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  • 1.
    Damirjian, Alice
    Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, Filosofiska institutionen.
    Rethinking Slurs: A Case Against Neutral Counterparts and the Introduction of Referential Flexibility2021Inngår i: Organon F, ISSN 1335-0668, Vol. 28, nr 3, s. 650-671Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Slurs are pejorative expressions that derogate individuals or groups on the basis of their gender, race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation and so forth. In the constantly growing literature on slurs, it has become customary to appeal to so-called “neutral counterparts” for explaining the extension and truth-conditional content of slurring terms. More precisely, it is commonly assumed that every slur shares its extension and literal content with a non-evaluative counterpart term. I think this assumption is unwarranted and, in this paper, I shall present two arguments against it. (i) A careful comparison of slurs with complex or thick group-referencing pejoratives lack- ing neutral counterparts shows that these are in fact very hard to distinguish. (ii) Slurs lack the referential stability of their alleged neutral counterparts, which suggests that they are not coreferential. Developing (ii) will involve introducing a new concept which I regard as essential for understanding how slurs behave in natural language: referential flexibility. I shall support my claims by looking at historical and current ways in which slurs and other pejorative terms are used, and I shall argue that both etymological data and new empirical data support the conclusion that the assumption of neutral counterparts not only is unwarranted but obscures our understanding of what slurs are, and what speakers do with them. 

  • 2.
    Glüer, Kathrin
    et al.
    Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, Filosofiska institutionen.
    Wikforss, Åsa
    Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, Filosofiska institutionen.
    Meaning Normativism: Against the Simple Argument2015Inngår i: Organon F, ISSN 1335-0668, Vol. 22, s. 63-73Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper examines a central argument in support of the thesis that meaning is essentially normative. The argument tries to derive meaning normativism from the fact that meaningful expressions necessarily have conditions of correct application: Since correctness is a normative notion, it is argued, statements of correctness conditions for an expression have direct normative consequences for the use of that expression. We have labeled this the 'simple argument', and have argued that it fails. In this paper we elaborate on our objections to the argument in response to Daniel Whiting's recent attempt to rescue it. We argue, first, that statements of correctness conditions simply allow us to categorize the applications of an expression into two basic kinds (for instance, the true and the false) without this having any normative implications; and, second, that the normativist has not provided any reasons to think that some further, normative notion of semantic correctness is essential to meaning.

  • 3.
    Pagin, Peter
    Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, Filosofiska institutionen.
    Intending to be misinterpreted2015Inngår i: Organon F, ISSN 1335-0668, Vol. 22, s. 5-18Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In his paper 'Two Notions of Utterance Meaning', Petr Kot'atko criticises Davidson's conception of the relation between meaning and intention. He ascribes the following view (D) to Davidson: If S makes an utterance in order to perform a certain speech act, he intends and expects that act to be assigned to the utterance in A's interpretation. Kot'atko's objection to (D) is that a speaker can intend to be misinterpreted. The present paper discusses this objection. It is argued that Kot'atko's main example of such an intention fails. It is also argued that although there can be cases that would be adequately described as examples of intending to be misinterpreted, they are not of the kind needed for an objection against (D).

  • 4.
    Rönnedal, Daniel
    Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, Filosofiska institutionen.
    Boulesic Logic, Deontic Logic and the Structure of a Perfectly Rational Will2020Inngår i: Organon F, ISSN 1335-0668, Vol. 27, nr 2, s. 187-262Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, I will discuss boulesic and deontic logic and the relationship between these branches of logic. By 'boulesic logic,' or 'the logic of the will,' I mean a new kind of logic that deals with `boulesic' concepts, expressions, sentences, arguments and systems. I will concentrate on two types of boulesic expression: 'individual x wants it to be the case that' and 'individual x accepts that it is the case that.' These expressions will be symbolised by two sentential operators that take individuals and sentences as arguments and give sentences as values. Deontic logic is a relatively well-established branch of logic. It deals with normative concepts, sentences, arguments and systems. In this paper, I will show how deontic logic can be grounded in boulesic logic. I will develop a set of semantic tableau systems that include boulesic and alethic operators, possibilist quantifiers and the identity predicate; I will then show how these systems can be augmented by a set of deontic operators. I use a kind of possible world semantics to explain the intended meaning of our formal systems. Intuitively, we can think of our semantics as a description of the structure of a perfectly rational will. I mention some interesting theorems that can be proved in our systems, including some versions of the so-called hypothetical imperative. Finally, I show that all systems that are described in this paper are sound and complete with respect to their semantics.

  • 5.
    Rönnedal, Daniel
    Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, Filosofiska institutionen.
    Semantic Tableau Versions of Some Normal Modal Systems with Propositional Quantifiers2019Inngår i: Organon F, ISSN 1335-0668, Vol. 26, nr 3, s. 505-536Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In Symbolic Logic (1932), C. I. Lewis developed five modal systems S1 - S5. S4 and S5 arc so-called normal modal systems. Since Lewis and La.ngford's pioneering work many other systems of this kind have been investigated, among them the 32 systems that can be generated by the five axioms T, D, B, 4 and 5. Lewis also discusses how his systems can be augmented by propositional quantifiers and how these augmented logics allow us to express some interesting ideas that cannot be expressed in the corresponding quantifier-free logics. In this paper, I will develop 64 normal modal semantic tableau systems that can be extended by propositional quantifiers yielding 64 extended systems. All in all, we will investigate 128 different systems. I will show how these systems can be used to prove some interesting theorems and I will discuss Lewis's so-called existence postulate and some of its consequences. Finally, I will prove that all normal modal systems are sound and complete and that all systems (including the extended systems) are sound with respect to their semantics. It is left as an open question whether or not the extended systems are complete.

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