blivit omöjligt att stoppa. I oktober 2020 uppskattade Världshälsoorganisationen att 800 miljoner människor i världen blivit smittade, tjugo gånger fler än antalet bekräftade fall, samtidigt som bara två av tusen smittade verkar avlida i sjukdomen globalt. I ljuset av hur tidigare pandemier upphört kommer spridningen av coronaviruset att ebba ut först efter två till tre år, när runt en tredjedel av världens befolkning blivit smittad och immun.

    Historikern och klimatforskaren Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist sätter här in coronapandemin i ett historiskt per­spektiv och jämför den med tidigare pandemier, från antiken till modern tid. En utförlig genomgång görs av pandemins förlopp, den vetenskapliga oenigheten om hur farligt viruset är, diskussionen om flockimmunitet och vaccin samt de olika åtgärderna för att hejda smittspridningen.

  • 19.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Den långa medeltiden: Den nordiska ländernas historia från folkvandringstid till reformation2015Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Medeltidshistorikern Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist bjuder på en lättläst exposé över den politiska, ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella utvecklingen i Norden under tusen år med utgångspunkt i de senaste rönen från arkeologisk och historisk forskning. Den långa medeltiden är en introduktion till Nordens historia från folkvandringstiden på 500-talet fram till reformationen på 1500-talet. Till skillnad från tidigare översiktsverk behandlas här hela Norden, och inte bara ett enskilt nordiskt land, och den traditionella uppdelningen mellan medeltid och forntid överges.

    Ett av kapitlen skildrar den politiska utvecklingen, men i övrigt står de sociala förhållandena i centrum i denna översikt. Hur bodde man och vad åt man? Vilka möjligheter fanns det att resa och hur utvecklades skeppsbyggnadskonsten? När skedde klimatförändringar och hur påverkade de människor? Vilka redskap användes i jordbruket, för hantverk och för att bygga hus och skepp? I vilken grad levde människor av självförsörjning och hur utvecklad var handeln? Hur såg lag och rätt ut?

    I boken behandlas allt från framväxten av nordiska kungariken och städer till jordbrukets och konsthantverkets utveckling och människors hälsa under forna tider. Vi får bekanta oss med livet för såväl kungar som trälar och följa med genom sociala omvälvningar som kristnandet, digerdöden och ståndssamhällets framväxt. Geografiskt rör vi oss från den karga nordnorska kusten i norr till den bördiga danska myllan i söder, med avstickare till Island och Grönland och med vikingafärder i öster- och västerled.

  • 20.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Den medeltida värmeperioden i Skandinavien2009In: Sveriges historia 2: 600–1350 / [ed] Dick Harrison, Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2009, p. 147-148Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 21.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Det kaotiska klimatet under senmedeltiden och Vasatiden2010In: Sveriges historia: 1350–1600 / [ed] Dick Harrison och Bo Eriksson, Stockholm: Norstedts , 2010, p. 83-86Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 22.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Digerdöden – inte så dödlig som det sägs2022In: Svenska dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, p. 50-51Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Pesten påstås ofta ha tagit livet av halva Europas befolkning. Men ny forskning som har spårat förändringar i kulturlandskapet genom att studera borrkärnor med pollen från sjöar och våtmarker ger en helt annan bild.

  • 23.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Dyr mat är en historisk grund för social oro2022In: Svenska dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, p. 22-22Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 24.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Därför har elden tagit fart i skogarna2021In: Svenska dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 25.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    En bondekultur på marginalen i en tid av klimatförändringar2013In: Iluliaq: föreningen Sverige-Grönlands medlemsblad, no 2, p. 10-13Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 26.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    En lön och en egen härd: Rapport om doktoranders ekonomiska situation och etablering på bostads- och bolånemarknaden2008Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 27.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Female Shame, Male Honor: The Chastity Code in Juan Luis Vives’ De institutione feminae Christianae2012In: Journal of Family History, ISSN 0363-1990, E-ISSN 1552-5473, Vol. 37, no 2, p. 139-154Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the light of some key concepts from the chastity codes described by anthropological research for honor societies in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East, this article examines the chastity code for women that the Spanish Renaissance humanist Juan Luis Vives (1492/3–1540) advocated in his work De institutione feminae Christianae (1524/1538). Aspects, such as gender order, restrictions on women’s physical freedom of movement, regulations and instructions regarding women’s clothing, and various rules for women’s outward conduct, are studied. It can be established that Vives advocated a very traditional, patriarchal view of women, exhorting very strict gender segregation and female seclusion. He prescribed very tight restrictions on women’s freedom, with a view to controlling female sexuality, an aspect of Vives that previous research has not paid full attention to.

  • 28.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Forntidens klimat en nyckel2018In: Sveriges natur: Svenska naturskyddsföreningens tidskrift, ISSN 0039-6974, Vol. 4Article, review/survey (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 29.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Fred är bästa vapnet mot hunger2022In: Kvartal, ISSN 2002-6269Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 30.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Friheten en förutsättning för framtida forskning2006In: Ny TeknikArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 31.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Från is till värme2009In: Sveriges historia: 13 000 f.Kr–600 e.Kr. / [ed] Stig Welinder, Stockholm: Norstedts , 2009, p. 213-220Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 32.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Geografiska perspektiv ger nya rön om pandemin2022In: Svenska dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, p. 18-19Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    I studier av hur covid-19 kom att spridas har de geografiska analyserna inte sällan varit häpnads­väckande grovhuggna. Med mer finkalibrerade metoder kan man få syn på viktiga mönster i smittspridningen.

  • 33.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Global nedkylning: klimatet och människan under 10 000 år2009Book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Klimatet har förändrats både regionalt och globalt sedan senaste istiden tog slut, ofta med dramatiska konsekvenser för naturen och människan. Fastän det talas så mycket om klimatförändringar idag är det få som vet särskilt mycket om hur klimatet har varierat förr.

    Det är först under de senaste åren som forskningen börjat kunna beskriva vad som faktiskt hänt med klimatet under olika tider, på olika platser. Historikern Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist har tagit ett samlat grepp på den senaste forskningen och resultatet är en resa i vått och torrt, i hetta och kyla, jorden runt under 10 000 år. Vi får stifta bekantskap med många olika folk och kulturer – babylonier, romare, mayaindianer och vikingar – som alla under historiens gång varit utsatta för klimatförändringar.

  • 34.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Hedniskt motstånd i Svealand under sent 1000-tal2018In: Historisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, E-ISSN 2002-4827, Vol. 138, no 2, p. 197-226Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna artikel studeras beläggen, och sannolikheten, för existensen av en hednisk revolt i Svealand vid slutet av 1000-talet. En sådan, ledd av upprorskungen BlotSven, är skildrad i högmedeltida svenska och isländska källor, men dess historicitet har ifrågasatts under senare år. I artikeln studeras såväl samtida och senare skriftliga källor som den arkeologiska evidensen till religionsförhållandena i Svealand runt år 1100. Samtliga källtyper stödjer uppfattningen att det fortfarande existerade ett motstånd mot kristendomen. En jämförelse av den högmedeltida traditionen om Blot-Svens revolt med de bättre dokumenterade, ungefär samtida, hedniska revolterna i andra nykristnade områden i Europa visar vidare att den följer samma mönster och därmed framstår som mer trovärdig.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 35.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Hirdmännen hade många uppgifter2007In: Populär Historia, no 10, p. 62-Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 36.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Historien om vår jord berättas av våra hav2018In: Svenska dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, Vol. 29 mars, p. 32-32Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 37.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Hon försvarade Stockholm mot danske kungen2012In: Populär Historia, ISSN 1102-0822, no 4, p. 55-55Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 38.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Human and societal dimensions of past climate change2017In: Issues and Concepts in Historical Ecology: The Past and Future of Landscapes and Regions / [ed] Carole L. Crumley, Tommy Lennartsson, Anna Westin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 41-83Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Hydroclimate and Temperature Co-variability: Past, Present and Future2015In: Evaluation of drought and drought impacts through interdisciplinary methods / [ed] Miroslav Trnka, Michael Hayes, Brno: Global Change Research Centre AS CR v.v.i. , 2015, p. 6-10Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Jakten på kung Magnus2013In: Populär Historia, ISSN 1102-0822, no 11, p. 30-35Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 41.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Klimat, missväxt och extremt väder 1830–19202012In: Sveriges historia : 1830–1920 / [ed] Bo Stråth, Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2012, p. 289-292Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 42.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Klimat och väder i Sverige 1721–18302011In: Sveriges historia 1721–1830 / [ed] Elisabeth Mansén, Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2011, p. 124-126Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 43.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Klimatet i backspegeln2016In: Gaudeamus, ISSN 0016-5247, no 3, p. 12-13Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 44.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Klimatet och människan under 12 000 år2017Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I boken presenteras för första gången på svenska resultaten från den senaste klimathistoriska forskningen för en bred publik. I en välblandad mix av historia och klimatvetenskap får läsaren följa med på en medryckande resa genom världshistorien då kraftiga och plötsliga klimatförändringar emellanåt dramatiskt förändrat livsvillkoren för miljoner människor.

    För 6 000 år sedan var till exempel Sahara en frodig savann i stället för världens största öken, samtidigt som klimatet var varmt nog i Sverige för sköldpaddor och vilda vindruvor.  Senare under historien har stora variationer i monsunregnen i Asien gett upphov till antingen välstånd eller hungersnöd för miljontals människor.

    För tusen år sedan kollapsade indianska civilisationer av torka, samtidigt som ett varmare klimat tillät nordbor att kolonisera södra Grönland. Den så kallade lilla istiden, som kulminerade på 1600-talet, orsakade försörjningskriser i Europa och Kina och på många andra håll i världen.

    Författaren ger oss åtskilliga spännande och lärorika exempel på hur klimatförändringar under historien påverkat utvecklingen i olika delar av världen och hur människor hanterat eller inte hanterat konsekvenserna av klimatförändringar. Det är insikter som är mycket relevanta i vår tid.

  • 45.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Klimatets variationer i Europa de senaste tusen åren2009In: Historisk tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, Vol. 129, no 1, p. 152-158Article, review/survey (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 46.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Centre for Medieval Studies.
    Klimatkris på medeltiden2009In: Populär Historia, ISSN 1102-0822, no 12, p. 48-52Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 47.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Klimatvariationer, missväxt och svält i det tidigmoderna Sverige2021In: Historielärarnas förenings årsskrift, ISSN 0439-2434, p. 88-101Article, review/survey (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 48.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Kristen kungaideologi i Sverris saga2006In: Scripta Islandica, ISSN 0582-3234, Vol. 57, p. 79-95Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 49.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Kungaideologin i Sverris saga2006In: The fantastic in Old Norse/Icelandic literature. Sagas and the British Isles: Preprint Papers of The 13th International Saga Conference. Durham and York, 6th–12th August, 2006 II, 2006, p. 583-592Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I det traditionella norröna samhället var en god kung detsamma som en framgångsrik kung. Det var framgången som legitimerade rätten till tronen. När kungamakten institutionaliserades förändrades kraven som ställdes på kungen. En religiös legitimitet för maktutövningen blev nödvändig, representerad i den rex iustus-doktrin som gjorde sitt intåg genom integrationen med det kristna Europa.

    Sverrir Sigurðarson († 1202) gjorde anspråk på den norska kronan under vad som måste betecknas som övergångsskedet mellan den gamla och nya kungaideologin. Den nästan samtida biografin över honom, Sverris saga, ger ett unikt porträtt av ett medeltida härskarliv, som möjliggör en analys av den ideologi som hans maktanspråk legitimeras genom. Sverre Bagge har i sin tongivande forskning menat att sagan legitimerar Sverrir genom hans framgångar på slagfältet. Med andra ord menar Bagge att sagan präglas av främst traditionell norrön kungaideologi. I mitt paper kommer jag att diskutera den uppfattningen med utgångspunkt från att forskare som Aron J. Gurevich, Ludvig Holm-Olsen, Halvdan Koht och Gerhard Loescher inte har delat Bagges uppfattning, utan istället framhållit den religiösa retorikens betydelse för legitimitetsskapandet.

    Ideologin i Sverris saga uttalas sällan direkt, utan måste istället sökas såväl i dialoger, tal och drömmar som i beskrivningen av kungen och hans handlande. Jag syftar i mitt paper till att utreda och åtskilja vilka element i Sverris saga som bör kopplas till ett traditionellt norrönt kungaideal, respektive vilka som bör kopplas till rex iustus-doktrinen. På det viset vill jag kunna nå ett steg längre än i tidigare forskning när det gäller att fastslå i vilken utsträckning de bägge kungaideologierna finns företrädda i sagan. En sak som jag vill lägga särskild vikt vid är om sätten, som Sverrirs rätt till tronen legitimeras på i sagan, förändras sedan han har blivit bannlyst av påven.

  • 50.
    Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of History.
    Kungamakten och lagen: En jämförelse mellan Danmark, Norge och Sverige under högmedeltiden2014Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The dissertation is a comparative study of the expansion of law-regulated royal power in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden c. 1150–1350. The aim is to examine how the king’s judicial and military authority and functions, and their effect on the power position of the regional legal assembly and the church, is expressed and how it changed over time in the extant law material. The starting point is the pan-European consolidation of royal power in the High Middle Ages, and the dissertation considers international research on the medieval state formation process and its driving forces. The processual concepts of centralization, institutionalization, hierarchization, and territorialization occupy a central place in the analysis.

    Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish laws all reflect a significant increase in royal power. A growing number of societal functions were vested in the increasingly institutionalized kingship, and there was a growth in its power resources. At the same time, it is possible to identify crucial inter-Scandinavian differences. A main finding is that the law-regulated royal power, in most respects, was strongest in Norway and weakest in Sweden. Another important conclusion is that executive royal power first emerged after the judicial and also legislative power had already to a large extent come under royal control.

    It is demonstrated that Scandinavian kingship in the High Middle Ages was characterized by increasingly centralized and institutionalized territorially based power, with a greater monopoly on the use of legitimate force, and thereby strengthened the ongoing state formation process. The expansion of law-regulated royal power primarily concerned the judicial sphere and only secondarily the military and fiscal spheres. That state formation was driven by judicial development rather than militarization is also shown by the fact that Norway, despite having the least professionalized and resource-demanding armed forces, was the Scandinavian country with the most centralized and institutionalized royal power.

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