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  • 101.
    Bermejo-López, Aitor
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Direct N-alkylation of unprotected amino sugars by alcohols. Application to the synthesis of sugar-based surfactantsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Herein, we report a direct N-alkylation of unprotected aminosugars with a wide variety of alcohols as alkylating agents. Excellent selectivity towards monoalkylation is achieved in most of the cases with the amino group present at different positions along the carbohydrate ring. Access to methylated products using methanol is also reported in this work. The applicability of the method is further demonstrated by the synthesis of a variety of carbohydrate-based surfactants.

  • 102.
    Bermejo-López, Aitor
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Selective and Quantitative Functionalization of Unprotected a-Amino Acids Using a Recyclable Homogeneous CatalystManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A new Ir(III)-NHC catalyst is reported that shows remarkable activity in the N-alkylation of unprotected amino acids. The catalytic system gives excellent selectivity towards monoalkylated a-amino acids, and a high degree of retention of stereochemistry. A wide range of unprotected nonnatural amino acids have been prepared. These compounds represent an array of building blocks that could be used for the direct synthesis of peptidomimetics. The synthesis of aminoacid-based surfactants is also reported. This catalytic method gives the amino acid products in quantitative yield, so tedious purifications by derivatization are therefore avoided. Furthermore, although the catalyst is a homogeneous metal complex, it can be recycled and reused for several runs. This also contributes to the efficiency and sustainability of the method.

  • 103. Bermejo-López, Aitor
    et al.
    Tortajada, Pedro J.
    Carrasco, Sergio
    Kopf, Kenji
    Sanz-Marco, Amparo
    Hvid, Mathias S.
    Martín-Matute, Belen
    Selective Synthesis of Imines via Photooxidative AmineCross-Condensation Catalyzed by PCN-222(Pd)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Palladium metallated PCN-222 enables the selective cross-condensation of anilines with benzylic aminesunder photooxidative conditions and at ambient temperature. The method affords a series of linear and cyclic Schiffbases. The mild conditions used in this catalytic system results in the isolation of resourceful intermediates such as 2-(benzylideneamino)aniline and 2-(benzylideneamino)phenols, which can be further modified.

  • 104.
    Bernlind, Christian
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of LPS epitopes containing Kdo, L-, and D-Glycero-D-manno-heptose to be used in potential conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus species1998Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 105.
    Berthold, Malin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology.
    Galanin: ligand - receptor interactions1997Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 106. Bhowmick, Asmit
    et al.
    Simon, Philipp S.
    Bogacz, Isabel
    Hussein, Rana
    Zhang, Miao
    Makita, Hiroki
    Ibrahim, Mohamed
    Chatterjee, Ruchira
    Doyle, Margaret D.
    Cheah, Mun Hon
    Chernev, Petko
    Fuller, Franklin D.
    Fransson, Thomas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics.
    Alonso-Mori, Roberto
    Brewster, Aaron S.
    Sauter, Nicolas K.
    Bergmann, Uwe
    Dobbek, Holger
    Zouni, Athina
    Messinger, Johannes
    Kern, Jan
    Yachandra, Vittal K.
    Yano, Junko
    Going around the Kok cycle of the water oxidation reaction with femtosecond X-ray crystallography2023In: IUCrJ, E-ISSN 2052-2525, Vol. 10, p. 642-655Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The water oxidation reaction in photosystem II (PS II) produces most of the molecular oxygen in the atmosphere, which sustains life on Earth, and in this process releases four electrons and four protons that drive the downstream process of CO2 fixation in the photosynthetic apparatus. The catalytic center of PS II is an oxygen-bridged Mn4Ca complex (Mn4CaO5) which is progressively oxidized upon the absorption of light by the chlorophyll of the PS II reaction center, and the accumulation of four oxidative equivalents in the catalytic center results in the oxidation of two waters to dioxygen in the last step. The recent emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with intense femtosecond X-ray pulses has opened up opportunities to visualize this reaction in PS II as it proceeds through the catalytic cycle. In this review, we summarize our recent studies of the catalytic reaction in PS II by following the structural changes along the reaction pathway via room-temperature X-ray crystallography using XFELs. The evolution of the electron density changes at the Mn complex reveals notable structural changes, including the insertion of O-X from a new water molecule, which disappears on completion of the reaction, implicating it in the O-O bond formation reaction. We were also able to follow the structural dynamics of the protein coordinating with the catalytic complex and of channels within the protein that are important for substrate and product transport, revealing well orchestrated conformational changes in response to the electronic changes at the Mn4Ca cluster.

  • 107.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Diaryliodonium Salts: Development of Synthetic Methodologies and α-Arylation of Enolates2011Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis describes novel reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts and also provides an insight to the mechanism of α-arylation of carbonyl compounds with diaryliodonium salts.

     The first chapter gives a general introduction to the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry, mainly focusing on recent developments and applications of diaryliodonium salts.

    Chapter two describes the synthesis of electron-rich to electron-poor diaryliodonium triflates, in moderate to excellent yields from a range of arenes and iodoarenes.

    In chapter three, it is described that molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates. A large scale synthesis of bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium triflate is also described, controlled and verified by an external research group, further demonstrating the reliability of this methodology.

    The fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot synthesis of diaryliodonium salts from aryl iodides and boronic acids, furnishing symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich to electron-poor diaryliodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This method was developed to overcome the regiochemical limitations imposed by the reaction mechanism in the protocols described in the preceding chapters.

    Chapter five describes a one-pot synthesis of heteroaromatic iodonium salts under similar conditions described in chapter two.

    The final chapter describes the reaction of enolates with chiral diaryliodonium salts or together with a phase transfer catalyst yielding racemic products. DFT calculations were performed, which revealed a low lying energy transition state (TS) between intermediates, which is believed to be responsible for the lack of selectivity observed in the experimental work. It is also proposed that a [2,3] rearrangement is preferred over a [1,2] rearrangement in the α-arylation of carbonyl compounds.

    The synthetic methodology described in this thesis is the most generally applicable, efficient and high-yielding to date for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts, making these reagents readily available for various applications in synthesis.

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  • 108.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Efficient and High-Yielding Routes to Diaryliodonium Salts2008Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis summarizes three novel and general reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts. All protocols utilize mCPBA as oxidant and the acids used are either TfOH, to obtain triflate salts, or BF3•Et2O that gives the corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts in situ.

    Chapter two describes the reaction of various arenes and aryl iodides, delivering electron-rich and electron-deficient triflates in moderate to excellent yields.

    In chapter three, it is shown that the need of aryl iodides can be circumvented, as molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates.

    The final and fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot reaction from aryl iodides and boronic acids, delivering symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich and electron-deficient iodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was developed to overcome mechanistic limitations existing in the protocols described in chapter two and three.

    The methodology described in this thesis is the most general, efficient and high-yielding existing up to date, making diaryliodonium salts easily available for various applications in synthesis.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 109.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Aili, David
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Regiospecific One-Pot Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Tetrafluoroborates from Arylboronic Acids and Aryl Iodides2008In: Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 0022-3263, E-ISSN 1520-6904, Vol. 73, no 12, p. 4602-4607Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Diaryliodonium salts have recently received considerable attention as mild arylation reagents in organic synthesis. This paper describes a regiospecific, sequential one-pot synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryliodonium tetrafluoroborates, which are the most popular salts in metal-catalyzed arylations. The protocol is fast and high-yielding and has a large substrate scope. Furthermore, the corresponding diaryliodonium triflates can conveniently be obtained via an in situ anion exchange.

  • 110.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Efficient one-pot synthesis of bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium triflate2009In: Organic Syntheses, ISSN 0078-6209, E-ISSN 2333-3553, Vol. 86, p. 308-314Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Ar2I Org Synth
  • 111.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    High-Yielding One-Pot Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Triflates from Arenes and Iodine or Aryl Iodides2007In: Chemical Communications, ISSN 1359-7345, E-ISSN 1364-548X, no 24, p. 2521-2523Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Unsymmetric and symmetric diaryliodonium triflates are synthesized from both electron-deficient and electron-rich substrates in a fast, high yielding, and operationally simple protocol employing arenes and aryl iodides or iodine.

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    fulltext
  • 112.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Zhu, Mingzhao
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Efficient and General One-Pot Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Triflates: Optimization, Scope and Limitations2007In: Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, ISSN 1615-4150, E-ISSN 1615-4169, Vol. 349, no 17-18, p. 2610-2618Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryliodonium triflates have been synthesized from both electron-deficient and electron-rich arenes and aryl iodides with mCPBA and triflic acid. A thorough investigation of the optimization, scope and limitations has resulted in an improved one-pot protocol that is fast, high-yielding, and operationally simple. The reaction has been extended to the direct synthesis of symmetrical iodonium salts from iodine and arenes, conveniently circumventing the need for aryl iodides.

  • 113.
    Bielawski, Marcin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Zhu, Mingzhao
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Efficient and general one-pot synthesis of diaryliodonium triflates: scope and limitations2007In: SIS Report: The 10th Symposium on Iodine Science, Chiba University, Japan 2007, 2007, p. 19-22Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 114. Biosca, Maria
    et al.
    Paptchikhine, Alexander
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Pàmies, Oscar
    Andersson, Pher G.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Diéguez, Montserrat
    Extending the Substrate Scope of Bicyclic P-Oxazoline/Thiazole Ligands for Ir-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized Olefins by Introducing a Biaryl Phosphoroamidite Group2015In: Chemistry - A European Journal, ISSN 0947-6539, E-ISSN 1521-3765, Vol. 21, no 8, p. 3455-3464Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study identifies a series of Ir-bicyclic phosphoroamidite-oxazoline/thiazole catalytic systems that can hydrogenate a wide range of minimally functionalized olefins (including E-and Z-tri- and disubstituted substrates, vinylsilanes, enol phosphinates, tri- and disubstituted alkenylboronic esters, and alpha,beta-unsaturated enones) in high enantioselectivities (ee values up to 99%) and conversions. The design of the new phosphoroamidite-oxazoline/thiazole ligands derives from a previous successful generation of bicyclic N-phosphane-oxazoline/thiazole ligands, by replacing the N-phosphane group with a pi-acceptor biaryl phosphoroamidite moiety. A small but structurally important family of Ir-phosphoroamidite-oxazoline/thiazole precatalysts has thus been synthesized by changing the nature of the N-donor group (either oxazoline or thiazole) and the configuration at the biaryl phosphoroamidite moiety. The substitution of the N-phosphane by a phosphoroamidite group in the bicyclic N-phosphane-oxazoline/thiazole ligands extended the range of olefins that can be successfully hydrogenated.

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  • 115.
    Björklund, Catarina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Design and Synthesis of BACE-1 Inhibitors: Novel Compounds Targeting an Aspartic Protease Important in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease2009Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis deals with the design and synthesis of protease inhibitors targeting the aspartic protease BACE-1 (β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1), an enzyme important in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The inhibitors are evaluated with respect to inhibition data, in a structure-activity relationship part.

    Alzheimer’s disease is a disabling, progressive and ultimately fatal form of dementia afflicting approximately 40 percent of the population over 80 years, with over 30 million people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease worldwide. This makes Alzheimer’s disease the most common form of dementia. The identification of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) as the main constituent of extracellular plaques, which characterize Alzheimer’s disease, suggests that Aβ plays a vital role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. The formation of Aβ occurs when amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by β-secretase (BACE-1) and γ-secretase, which differ in length by 39-42 amino acids. This suggests that β-secretase is a suitable target for the development of therapeutics against Alzheimer’s disease.

    The synthetic work of this thesis comprises development of BACE-1 inhibitors containing a hydroxyethylene (HE) central core transition state isostere. The target molecules were readily synthesized from chiral carbohydrate starting materials. Highly potent inhibitors were produced by varying the substituents coupled to the HE central core. Selecting an aryloxymethyl P1 side-chain and a methoxy P1’ side-chain resulted in exceptionally potent BACE-1 inhibitors that also exhibit high selectivity over cathepsin D. In a further development, the ether oxygen linkage in the P1 side-chain was removed, resulting in a carba analogue, providing improved potency in a cell-based assay.

  • 116.
    Björndal, Håkan
    Stockholm University.
    Studies on some polysaccarides from wood-destroying fungi1970Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 117.
    Björsne, Magnus
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Synthesis of potential candidates for therapeutic intervention against the human immunodeficiency virus1995Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 118.
    Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Active Site Midpoint Potentials in Different Cytochrome c Oxidase Families: A Computational Comparison2019In: Biochemistry, ISSN 0006-2960, E-ISSN 1520-4995, Vol. 58, no 15, p. 2028-2038Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain, reducing molecular oxygen to water. The binuclear active site in CcO comprises a high-spin heme associated with a Cu-B complex and a redox active tyrosine. The electron transport in the respiratory chain is driven by increasing midpoint potentials of the involved cofactors, resulting in a release of free energy, which is stored by coupling the electron transfer to proton translocation across a membrane, building up an electrochemical gradient. In this context, the midpoint potentials of the active site cofactors in the CcOs are of special interest, since they determine the driving forces for the individual oxygen reduction steps and thereby affect the efficiency of the proton pumping. It has been difficult to obtain useful information on some of these midpoint potentials from experiments. However, since each of the reduction steps in the catalytic cycle of oxygen reduction to water corresponds to the formation of an O-H bond, they can be calculated with a reasonably high accuracy using quantum chemical methods. From the calculated O-H bond strengths, the proton-coupled midpoint potentials of the active site cofactors can be estimated. Using models representing the different families of CcO's (A, B, and C), the calculations give midpoint potentials that should be relevant during catalytic turnover. The calculations also suggest possible explanations for why some experimentally measured potentials deviate significantly from the calculated ones, i.e., for Cu-B in all oxidase families, and for heme b(3) in the C family.

  • 119.
    Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction in Cytochrome c Oxidase and the Role of the Active Site Tyrosine2016In: Biochemistry, ISSN 0006-2960, E-ISSN 1520-4995, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 489-500Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the respiratory chain, reduces molecular oxygen to water and stores the released energy through electrogenic chemistry and proton pumping across the membrane. Apart from the heme-copper binuclear center, there is a conserved tyrosine residue in the active site (BNC). The tyrosine delivers both an electron and a proton during the O-O bond cleavage step, forming a tyrosyl radical. The catalytic cycle then occurs in four reduction steps, each taking up one proton for the chemistry (water formation) and one proton to be pumped. It is here suggested that in three of the reduction steps the chemical proton enters the center of the BNC, leaving the tyrosine unprotonated with radical character. The reproprotonation of the tyrosine occurs first in the final reduction step before binding the next oxygen molecule. It is also suggested that this reduction mechanism and the presence of the tyrosine are essential for the proton pumping. Density functional theory calculations on large cluster models of the active site show that only the intermediates with the proton in the center of the BNC and with an unprotonated tyrosyl radical have a high electron affinity of similar size as the electron donor, which is essential for the ability to take up two protons per electron and thus for the proton pumping. This type of reduction mechanism is also the only one that gives a free energy profile in accordance with experimental observations for the amount of proton pumping in the working enzyme.

  • 120.
    Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Borowski, Tomasz
    Himo, Fahmi
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Liao, Rong-Zhen
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Siegbahn, Per E. M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Quantum Chemical Studies of Mechanisms for Metalloenzymes2014In: Chemical Reviews, ISSN 0009-2665, E-ISSN 1520-6890, Vol. 114, no 7, p. 3601-3658Article, review/survey (Refereed)
  • 121.
    Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Siegbahn, Per E. M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    How cytochrome c oxidase can pump four protons per oxygen molecule at high electrochemical gradient2015In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1847, no 3, p. 364-376Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Experiments have shown that the A-family cytochrome c oxidases pump four protons per oxygen molecule, also at a high electrochemical gradient. This has been considered a puzzle, since two of the reduction potentials involved, Cu(II) and Fe(III), were estimated from experiments to be too low to afford proton pumping at a high gradient The present quantum mechanical study (using hybrid density functional theory) suggests a solution to this puzzle. First, the calculations show that the charge compensated Cu(II) potential for Cu-B is actually much higher than estimated from experiment, of the same order as the reduction potentials for the tyrosyl radical and the ferryl group, which are also involved in the catalytic cycle. The reason for the discrepancy between theory and experiment is the very large uncertainty in the experimental observations used to estimate the equilibrium potentials, mainly caused by the lack of methods for direct determination of reduced Cu-B. Second, the calculations show that a high energy metastable state, labeled E-H, is involved during catalytic turnover. The E-H state mixes the low reduction potential of Fe(III) in heme a(3) with another, higher potential, here suggested to be that of the tyrosyl radical, resulting in enough exergonicity to allow proton pumping at a high gradient In contrast, the corresponding metastable oxidized state, O-H, is not significantly higher in energy than the resting state, O. Finally, to secure the involvement of the high energy E-H state it is suggested that only one proton is taken up via the K-channel during catalytic turnover.

  • 122.
    Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Siegbahn, Per E. M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Improved free energy profile for reduction of NO in cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reductase (cNOR)2016In: Journal of Computational Chemistry, ISSN 0192-8651, E-ISSN 1096-987X, Vol. 37, no 19, p. 1810-1818Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Quantum chemical calculations play an essential role in the elucidation of reaction mechanisms for redox-active metalloenzymes. For example, the cleavage and the formation of covalent bonds can usually not be described only on the basis of experimental information, but can be followed by the calculations. Conversely, there are properties, like reduction potentials, which cannot be accurately calculated. Therefore, computational and experimental data has to be carefully combined to obtain reliable descriptions of entire catalytic cycles involving electron and proton uptake from donors outside the enzyme. Such a procedure is illustrated here, for the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide and water in the membrane enzyme, cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reductase (cNOR). A surprising experimental observation is that this reaction is nonelectrogenic, which means that no energy is conserved. On the basis of hybrid density functional calculations a free energy profile for the entire catalytic cycle is obtained, which agrees much better with experimental information on the active site reduction potentials than previous ones. Most importantly the energy profile shows that the reduction steps are endergonic and that the entire process is rate-limited by high proton uptake barriers during the reduction steps. This result implies that, if the reaction were electrogenic, it would become too slow when the gradient is present across the membrane. This explains why this enzyme does not conserve any of the free energy released.

  • 123.
    Blomberg, Margareta R. A.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Siegbahn, Per E. M.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Proton pumping in cytochrome c oxidase: Energetic requirements and the role of two proton channels2014In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics, ISSN 0005-2728, E-ISSN 1879-2650, Vol. 1837, no 7, p. 1165-1177Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cytochrome c oxidase is a superfamily of membrane bound enzymes catalyzing the exergonic reduction of molecular oxygen to water, producing an electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The gradient is formed both by the electrogenic chemistry, taking electrons and protons from opposite sides of the membrane, and by proton pumping across the entire membrane. In the most efficient subfamily, the A-family of oxidases, one proton is pumped in each reduction step, which is surprising considering the fact that two of the reduction steps most likely are only weakly exergonic. Based on a combination of quantum chemical calculations and experimental information, it is here shown that from both a thermodynamic and a kinetic point of view, it should be possible to pump one proton per electron also with such an uneven distribution of the free energy release over the reduction steps, at least up to half the maximum gradient. A previously suggested pumping mechanism is developed further to suggest a reason for the use of two proton transfer channels in the A-family. Since the rate of proton transfer to the binuclear center through the D-channel is redox dependent, it might become too slow for the steps with low exergonicity. Therefore, a second channel, the K-channel, where the rate is redox-independent is needed. A redox-dependent leakage possibility is also suggested, which might be important for efficient energy conservation at a high gradient. A mechanism for the variation in proton pumping stoichiometry over the different subfamilies of cytochrome oxidase is also suggested. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetic Conference.

  • 124.
    Bogár, Krisztián
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Synthetic Transformations via Metal- and Enzyme-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution2007Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis deals with the preparation of a new half-sandwich type ruthenium(II)- catalyst for racemization of optically active secondary alcohols and the development of a highly efficient method in combination with lipases such as Candida antarctica lipase B and Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for dynamic kinetic resolution of various functionalized alcohols under mild reaction conditions.

    It was shown that the RuCl(CO)25-C5Ph5) complex can racemize optically active aliphatic and aromatic secondary alcohols at room temperature in rather short times. Different parameters, such as the nature of the catalyst, catalyst loading and solvent effect were studied. After the optimization steps, the Ru-catalyzed racemization of (S)-1-phenylethanol in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase B was also investigated. The compatibility of the metal- and enzyme-catalyzed reactions led to a highly efficient coupled catalytic system for transformation of racemic alcohols to their enantiomerically pure acetates. This protocol was applied for a wide range of secondary alcohols. It was shown that in the case of allylic alcohols the obtained enantiopure allylic acetates are useful compounds for synthesis of α-methyl carboxylic acids such as (R)-Flurbiprofen and acyloin acetates. Highly selective dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation of 3,5-piperidine diol to deliver various 3,5-dioxygenated piperidines is also described.

  • 125.
    Bogár, Krisztián
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Bäckvall, Jan-E.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    High-yielding metalloenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of fluorinated aryl alcohols2007In: Tetrahedron Letters, ISSN 0040-4039, E-ISSN 1359-8562, Vol. 48, no 31, p. 5471-5474Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of various fluorinated aryl alcohols by a combination of lipase-catalyzed enzymatic resolution with in situ ruthenium-catalyzed alcohol racemization is described. (R)-Selective Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was employed for transesterification of different fluoroaryl alcohols in DKR reactions delivering the corresponding acetates in high yield (97%) with excellent enantiomeric excess (98%).

  • 126.
    Bogár, Krisztián
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Hoyos Vidal, Pilar
    Alcántara León, Andrés R.
    Bäckvall, Jan-E.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Allylic Alcohols: A Highly Enantioselective Route to Acyloin Acetates2007In: Organic Letters, ISSN 1523-7060, E-ISSN 1523-7052, Vol. 9, no 17, p. 3401-3404Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of a series of sterically hindered allylic alcohols has been conducted with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) and ruthenium catalyst 1. The optically pure allylic acetates obtained were subjected to oxidative cleavage to give the corresponding acylated acyloins in high yields without loss of chiral information.

  • 127.
    Bogár, Krisztián
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Krumlinde, Patrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Bacsik, Zoltán
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Hedin, Niklas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Bäckvall, Jan E.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Heterogenized Wilkinson's Catalyst for Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds2011In: European Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 1434-193X, E-ISSN 1099-0690, no 23, p. 4409-4414Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wilkinson’s catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3] was heterogenized on common silica by the use of a grafting/anchoring technique. The immobilized catalyst showed high activity and selectivity in transfer hydrogenation reactions of a range of carbonyl compounds in 2-propanol. Reactions carried out in 2-propanol at reflux afforded the corresponding alcohols in high yields in short reaction times. The heterogeneous feature ofthe catalyst allows for easy recovery and efficient reuse in the same reaction up to 5 times without any detectible loss of catalytic activity.

  • 128. Bogár, Krisztián
    et al.
    Krumlinde, Patrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Bäckvall, Jan-Erling
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Hydrogenized Wilkinson´s Catalyst for Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl CompoundsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Combining the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis is possible by heterogenization of homogeneous transition metal complexes based on a grafting/anchoring technique. Wilkinson’s catalyst ((RhCl(PPh3)3) immobilized on common silica showed high activity and selectivity in transfer hydrogenation reactions of different carbonyl compounds in isopropanol. Reactions conducted at reflux in isopropanol afforded the corresponding carbinols in high yields in short reaction times. The heterogeneous feature of the catalyst allows easy recovery and efficient reuse in the same reaction up to 5 times without loss of catalytic activity.

  • 129. Bogár, Krisztián
    et al.
    Martín-Matute, Belén
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Bäckvall, Jan-Erling
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Large-scale ruthenium- and enzyme-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution of (rac)-1-phenylethanol2007In: Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 1860-5397, Vol. 3, p. artikel nr 50-Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 130.
    Bogár, Krisztián
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Fransson, Ann-Britt L.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Bäckvall, Jan-E.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Asymmetric synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted piperidines by enzyme-metal combo catalysis2006In: Enzymatic Synthesis, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 131.
    Bollmark, Martin
    Stockholm University.
    Studies on the synthesis of nucleotide analogues containing P-F and P-Se bonds2001Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present work, new synthetic approaches to the synthesis of nucleoside phosphorofluoridate and phosphorofluoridothioate diesters have been developed. These procedures involve either oxidative transformation of the corresponding H-phosphonate or H-phosphonothioate diesters in the presence of fluoride anion or iodine-promoted desulfurization of phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate diesters in the presence of fluoride anion. Also, efficient protocols for the synthesis of nucleoside phosphorofluoridate, nucleoside phosphorofluoridothioate and nucleoside phosphorofluoridodithioate monoesters were developed.

    Furthermore, the chemistry of a new class of P(III) compounds containing selenium, i. e. H-phosphonoselenoate monoesters was developed and synthetic procedures for the conversion of these compounds into the corresponding diesters were designed. In addition, the usefulness of H-phosphonoselenoate diesters for the preparation of various selenium-containing nucleotide analogues was demonstrated.

    Finally, the possibility of employing triphenylphosphine selenide as a reagent for selenizing P(III) compounds was examined. Under mild conditions, this commercially available reagent was found to convert phosphite triesters and H-phosphonate diesters efficiently into the corresponding phosphoroselenoate derivatives.

  • 132.
    Bornschein, Christoph
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry. Universität Rostock, Germany.
    Gustafson, Karl P. J.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Verho, Oscar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Beller, Matthias
    Bäckvall, Jan-E.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Evaluation of Fe and Ru Pincer-Type Complexes as Catalysts for the Racemization of Secondary Benzylic Alcohols2016In: Chemistry - A European Journal, ISSN 0947-6539, E-ISSN 1521-3765, Vol. 22, no 33, p. 11583-11586Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fe and Ru pincer-type catalysts are used for the racemization of benzylic alcohols. Racemization with the Fe catalyst was achieved within 30 minutes under mild reaction conditions, with a catalyst loading as low as 2 mol %. This reaction constitutes the first example of an iron-catalyzed racemization of an alcohol. The efficiency for racemization of the Fe catalyst and its Ru analogue was evaluated for a wide range of sec-benzylic alcohols. The commercially available Ru complex proved to be highly robust and even tolerated the presence of water in the reaction mixture.

  • 133. Bortolini, C.
    et al.
    Zhao, Jingjing
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Ciccone, L.
    Xu, Hongyi
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Zou, Xiaodong
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK).
    Dong, Mingdong
    Atomic Structure of Amyloid CrystalsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

     

    A deep understanding of the self-assembly and crystallization of biomolecules as highly ordered biomaterials is crucial to enable the design and the generation of complex functional systems for cutting-edge applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine. In this work, we determined the atomic structure of Aβ16-20 crystals, a fragment of amyloid-β which aberrant folding is linked to the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia. We detailed the hierarchical aggregation mechanism of Aβ16-20 into highly ordered crystals and revealed that the self-assembly is reversible, leading to the formation of oligomers as an intermediate. Our structural investigation combined with molecular dynamics simulations highlights how a combination of favorable non-covalent interactions drives the efficient fast self-assembly and enhanced stability. We studied the chemical and surface properties of amyloid crystals, including their mechanical properties and their capability to transmit light; the long-rang order of Aβ16-20 crystals enables them to be used as optical waveguide materials for biologically based modulation and sensing. Our results shed new light on pathogenic amyloid assembly at the atomic level and reveal the potential of amyloid crystals for applications in nanotechnology.

  • 134.
    Borén, Linnéa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Enantioselective Synthesis of Sec-Alcohol Derivatives and Diols via Combined Ruthenium and Enzyme Catalysis2008Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The first part of this thesis describes the synthesis of enantiopure secondary alcohol derivatives. These syntheses are carried out via the combination of an enzyme as a resolution catalyst and a ruthenium catalyst as a racemization catalyst, in what is called dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). By varying the resolution catalyst enantio-complementary processes can be obtained. A lipase (PS-C II) catalyzed DKR of γ-hydroxyamides gave the corresponding (R)-acetates in high yields and with high enantioselectivity. The synthetic usefulness of these obtained (R)-acetates was demonstrated by the synthesis of (R)-5-methyltetrahydrofurane-2-one. A protease (Subtilisin Carlsberg) catalyzed DKR of various secondary alcohols gave the corresponding (S)-acetates in high yields and with high enantioselectivity. In the second part of this thesis the DKR process has been extended into a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) of diols. Various 1,5- and 1,4-diols were transformed into enantiopure diacetates in a lipase (CALB and PS-C II) catalyzed DYKAT. The synthetic utility of the obtained enantiopure diacetates were demonstrated by the synthesis of various enantiopure disubstituted heterocycles.

  • 135.
    Borén, Linnéa
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Leijondahl, Karin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Bäckvall, Jan-Erling
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation of 1,4-diols and Preparation of Trans-2,5-Disubstituted pyrrolidines2009In: Tetrahedron Letters, ISSN 0040-4039, E-ISSN 1359-8562, Vol. 50, no 26, p. 3237-3240Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) of a series of 1,4-diols is carried out with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), Pseudomonas cepacia lipase II (PS-C II), and a ruthenium catalyst. A β-chloro-substituted 1,4-diol is successfully transformed into an optically pure 1,4-diacetate, which is a highly useful synthetic intermediate. The usefulness of the optically pure 1,4-diacetates is demonstrated by the synthesis of enantiopure 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines.

  • 136. Both, P.
    et al.
    Green, A. P.
    Gray, C. J.
    Sardzik, R.
    Voglmeir, J.
    Fontana, Carolina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Austeri, M.
    Rejzek, M.
    Richardson, D.
    Field, R. A.
    Widmalm, Göran
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Flitsch, S. L.
    Eyers, C. E.
    Discrimination of epimeric glycans and glycopeptides using IM-MS and its potential for carbohydrate sequencing2014In: Nature Chemistry, ISSN 1755-4330, E-ISSN 1755-4349, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 65-74Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mass spectrometry is the primary analytical technique used to characterize the complex oligosaccharides that decorate cell surfaces. Monosaccharide building blocks are often simple epimers, which when combined produce diastereomeric glycoconjugates indistinguishable by mass spectrometry. Structure elucidation frequently relies on assumptions that biosynthetic pathways are highly conserved. Here, we show that biosynthetic enzymes can display unexpected promiscuity, with human glycosyltransferase pp-a-GanT2 able to utilize both uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine and uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine, leading to the synthesis of epimeric glycopeptides in vitro. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry ( IM-MS) was used to separate these structures and, significantly, enabled characterization of the attached glycan based on the drift times of the monosaccharide product ions generated following collision-induced dissociation. Finally, ion-mobility mass spectrometry following fragmentation was used to determine the nature of both the reducing and non-reducing glycans of a series of epimeric disaccharides and the branched pentasaccharide Man3 glycan, demonstrating that this technique may prove useful for the sequencing of complex oligosaccharides.

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  • 137.
    Bouma, M. J.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    7.07 α-Oxygenation of Carbonyl Compounds2014In: Comprehensive Organic Synthesis II (Second Edition) / [ed] Paul Knochel and Gary A. Molander, Amsterdam: Oxford: Elsevier , 2014, 2nd, p. 213-241Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract The chapter describes synthetically useful strategies for α-oxygenation of carbonyl compounds, with special emphasis on recent methods for catalytic and asymmetric reactions. The oxidation of enolates, enols, enol ethers, and α,β-unsaturated compounds is discussed in detail. Classical oxidation reagents like metal oxides, molecular oxygen, peroxides, and peracids are covered, with asymmetric dihydroxylation of enol ethers giving the highest enantioselectivities together with organocatalytic methods using peroxides. Oxaziridines, nitrosoarenes, and hypervalent iodine compounds are more recently developed α-oxygenation alternatives that allow metal-free oxidations under mild conditions. The combination of nitrosoarenes with organocatalysis is currently the best method for enantioselective α-oxygenations. The area of asymmetric α-oxygenations with hypervalent iodine compounds is currently under development, and high enantioselectivities have only been achieved in intramolecular reactions and epoxidations.

  • 138.
    Bouma, Marinus J.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    General One-Pot Synthesis of Alkynyliodonium Salts and Alkynyl Benziodoxolones from Aryl Iodides2012In: Chemistry - A European Journal, ISSN 0947-6539, E-ISSN 1521-3765, Vol. 18, no 45, p. 14242-14245Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 139.
    Bowden, Tim
    Stockholm University.
    Studies on glycosylation mechanisms and synthesis of structures related to inositolphosphoglycans2000Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 140. Bratt, Emma
    et al.
    Verho, Oscar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Johansson, Magnus J.
    Bäckvall, Jan-Erling
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    A General Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction of Heteroaromatics Catalyzed by Nanopalladium on Amino-Functionalized Siliceous Mesocellular Foam2014In: Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 0022-3263, E-ISSN 1520-6904, Vol. 79, no 9, p. 3946-3954Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of heteroaromatics catalyzed by palladium supported in the cavities of amino-functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam are presented. The nanopalladium catalyst effectively couples not only heteroaryl halides with boronic acids but also heteroaryl halides with boronate esters, potassium trifluoroborates, MIDA boronates, and triolborates, producing a wide range of heterobiaryls in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, the heterogeneous palladium nanocatalyst can easily be removed from the reaction mixture by filtration and recycled several times with minimal loss in activity. This catalyst provides an alternative, environmentally friendly, low-leaching process for the preparation of heterobiaryls.

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  • 141.
    Brea, Oriana
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Daver, Henrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Rebek, Julius
    Himo, Fahmi
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Modeling Decomposition of N-Nitrosoamides in a Self-Assembled Capsule2019In: Journal of Organic Chemistry, ISSN 0022-3263, E-ISSN 1520-6904, Vol. 84, no 11, p. 7354-7361Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Density functional theory calculations are employed to investigate the mechanism and energies of the decomposition of N-nitrosoamides in the presence of a resorcinarene-based self-assembled nanocapsule. From experiments, it is known that confinement in the capsule inhibits the thermal decomposition of these compounds. N-Nitrosoamides with both aromatic and aliphatic substituents are considered here and the calculations show that, for both kinds, binding to the capsule leads to a significant increase in the energy barrier of the rate-determining step, the 1,3 N -> O acyl transfer reaction. A distortion-interaction analysis is conducted to probe the reasons behind the inhibition of the reaction. In addition, we characterized hypothetical intermediates that might be involved in the formation of the decomposition products inside the capsule. Interestingly, it is found that the capsule stabilizes ion-pair species that are unstable in mesitylene solution. Finally, a possible explanation is proposed for the observed encapsulation of the decomposition product of only one of the substrates.

  • 142. Brown, Michael
    et al.
    Delorme, Marion
    Malmedy, Florence
    Malmgren, Joel
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Olofsson, Berit
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Wirth, Thomas
    Synthesis of New Chiral Diaryliodonium Salts2015In: Synlett: Accounts and Rapid Communications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, ISSN 0936-5214, E-ISSN 1437-2096, Vol. 26, no 11, p. 1573-1577Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A structurally diverse range of chiral diaryliodonium salts have been synthesised which have potential application in metal-free stereoselective arylation reactions.

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  • 143.
    Buitrago, Elina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Transition metal catalyzed reduction of ketones2010Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 144.
    Buitrago, Elina
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Transition metal-catalyzed reduction of carbonyl compounds: Fe, Ru and Rh complexes as powerful hydride mediators2012Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A detailed mechanistic investigation of the previously reported ruthenium pseudo-dipeptide-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of aromatic ketones was performed. It was found that the addition of alkali metals has a large influence on both the reaction rate and the selectivity, and that the rate of the reaction was substantially increased when THF was used as a co-solvent. A novel bimetallic mechanism for the ruthenium pseudo-dipeptide-catalyzed asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones was proposed.

    There is a demand for a larger substrate scope in the ATH reaction, and heteroaromatic ketones are traditionally more challenging substrates. Normally a catalyst is developed for one benchmark substrate, and a substrate screen is carried out with the best performing catalyst. There is a high probability that for different substrates, another catalyst could outperform the one used. To circumvent this issue, a multiple screen was executed, employing a variety of ligands from different families within our group’s ligand library, and different heteroaromatic ketones to fine-tune and to find the optimum catalyst depending on the substrate. The acquired information was used in the formal total syntheses of (R)-fluoxetine and (S)-duloxetine, where the key reduction step was performed with high enantioselectivities and high yield, in each case.

    Furthermore, a new iron-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed hydrosilylation (HS) protocol was developed. An active catalyst was formed in situ from readily available imidazolium salts together with an iron source, and the inexpensive and benign polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) was used as hydride donor. A set of sterically less demanding, potentially bidentate NHC precursors was prepared. The effect proved to be remarkable, and an unprecedented activity was observed when combining them with iron. The same system was also explored in the reduction of amides to amines with satisfactory results.

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  • 145.
    Buitrago, Elina
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Lundberg, Helena
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Andersson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Ryberg, Per
    Adolfsson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    High Throughput Screening of a Catalyst Library for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Heteroaromatic Ketones: Formal Syntheses of (R)-Fluoxetine and (S)-Duloxetine2012In: ChemCatChem, ISSN 1867-3880, E-ISSN 1867-3899, Vol. 4, no 12, p. 2082-2089Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A total of 21 amino acid based ligands including hydroxy amide, thioamide, and hydroxamic acid functionalities, respectively, were combined with [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 and [RhCp*Cl2]2, and used as catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of four different heteroaromatic ketones in 2-propanol. The reactions were performed on a Chemspeed automated high-throughput screening robotic platform. Optimal catalysts were identified for the individual heterocyclic substrate classes. Based on these results, the formal syntheses of the antidepressant drugs (R)-fluoxetine and (S)-duloxetine were conducted by using the found catalysts in the key reaction step, which results in high isolated yields (94?%) and excellent product enantioselectivities (>99?% ee) of the formed 1,3-amino alcohols.

  • 146.
    Buitrago, Elina
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Lundberg, Helena
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Andersson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Ryberg, Per
    Aztra Zeneca, Global Process R&D, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Adolfsson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Selective reduction of heteroaromatic ketones: A combinatorial approach2011Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones is a most productiveway towards enantio enriched secondary alcohols used in the preparation of biologically active compounds. There are numerous transition metal catalyzed methods for this transformation, particularly based on Ru(II)-and Rh(I)-complexes, but there is a demand for a larger substrate scope. Heteroaromatic ketones are traditionally more challenging substrates. Normally a catalyst is developed for one benchmark substrate, and asubstrate screen is made with the best performing catalyst. Using this methodology, there is a high probability that for different substrates, another catalyst could outperform the one used. We have executed a multiple screen, containing a variety of different ligands together with both Ru and Rh, and heteroaromatic ketones to fine-tune, and find the optimum catalyst depending on the substrate. The acquired information was used to synthesize known, biologically active compounds, where the key reduction steps were performed with high enantioselectivities and yields.

  • 147.
    Buitrago, Elina
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Tinnis, Fredrik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Adolfsson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Efficient and Selective Hydrosilylation of Carbonyls Catalyzed by Iron Acetate and N-Hydroxyethylimidazolium Salts2012In: Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis, ISSN 1615-4150, E-ISSN 1615-4169, Vol. 354, no 1, p. 217-222Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aromatic aldehydes, along with aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, and dialkyl ketones were efficiently reduced to their corresponding primary and secondary alcohols, respectively, in high yields, using the commercially available and inexpensive polymeric silane, polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), as reducing agent. The reaction is catalyzed by in situ generated iron complexes containing hydroxyethyl-functionalized NHC ligands. Turnover frequencies up to 600 h−1 were obtained

  • 148.
    Buitrago, Elina
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Zani, Lorenzo
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Adolfsson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Fe/NHC-catalyzed hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones2009In: Abstracts of Papers, 238th ACS National Meeting, Washington, DC, United States, August 16-20, 2009, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society , 2009Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 149.
    Buitrago, Elina
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Zani, Lorenzo
    Adolfsson, Hans
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry.
    Selective hydrosilylation of ketones catalyzed by in situ-generated iron NHC complexes2011In: Applied organometallic chemistry, ISSN 0268-2605, E-ISSN 1099-0739, Vol. 25, no 10, p. 748-752Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aryl alkyl-, heteroaryl alkyl- and dialkyl ketones were readily reduced to their corresponding secondary alcohols in high yields, using the commercially available and inexpensive polymeric silane polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), as reducing agent. The reaction is catalyzed by an in situ-generated iron complex, conveniently generated from iron(II) acetate and the commercially available N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursor IPr·HCl.

  • 150.
    Bunrit, Anon
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry. Stockholm University.
    Direct Catalytic Nucleophilic Substitution of Non-Derivatized Alcohols2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis focuses on the development of methods for the activation of the hydroxyl group in non-derivatized alcohols in substitution reactions. The thesis is divided into two parts, describing three different catalytic systems.

    The first part of the thesis (Chapter 2) describes nucleophilic allylation of amines with allylic alcohols, using a palladium catalyst to generate unsymmetrical diallylated amines. The corresponding amines were further transformed by a one-pot ring-closing metathesis and aromatization reaction to afford β-substituted pyrroles with linear and branched alkyl, benzyl, and aryl groups in overall moderate to good yields.

    The second part (Chapters 3 and 4) describes the direct intramolecular stereospecific nucleophilic substitution of the hydroxyl group in enantioenriched alcohols by Lewis acid and Brønsted acid/base catalysis.

    In Chapter 3, the direct intramolecular substitution of non-derivatized alcohols has been developed using Fe(OTf)3 as catalyst. The hydroxyl groups of aryl, allyl, and alkyl alcohols were substituted by the attack of O- and N-centered nucleophiles, to provide five- and six-membered heterocycles in up to excellent yields with high enantiospecificities. Experimental studies showed that the reaction follows first-order dependence with respect to the catalyst, the internal nucleophile, and the internal electrophile of the substrate. Competition and catalyst-substrate interaction experiments demonstrated that this transformation proceeds via an SN2-type reaction pathway.

    In Chapter 4, a Brønsted acid/base catalyzed intramolecular substitution of non-derivatized alcohols was developed. The direct intramolecular and stereospecific substitution of different alcohols was successfully catalyzed by phosphinic acid (H3PO2). The hydroxyl groups of aryl, allyl, propargyl, and alkyl alcohols were substituted by O-, N-, and S-centered nucleophiles to generate five- and six-membered heterocycles in good to excellent yields with high enantiospecificities. Mechanistic studies (both experiments and density functional theory calculations) have been performed on the reaction forming five-membered heterocyclic compounds. Experimental studies showed that phosphinic acid does not promote SN1 reactivity. Rate-order determination indicated that the reaction follows first-order dependence with respect to the catalyst, the internal nucleophile, and the internal electrophile. DFT calculations corroborated with a reaction pathway in which the phosphinic acid has a dual activation mode and operates as a bifunctional Brønsted acid/Brønsted base to simultaneously activate both the nucleophile and nucleofuge, resulting in a unique bridging transition state in an SN2-type reaction mechanism.

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