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  • 51.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Philipov, Dimiter
    Life-table representations of family dynamics in Sweden, Hungary, and 14 other FFS countries: A project of descriptions of demographic behavior2002In: Demographic Research, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 67-270Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we present a system of descriptions of family-demographic behavior in developed countries. We use life-table techniques in order to describe the experience of men, of women, and of children in processes related to family formation and family dissolution. We develop a large number of descriptive measures, and apply them to survey data from Sweden, Norway, Finland, France, the USA, Austria, Germany (East and West Germany separately), Flanders, Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland, in order to describe patterns in the family-demographic behavior during the late 1980s - early 1990s. We use Sweden and Hungary as examples when presenting the outline of our system of tabulations and provide results for the whole set of countries in an Appendix to the paper.

  • 52.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Rönsen, Marit
    Knudsen, Lisbeth
    Lappegård, Trude
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Skrede, Kari
    Teschner, Kathrin
    Vikat, Andres
    Cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries2009In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 20, no 14, p. 313-352Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous analyses of period fertility suggest that the trends of the Nordic countries are sufficiently similar to speak of a common "Nordic fertility regime". We investigate whether this assumption can be corroborated by comparing cohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries. We study cumulated and completed fertility of Nordic birth cohorts based on the childbearing histories of women born in 1935 and later derived from the population registers of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We further explore childbearing behaviour by women’s educational attainment. The results show remarkable similarities in postponement and recuperation between the countries. Median childbearing age is about 2−3 years higher in the 1960−64 cohort than in the 1950−54 cohort, but the younger cohort recuperates the fertility level of the older cohort at ages 30 and above. A similar pattern of recuperation can be observed for highly educated women as compared to women with less education, resulting in small differences in completed fertility across educational groups. Another interesting finding is that of a positive relationship between educational level and the final number of children when women who become mothers at similar ages are compared. Despite some differences in the levels of childlessness, country differences in fertility outcome are generally small. The cohort analyses thus support the notion of a common Nordic fertility regime.

  • 53.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Schéele, Siv
    Från glesbygd till storstad?: En kunskapsöversikt om flyttströmmar1998Book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 54.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Scott, Kirk
    Childbearing dynamics of couples in a universalistic welfare state: The role of labor-market status, country of origin, and gender2007In: Demographic Research, Vol. 17, no 30, p. 897-938Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article studies childbearing dynamics by labor-market status of co-residing parents in Sweden. We apply event-history techniques to longitudinal register data on the life histories of foreign-born mothers from ten different countries and the partners to these women, as well as to a sample of Swedish-born mothers and their partners. The context is a universalistic welfare state geared towards gender and social equality where formal social rights are largely independent of a person’s civil status, citizenship, and country of origin. We investigate the extent to which the associations of parents’ labor-market status with childbearing in Sweden differ between women and men and by country of origin. We find that the patterns of association are fairly similar on both of these individual dimensions. As measured by the way the labor-market activity of parents is related to their subsequent childbearing, we find evidence of equality by gender and at least some evidence of integration of immigrants into the dynamics of Swedish society.

  • 55.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Scott, Kirk
    Labour-market status and first-time parenthood: The experience of immigrant women in Sweden, 1981-972005In: Population Studies, Vol. 59, no 1, p. 21-38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the impact of labour-market attachment on first births of foreign-born women in Sweden. The study uses a longitudinal, register-based dataset consisting of the entire population of immigrants from ten nations and a five-per-cent random sample of natives. The effects of earned income are evident, with increased income levels increasing the probability of becoming a mother for all observed nationalities. The effects of various forms of participation and non-participation in the labour force do not vary greatly between immigrants and the Swedish-born. Among all subgroups, we find a higher propensity to begin childbearing among those who are established in the labour market. Contrary to popular belief, receiving welfare benefits clearly reduces first-birth intensity for immigrants but not for natives. The similarity in patterns across widely different national groups supports the notion that various institutional factors affecting all subgroups are crucial in influencing childbearing behaviour.

  • 56.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Sobolev, Boris
    Small Effects of Selective Migration and Selective Survival in Retrospective Studies of Fertility2013In: European Journal of Population, ISSN 0168-6577, E-ISSN 1572-9885, Vol. 29, no 3, p. 345-354Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we assess the accuracy of fertility estimates that stem from the retrospective information that can be derived from an existing cross-sectional population. Swedish population registers contain information on the childbearing of all people ever registered as living in Sweden, and thus allow us to avoid problems of selectivity by the virtue of survival or nonemigration when estimating the fertility measures for previous calendar periods. We calculate two types of fertility rates for each year in 1961-1999: (i) rates that are based on the population that was living in Sweden at the end of 1999, and (ii) rates that also include information on people who had died or emigrated before the turn of the twentieth century. We find that the omission of information on individuals who had emigrated or died, as the situation would be in any demographic survey, most often have negligible effects on fertility measures. However, first-birth rates of immigrants gradually become more biased as we move back in time from 1999 so that they increasingly tend to over-estimate the true fertility of that population.

  • 57.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Thomson, Elizabeth
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Duntava, Aija
    Life-table representations of family dynamics in the 21st century2017In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 37, p. 1081-1229, article id 35Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND A key resource for cross-national comparative research on family dynamics (Andersson and Philipov 2002) is seriously outdated. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We provide an update of the life-table estimates by Andersson and Philipov (2002) based on data from the Generations and Gender Surveys and other related surveys in 18 countries across Europe and the United States. RESULTS Life-table estimates of family formation of women and men, union dynamics, and children's experience of family disruption and family formation demonstrate the degree of variation in family dynamics across countries. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the basis for more in-depth research on the causes and consequences of differences in family dynamics across contexts. CONTRIBUTION The Appendix of the current manuscript is a new resource for comparative research on family dynamics in the early 21st century.

  • 58.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Woldemicael, Gebremariam
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Sex composition of children as a determinant of marriage disruption and marriage formation: Evidence from Swedish register data2001In: Journal of Population Research, Vol. 18, p. 143-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we investigate whether there are any effects of the sex composition of children on the propensity of Swedish mothers to enter into and exit from marriage. We use Swedish population-register data in order to estimate relative risks of marriage formation and marriage dissolution for mothers with different numbers and sexes of their children. The magnitude of our data allows us to get a very accurate picture of possible relationships of that nature even if they are relatively weak. Morgan et al. (1988) used survey data for the US and claimed to have found that one- and two-child parents in that country had lower divorce risks if they had sons than if they had daughters. For Sweden, we only find a minor effect in the same direction for three-child mothers. For two-child mothers, we instead find that the divorce risk is slightly reduced if a woman has one child of each sex. The divorce risk of one-child mothers is not at all affected by the sex of their child. Finally, we examine whether there are any effects of the sex composition of children on the propensity of Swedish mothers to enter the married state. We find that this is not the case.

  • 59.
    Aradhya, Siddartha
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Brandén, Maria
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Linköping University, Sweden.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Obućina, Ognjen
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Rostila, Mikael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences.
    Mussino, Eleonora
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Juárez, Sol Pia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences.
    Intermarriage and COVID-19 mortality among immigrants. A population-based cohort study from Sweden2021In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 11, no 9, article id e048952Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives To evaluate the role of language proficiency and institutional awareness in explaining excess COVID-19 mortality among immigrants.Design Cohort study with follow-up between 12 March 2020 and 23 February 2021.

    Setting Swedish register-based study on all residents in Sweden.

    Participants 3 963 356 Swedish residents in co-residential unions who were 30 years of age or older and alive on 12 March 2020 and living in Sweden in December 2019.

    Outcome measures Cox regression models were conducted to assess the association between different constellations of immigrant-native couples (proxy for language proficiency and institutional awareness) and COVID-19 mortality and all other causes of deaths (2019 and 2020). Models were adjusted for relevant confounders.

    Results Compared with Swedish-Swedish couples (1.18 deaths per thousand person-years), both immigrants partnered with another immigrant and a native showed excess mortality for COVID-19 (HR 1.43; 95%CI 1.29 to 1.58 and HR 1.24; 95%CI 1.10 to 1.40, respectively), which translates to 1.37 and 1.28 deaths per thousand person-years. Moreover, similar results are found for natives partnered with an immigrant (HR 1.15; 95%CI 1.02 to 1.29), which translates to 1.29 deaths per thousand person-years. Further analysis shows that immigrants from both high-income and low-income and middleincome countries (LMIC) experience excess mortality also when partnered with a Swede. However, having a Swedish-born partner is only partially protective against COVID-19 mortality among immigrants from LMIC origins.

    Conclusions Language barriers and/or poor institutional awareness are not major drivers for the excess mortality from COVID-19 among immigrants. Rather, our study provides suggestive evidence that excess mortality among immigrants is explained by differential exposure to the virus.

  • 60.
    Berlin, Marie
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kääriälä, Antti
    Lausten, Mette
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Brännström, Lars
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
    Long-term NEET among young adults with experience of out-of-home care: A comparative study of three Nordic countriesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study compares the risk of long-term NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) among young adults with out-of-home care (OHC) experience across Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, using register data for an entire cohort of domestic born in 1987. The Nordic countries share many features, but there are differences in the provision of after-care support and in the linkage between the educational system and the labour market. The results show that about one-fourth in Denmark and Sweden, and about one-third in Finland, of young adults with OHC experience were NEET. The high prevalence of poor school performance in the OHC population was associated with their excess risk of NEET, and the findings suggest that the current measures aimed at improving young adults’ school-to-work transition are not sufficient for youth from OHC. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed.

  • 61. Billari, Francesco
    et al.
    Kohler, Hans-Peter
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Lundström, Hans
    Approaching the limit: Long-term trends in late and very late fertility2007In: Population and Development Review, Vol. 33, no 1, p. 149-170Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article we discuss trends in the limits to late childbearing, their determinants and potential implications from an empirical long-term perspective. Although the high levels observed in non-contracepting populations have not been reached, fertility in Europe at ages 40+ and 45+ has increased substantially in recent years. This trend received considerable attention, especially in combination with the emergence of new reproductive technologies and often low levels of general fertility. Nevertheless, physiological studies agree on the fact that age limits to childbearing, at least for women, have not shifted to later ages. Our empirical analyses of high-quality long-term data from Sweden document an increase in the absolute and relative number of births at ages 40+ and 45+, together with an increase in first birth occurrence-exposure rates at ages close to 40.

  • 62.
    Billingsley, Sunnee
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Brandén, Maria
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Linköping University, Sweden.
    Aradhya, Siddartha
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Mussino, Eleonora
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    COVID-19 mortality across occupations and secondary risks for elderly individuals in the household: A population register-based study2022In: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, ISSN 0355-3140, E-ISSN 1795-990X, Vol. 48, no 1, p. 52-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives This is the first population-level study to examine inequalities in COVID-19 mortality according to working-age individuals' occupations and the indirect occupational effects on COVID-19 mortality of older individuals who live with them.

    Methods We used early-release data for the entire population of Sweden of all recorded COVID-19 deaths from 12 March 2020 to 23 February 2021, which we linked to administrative registers and occupational measures. Cox proportional hazard models assessed relative risks of COVID-19 mortality for the working-aged population registered in an occupation in December 2018 and the older population who lived with them.

    Results Among working aged-adults, taxi/bus drivers had the highest relative risk of COVID-19 mortality: over four times that of skilled workers in IT, economics, or administration when adjusted only for basic demographic characteristics. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors (education, income and country of birth), there are no occupational groups with clearly elevated (statistically significant) COVID-19 mortality. Neither a measure of exposure within occupations nor the share that generally can work from home were related to working-aged adults' risk of COVID-19 mortality. Instead of occupational factors, traditional socioeconomic risk factors best explained variation in COVID-19 mortality. Elderly individuals, however, faced higher COVID-19 mortality risk both when living with a delivery or postal worker or worker(s) in occupations that generally work from home less, even when their socioeconomic factors are taken into account.

    Conclusions Inequalities in COVID-19 mortality of working-aged adults were mostly based on traditional risk factors and not on occupational divisions or characteristics in Sweden. However, older individuals living with those who likely cannot work from home or work in delivery or postal services were a vulnerable group.

  • 63.
    Björkenstam, Charlotte
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. University of California, USA; Karolinska Institutet, Sweden .
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Dalman, Christina
    Cochran, Susan
    Kosidou, Kyriaki
    Suicide in married couples in Sweden: Is the risk greater in same-sex couples?2016In: European Journal of Epidemiology, ISSN 0393-2990, E-ISSN 1573-7284, Vol. 31, no 7, p. 685-690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Minority sexual orientation is a predictor of suicide ideation and attempts, though its association with suicide mortality is less clear. We capitalize on Sweden's extensively linked databases, to investigate whether, among married individuals, same-sex marriage is associated with suicide. Using a population-based register design, we analyzed suicide risk among same-sex married women and men (n = 6456), as compared to different-sex married women and men (n = 1181723) in Sweden. We selected all newly partnered or married individuals in the intervening time between 1/1/1996 and 12/31/2009 and followed them with regard to suicide until 12/31/2011. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted incidence risk ratios (IRR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). The risk of suicide was higher among same-sex married individuals as compared to different-sex married individuals (IRR 2.7, 95 % CI 1.5-4.8), after adjustment for time at risk and socioeconomic confounding. Sex-stratified analyses showed a tentatively elevated risk for same-sex married women (IRR 2.5, 95 % CI 0.8-7.7) as compared to different-sex married women. Among same-sex married men the suicide risk was nearly three-fold greater as compared to different-sex married (IRR 2.895 % CI 1.5-5.5). This holds true also after adjustment for HIV status. Even in a country with a comparatively tolerant climate regarding homosexuality such as Sweden, same-sex married individuals evidence a higher risk for suicide than other married individuals.

  • 64.
    Björkenstam, Charlotte
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. University of California, USA; Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Björkenstam, Emma
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Cochran, Susan
    Kosidou, Kyriaki
    Anxiety and Depression Among Sexual Minority Women and Men in Sweden: Is the Risk Equally Spread Within the Sexual Minority Population?2017In: Journal of Sexual Medicine, ISSN 1743-6095, E-ISSN 1743-6109, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 396-403Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction

    Sexual minority individuals have a higher risk of anxiety and depression compared with heterosexuals. However, whether the higher risk is spread equally across the sexual minority population is not clear.

    Aim

    To investigate the association between sexual orientation and self-reported current anxiety and a history of diagnosis of depression, paying particular attention to possible subgroup differences in risks within the sexual minority population, stratified by sex and to examine participants' history of medical care for anxiety disorders and depression.

    Methods

    We conducted a population-based study of 874 lesbians and gays, 841 bisexuals, and 67,980 heterosexuals recruited in 2010 in Stockholm County. Data were obtained from self-administered surveys that were linked to nationwide registers. Main Outcome Measures: By using logistic regression, we compared risks of current anxiety, histories of diagnosed depression, and register-based medical care for anxiety and/or depression in lesbian and gay, bisexual, and heterosexual individuals.

    Results

    Bisexual women and gay men were more likely to report anxiety compared with their heterosexual peers. Bisexual individuals and gay men also were more likely to report a past diagnosis of depression. All sexual minority groups had an increased risk of having used medical care for anxiety and depression compared with heterosexuals, with bisexual women having the highest risk.

    Conclusion

    Bisexual women appear to be a particularly vulnerable sexual minority group. Advocating for nondiscrimination and protections for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people is a logical extension of the effort to lower the prevalence of mental illness.

  • 65.
    Björkenstam, Charlotte
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; University of California, USA.
    Kosidou, Kyriaki
    Björkenstam, Emma
    Dalman, Christina
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Cochran, Susan
    Self-reported suicide ideation and attempts, and medical care for intentional self-harm in lesbians, gays and bisexuals in Sweden2016In: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, ISSN 0143-005X, E-ISSN 1470-2738, Vol. 70, no 9, p. 895-901Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Minority sexual orientation is a robust risk indicator for self-reported suicidal ideation and attempts. However, little is known about patterns of medical care for intentional self-harm in this vulnerable population. We investigate sexual orientation-related differences in self-reported lifetime suicide symptoms and medical care for intentional self-harm between 1969 and 2010, including age at initial treatment and recurrence. Methods We used data from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, a population-based sample of 874 lesbians/gays, 841 bisexuals and 67980 heterosexuals, whose self-administered surveys have been linked to nationwide registers. Estimates of risk for medical care were calculated as incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs. Results Both suicidal ideation and attempts were more commonly reported by lesbian/gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Adjusting for risk-time and confounding, lesbians (IRR 3.8, 95% CI 2.7 to 5.4) and bisexual women (IRR 5.4, 95% CI 4.4 to 6.6) experienced elevated risk for medical care for intentional self-harm, as compared to heterosexual women. Gay men evidenced higher risk (IRR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.4) as compared to heterosexual men. Recurrent medical care was more frequent in LGB individuals, especially in bisexual women and gay men. Lesbian and bisexual women were also younger than heterosexual women when they first received medical care for intentional self-harm. Conclusions Positive histories of suicidal ideation, attempts and medical care for intentional self-harm, including higher levels of recurrence, are more prevalent among LGB individuals in contrast to heterosexuals. Lesbian/bisexual women evidence an earlier age of onset of treatment. Tailored prevention efforts are urgently needed.

  • 66.
    Brandén, Maria
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Linköping University, Sweden .
    Aradhya, Siddartha
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Institute for Futures Studies, Sweden .
    Härkönen, Juho
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. European University Institute, Italy .
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Malmberg, Bo
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Rostila, Mikael
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS).
    Cederström, Agneta
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS).
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Mussino, Eleonora
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Residential context and COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 70 years and older in Stockholm: a population-based, observational study using individual-level data2020In: The Lancet Healthy Longevity, E-ISSN 2666-7568, Vol. 1, no 2, p. e80-e88Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Housing characteristics and neighbourhood context are considered risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate how individual-level housing and neighbourhood characteristics are associated with COVID-19 mortality in older adults.

    Methods For this population-based, observational study, we used data from the cause-of-death register held by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare to identify recorded COVID-19 mortality and mortality from other causes among individuals (aged ≥70 years) in Stockholm county, Sweden, between March 12 and May 8, 2020. This information was linked to population-register data from December, 2019, including socioeconomic, demographic, and residential characteristics. We ran Cox proportional hazards regressions for the risk of dying from COVID-19 and from all other causes. The independent variables were area (m2) per individual in the household, the age structure of the household, type of housing, confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the borough, and neighbourhood population density. All models were adjusted for individual age, sex, country of birth, income, and education.

    Findings Of 279 961 individuals identified to be aged 70 years or older on March 12, 2020, and residing in Stockholm in December, 2019, 274 712 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study population. Between March 12 and May 8, 2020, 3386 deaths occurred, of which 1301 were reported as COVID-19 deaths. In fully adjusted models, household and neighbourhood characteristics were independently associated with COVID-19 mortality among older adults. Compared with living in a household with individuals aged 66 years or older, living with someone of working age (<66 years) was associated with increased COVID-19 mortality (hazard ratio 1·6; 95% CI 1·3–2·0). Living in a care home was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 mortality (4·1; 3·5–4·9) compared with living in independent housing. Living in neighbourhoods with the highest population density (≥5000 individuals per km2) was associated with higher COVID-19 mortality (1·7; 1·1–2·4) compared with living in the least densely populated neighbourhoods (0 to <150 individuals per km2).

    Interpretation Close exposure to working-age household members and neighbours is associated with increased COVID-19 mortality among older adults. Similarly, living in a care home is associated with increased mortality, potentially through exposure to visitors and care workers, but also due to poor underlying health among care-home residents. These factors should be considered when developing strategies to protect this group.

  • 67. Bujard, Martin
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Fertility Declines Near the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence of the 2022 Birth Declines in Germany and Sweden2024In: European Journal of Population, ISSN 0168-6577, E-ISSN 1572-9885, Vol. 40, no 1, article id 4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries faced short-term fertility declines in 2020–2021, a development which did not materialize in the majority of German-speaking and Nordic countries. However, more recent birth statistics show a steep fertility decline in 2022. We aim to provide empirical evidence on the unexpected birth decline in 2022 in Germany and Sweden. We rely on monthly birth statistics and present seasonally adjusted monthly Total Fertility Rates (TFR) for Germany and Sweden. We relate the nine-month lagged fertility rates to contextual developments regarding COVID-19. The seasonally adjusted monthly TFR of Germany dropped from 1.5–1.6 in 2021 to 1.4 in early 2022 and again in autumn 2022, a decline of about 10% in several months. In Sweden, the corresponding TFR dropped from about 1.7 in 2021 to 1.5–1.6 in 2022, a decline of almost 10%. There is no association of the fertility trends with changes in unemployment, infection rates, or COVID-19 deaths, but a strong association with the onset of vaccination programmes and the weakening of pandemic-related restrictions. The fertility decline in 2022 in Germany and Sweden is remarkable. Common explanations of fertility change during the pandemic do not apply. The association between the onset of mass vaccinations and subsequent fertility decline indicates that women adjusted their behaviour to get vaccinated before becoming pregnant. Fertility decreased as societies were opening up with more normalized life conditions. We provide novel information on fertility declines and the COVID-19-fertility nexus during and in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic. 

  • 68. Comolli, C. L.
    et al.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Dommermuth, L.
    Fallesen, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI). ROCKWOOL Foundation, Denmark.
    Jalovaara, M.
    Klængur Jónsson, Ari
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Lappegård, T.
    Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries2021In: European Journal of Population, ISSN 0168-6577, E-ISSN 1572-9885, Vol. 55, no 4, p. 1130-1154Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the 2010s, fertility rates fell across the Nordic region. The onset of these declines seems linked to the Great Recession of 2008–2009, but their continuation cannot easily be linked to subsequent economic change. The 1990s, too, brought episodes of economic crises to the Nordic region that were followed by different degrees of fertility decline. In this study, we provide an empirical overview of parity-, age- and education-specific fertility developments in the five Nordic countries in the wake of the economic recessions in 2008 and the early 1990s, respectively. We demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in fertility developments across countries after 1990, whereas after 2008, the trends are much more similar across the five countries. Likewise, the educational differences in birth hazards that characterized the developments after 1990 were much smaller in the initial years after 2008–2009. This reversal from heterogeneity to homogeneity in the fertility response to recessions calls for an expansion of theories on the cyclicality of fertility in relation to uncertainty and economic and social change. In our discussion, we consider the role of a set of factors that also incorporates the state, crisis management, and perceptions of economic and welfare uncertainty.

  • 69. Comolli, Chiara Ludovica
    et al.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Dommermuth, Lars
    Fallesen, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI). ROCKWOOL Foundation, Denmark .
    Jalovaara, Marika
    Jónsson, Ari
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Lappegård, Trude
    Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing during and after recessions in the Nordic countries2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates fertility responses to the business cycle in the Nordic countries by comparing period variation in women’s childbearing propensity. We harmonize register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden to compare childbearing in the aftermath of the two most recent crises that hit those economies: the 1990s and 2010s. We use event-history techniques to present parity-specific fertility, by calendar year, relative to a defined pre-recession year. We further examine any possible impact of the two recessions by women’s age and education. Results show a large heterogeneity across the five Nordic countries in the childbearing developments after 1990. This variation largely disappears after 2008 when period trends in birth hazards become more similar across countries. Likewise, the educational differences that characterized the variation in childbearing relative risk after 1990 considerably diminish in the years after 2010, especially for first and second births. Economic theories do not suffice to explain this reversal from the heterogeneity of the 1990s to the homogeneity of the 2010s in the childbearing response to recession episodes across countries and socioeconomic groups. Our findings suggest the need to expand the theoretical framework explaining the cyclicality of fertility towards the perception of economic and welfare uncertainty.

  • 70.
    Dahlberg, Johan
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Changing seasonal variation in births by sociodemographic factors: a population-based register study2018In: Human Reproduction Open, ISSN 2399-3529, no 4, article id hoy015Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    STUDY QUESTION: Have seasonal variations in births by factors related to maternal education, age, parity and re-partnering changedover a 72-year period? SUMMARY ANSWER: Seasonal variation in births has been reduced overall but also changed its pattern over the last seven decades. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The number of births varies markedly by season, but the causes of this variation are not fully understood.Seasonality of births is, in some populations, strongly influenced by sociodemographic factors. STUDY DESIGN SIZE, DURATION: A longitudinal study design was used by analysing the seasonal variation in live births between 1940and 2012, and relating it to mothers’ sociodemographic characteristics at the time of childbirth (maternal education, age, parity and repartnering). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Register data on 6 768 810 live births in Sweden between 1940 and 2012were used. Information on biological parents are available for more than 95% of all births. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to calculatepredicted probabilities of giving birth for each calendar month. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Between 1940 and 1999, Swedish birth rates showed the typical seasonal variationwith high numbers of births during the spring, and low numbers of births during the last quarter of the year. However, during the 21st century,the seasonal variation in fertility declined so that only minor variation in birth rates between February and September now remains. Still, thepattern of low birth rates at the end of the year remains and has even become more pronounced from the 1980s onwards. The characteristic‘Christmas effect’ that used to be visible in September has vanished over the last 30 years. The roles in seasonal variation of maternal education,the mother’s age, parity and instances where the mother has re-partnered between subsequent births changed during the second half ofthe 20th century. From 1980s onwards, the decline in birth rates during the last quarter of the year became particularly pronounced amonghighly educated mothers. Over the 72 years studied, the seasonal variation among first-time mothers declined steadily and has almost disappearedat the end of the study period. Using data that cover ~180 000 births in each month, all meaningful results are statistically significant. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: The study uses data from one Nordic country only, making it difficult to draw conclusionsthat may hold for other countries. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The typical seasonal variation reported for Sweden between 1940 and 1999, with highnumbers of births during the spring and low numbers of births during the last quarter of the year, is in line with results from most otherEuropean countries during the same time period. However, the significant decline in seasonal variation in the early 21st century is a noveldevelopment. The study underlines that in a society with low fertility and efficient birth control, active choices and behaviours associated withan individual’s sociodemographic characteristics tend to matter more for the seasonal timing of childbearing than environmental factorsrelated to the physiological ability to reproduce and cultural–behavioural factors related to the frequency of intercourse.

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  • 71.
    Dahlberg, Johan
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Fecundity and human birth seasonality in Sweden: a register-based study2019In: Reproductive Health, ISSN 1742-4755, E-ISSN 1742-4755, Vol. 16, article id 87Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: It is well-established that couples' fecundities vary widely. Each couple has a relatively constant monthly probability of conceiving, which can vary from zero to quite high. This underlying probability is usually expressed as the time (number of menstrual cycles) the couple requires to conceive. Couples with high fecundity will, on average, need fewer cycles than couples with low fecundity. It is also well-documented that almost all human populations exhibit seasonal variation in births. Most European countries show seasonal variation that usually peak in the spring and are the lowest during the last quarter of the year. The increasingly strong pattern of depressed birth rates in November and December is likely explained by the December-January cut-off threshold for Swedish pupils' school entry and their parents increasing awareness of the negative effects on school outcomes for children who are juniors in the school-entry cohort they belong to. To actively plan births for a specific time of the year, couples need to have some knowledge of the time required for them to conceive.

    Methods: We use the duration between marriage of childless couples and first birth as a proxy measure of couples' fecundity. Based on this time-to-pregnancy measure we study to what extent couples' capacity to conceive affects the seasonality of their second births. We hypothesize that in a society with highly controlled fertility and a strong norm of having at least two children, sub-fertile couples will on average show less seasonal variation in second births. Sub-fertile couples, requiring more time to conceive the first time, will be less likely to try to target a desired birth month for their second child because doing so could jeopardize fulfilling their desired family size. We apply multinomial logistic regressions on 81,998 Swedish couples who married while being childless and subsequently gave birth to at least two children between 1990 and 2012, to investigate fecundity's role in seasonal variation in second births.

    Results: We found that seasonal variation in second births was strongly associated with couples' observed fecundity, measured as the duration between marriage formation and first birth. Our results support the hypothesis that sub-fertile couples, requiring more time to conceive the first time, show less seasonal variation in second births. The seasonal variations in second order births among couples with normal fecundity shows some similarities to traditional patterns as seen in agricultural and industrial societies of the past, with high numbers of births during the spring, and low numbers during the last quarter of the year. However, two important differences are notable. The characteristic Christmas peak in September has vanished, and the low birth rates in November and December come out much stronger than in the past.

    Conclusions: The birth seasonality among couples with normal fecundity are what we would expect if couples actively plan their births according to the cut-off date for Swedish pupils' school entry. We argue that our findings support the notion that scheduled childbirth is a reality in contemporary sociality.

  • 72.
    Drefahl, Sven
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Wallace, Matthew
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Mussino, Eleonora
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Aradhya, Siddartha
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kolk, Martin
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Institute for Futures Studies, Sweden.
    Brandén, Maria
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Linköping University, Sweden.
    Malmberg, Bo
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Human Geography.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden2020In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 5097Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As global deaths from COVID-19 continue to rise, the world's governments, institutions, and agencies are still working toward an understanding of who is most at risk of death. In this study, data on all recorded COVID-19 deaths in Sweden up to May 7, 2020 are linked to high-quality and accurate individual-level background data from administrative registers of the total population. By means of individual-level survival analysis we demonstrate that being male, having less individual income, lower education, not being married all independently predict a higher risk of death from COVID-19 and from all other causes of death. Being an immigrant from a low- or middle-income country predicts higher risk of death from COVID-19 but not for all other causes of death. The main message of this work is that the interaction of the virus causing COVID-19 and its social environment exerts an unequal burden on the most disadvantaged members of society. Better understanding of who is at highest risk of death from COVID-19 is important for public health planning. Here, the authors demonstrate an unequal mortality burden associated with socially disadvantaged groups in Sweden.

  • 73.
    Duvander, Ann-Zofie
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Gender equality and fertility in Sweden: A study on the impact of the father’s uptake of parental leave on continued childbearing2006In: Marriage and Family Review, Vol. 39, no 1-2, p. 121-142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, the birth or adoption of a child is accompanied by the right to more than one year of paid parental leave that can be shared between parents. This article examines the relationship between the father’s and the mother’s respective use of such leave and the continued childbearing of a couple. Our investigation is based on longitudinal information on registered parental leave use and childbearing of all intact unions in Sweden during 1988-99. We analyze our data by means of event-history analysis. We expected an extended paternal involvement in leave-taking to be positively associated with continued childbearing, since it makes family building more compatible with the mother’s labor force participation. In addition, such commitment to childrearing from the father’s side is likely to signal his greater interest for continued family building. Around 85 percent of fathers take some leave but in most cases for a brief time. We find a positive effect of a father’s taking moderately long leave on a couple’s second- and third-birth propensity, but no such effect of a father's taking very long parental leave.

  • 74.
    Duvander, Ann-Zofie
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Leder delad föräldrapenning till fler barn?: En studie om hur pappor och mammors föräldrapenninguttag påverkar benägenheten att skaffa ytterligare barn2004Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    In Sweden, a birth of a child induces the right to more than one year of paid parental leave that can be shared between the parents. This paper examines the relationship between the father’s and the mother’s use of parental leave and the continued childbearing of a couple. Our investigation is based on longitudinal information on registered parental-leave use and childbearing of all intact unions in Sweden during the late 1980s to the late 1990s. We analyze our data by means of event-history analysis. We expect an increased paternal involvement in childrearing to be positively associated with a couple’s propensity to have another child since it makes family building more compatible with the mother’s labor-force participation. About 85 percent of all fathers use some leave but in most cases, episodes are very brief. We find a positive effect of a father’s moderate leave use on both second and third births. We also find a positive effect of a mother’s extended leave on third births, indicating that she in such a situation had remained out of labor-market work in anticipation of a next child.

  • 75.
    Duvander, Ann-Zofie
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    När har vi råd att skaffa fler barn?: En studie om hur inkomst påverkar fortsatt barnafödande2003Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    This study investigates whether men’s and women’s income affect Swedish couples’ propensities to have a second and a third child during the 1980s and the 1990s. The study is based on administrative data on the childbearing of all Swedish co-residing couples with at least one common child. The results show that higher income of both the man and the woman increases the propensity to have a second child. The effects of the man’s and the woman’s income are very similar. For third births, we find instead that the effects of the two parental incomes are somewhat different. A high income of the woman increases the couple’s propensity to have another child. In contrast, the effect of the man’s income shows a u-formed pattern where couples with both high-income and low-income men have elevated third-birth rates. An important general result is that the effects of the woman’s and the man’s income hold independently of each other. Thus, both the father’s and the mother’s income matters individually. The combined income matters as well, but only to the extent that it constitutes the sum of the two individual incomes. This study lends no support to the notion that it is couples where the man is the main earner of income that has the highest propensity to have more children. On the contrary, for third births its is rather couples where the woman earns more than the man that have the highest propensity to have another child. Differences in second-birth rates by the level of earned income of the parents seem to have increased during the 1990s. No such change can be detected for third-birth rates.

  • 76.
    Duvander, Ann-Zofie
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Lappegard, Trude
    Statistics Norway Research Department, Oslo, Norway.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Family Policy and Fertility: Fathers' and Mothers' Use  of Parental Leave and Continued Childbearing in Norway and Sweden2010In: Journal of European Social Policy, ISSN 0958-9287, E-ISSN 1461-7269, Vol. 20, no 1, p. 45-57Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the Nordic countries gender equality is an explicit policy goal. For example, Norway and Sweden both offer paid parental leave for approximately one year following childbirth with earnings-related benefits and with certain periods reserved exclusively for the father. In this study, we examine the relationship between fathers’ and mothers’ use of parental leave and continued childbearing among couples in Norway and Sweden. The two countries offer largely similar family policies, but differ concerning family policy context. While Sweden has a consistent policy concerning gender relations, Norway has more ambiguous family policies giving incentives both to gender equality and childrearing at home. Our study shows that father’s parental leave use is positively associated with continued childbearing in both Norway and Sweden, for both one- and two-child couples. The association is stronger in Norway. For two-child families a long leave of the mother is positively associated with third birth. It seems as the two-child family is highly compatible with the combination of work and family life, but that in families who choose to have more children the mother often seems to have a weaker work orientation.

  • 77. Elvander, Charlotte
    et al.
    Dahlberg, Johan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Cnattingius, Sven
    Mode of delivery and the probability of subsequent childbearing: a population-based register study2015In: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ISSN 1470-0328, E-ISSN 1471-0528, Vol. 122, no 12, p. 1593-1600Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To investigate the relationship between mode of first delivery and probability of subsequent childbearing.

    Design: Population-based study.

    Setting: Nationwide study in Sweden.

    Population: A cohort of 771 690 women who delivered their first singleton infant in Sweden between 1992 and 2010.

    Methods: Using Cox's proportional-hazards regression models, risks of subsequent childbearing were compared across four modes of delivery. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated, using 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

    Main outcome measures: Probability of having a second and third child; interpregnancy interval.

    Results: Compared with women who had a spontaneous vaginal first delivery, women who delivered by vacuum extraction were less likely to have a second pregnancy (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.97), and the probabilities of a second childbirth were substantially lower among women with a previous emergency caesarean section (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.84–0.86) or an elective caesarean section (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.80–0.83). There were no clinically important differences in the median time between first and second pregnancy by mode of first delivery. Compared with women younger than 30 years of age, older women were more negatively affected by a vacuum extraction with respect to the probability of having a second child. A primary vacuum extraction decreased the probability of having a third child by 4%, but having two consecutive vacuum extraction deliveries did not further alter the probability.

    Conclusions: A first delivery by vacuum extraction does not reduce the probability of subsequent childbearing to the same extent as a first delivery by emergency or elective caesarean section.

  • 78. Erlangsen, Annette
    et al.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Haas, Ann
    Bjorkenstam, Charlotte
    Nordentoft, Merete
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Suicide among persons who entered same-sex and opposite-sex marriage in Denmark and Sweden, 1989-2016: a binational, register-based cohort study2020In: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, ISSN 0143-005X, E-ISSN 1470-2738, Vol. 74, no 1, p. 78-83Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background People belonging to sexual minority groups have higher levels of suicidality than heterosexuals. However, findings regarding suicide death are sparse. Using unique national data from two countries, we investigated whether individuals entering a same-sex marriage (SSM), a proxy group of sexual minority individuals, had higher suicide rates than those entering opposite-sex marriage (OSM).

    Methods A cohort study of all males and females who entered an SSM (n=28649) or OSM (n=3 918 617) in Denmark and Sweden during 1989-2016 was conducted. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for suicide were calculated using adjusted Poisson regression models.

    Results In total, 97 suicides occurred among individuals who had entered an SSM compared with 6074 among those who entered an OSM, corresponding to an adjusted IRR of 2.3 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.8). For people who entered SSM, a 46% decline was noted over time from an IRR of 2.8 (95% CI 1.9 to 4.0) during 1989-2002 to 1.5 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.9) during 2003-2016. The excess suicide mortality was present in all age groups but most pronounced among younger individuals aged 18-34 years of age (IRR 2.7, 95%CI 1.5 to 4.8) and females (IRR 2.7, 95%CI 1.8 to 3.9).

    Conclusion This large register-based study found higher suicide rates among individuals who entered an SSM, compared with those who entered an OSM. A lower suicide rate was noted for individuals in SSMs in recent years. More research is needed to identify the unique suicide risk and protective factors for sexual minority people.

  • 79. Hank, Karsten
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Duvander, Ann-Zofie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Kreyenfeld, Michaela
    Spiess, Katharina
    Öffentliche Kinderbetreuung und individuelle Fertilitätsentscheidungen in Deutschland und Schweden2004In: Demographischer und sozialer Wandel, Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen , 2004, p. 47-57Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In diesem Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung und individuellem Geburtenverhalten in zwei sehr unterschiedlichen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen und demographischen Kontexten analysiert: Deutschland und Schweden. Auf der Basis von Mikrodaten und Informationen über die regionale Versorgung mit öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung werden für die zweite Hälfte der 1990er Jahre Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten für die Geburt eines Kindes in beiden Ländern geschätzt. Es zeigt sich, dass weder in Deutschland noch in Schweden regionale Unterschiede in der Verfügbarkeit von Betreuungseinrichtungen einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Erklärung des individuellen Geburtenverhaltens liefern. Dieser Befund sollte jedoch nicht zu dem Schluss führen, dass Kinderbetreuung für die Lösung der Vereinbarkeitsproblematik keine Rolle spielt. Vielmehr verweist er auf die Notwendigkeit, spezifische familienpolitische Maßnahmen und Institutionen im Kontext des gesamten wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Arrangements eines Landes zu analysieren.

  • 80. Hank, Karsten
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Kohler, Hans-Peter
    Sohn oder Tochter, Natur oder Kultur?: Geschlechterpräferenzen für Kinder im europäischen Vergleich2008In: Die Natur der Gesellschaft: Verhandlungen des 33. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Kassel 2006, 2008, p. 1671-1679Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 81.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Aassve, A.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Baizán Munoz, P.
    Billari, Francesco
    Bocconi University, Milan, Italy.
    Engelhardt, H.
    Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, A.
    Hank, K.
    Huinink, J.
    Kohler, H.-P.
    Kohlmann, A.
    Kreyenfeld, Michaela
    Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Vikat, Andres
    UN Economic Commission for Europe, Switzerland.
    Concepts for a second round of fertility and family surveys in Europe with particular attention paid to persons of reproductive/ working age2000In: Generations and gender programme: exploring future research and data collection options, New York; Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/United Nations Population Fund , 2000, p. 59-104Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 82.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Education and childlessness: The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-592006In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 14, no 15, p. 331-380Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we extend the concept of educational attainment to cover the field of education taken in addition to the conventional level of education attained. Our empirical investigation uses register records containing childbearing and educational histories of an entire cohort of women born in Sweden (about a quarter-million individuals). This allows us to operate with a high number of educational field-and-level combinations (some sixty in all). It turns out that the field of education serves as an indicator of a woman’s potential reproductive behavior better than the mere level attained. We discover that in each field permanent childlessness increases some with the educational level, but that the field itself is the more important. In general, we find that women educated for jobs in teaching and health care are in a class of their own, with much lower permanent childlessness at each educational level than in any other major grouping. Women educated in arts and humanities or for religious occupations have unusually high fractions permanently childless. Our results cast doubt on the assumption that higher education per se must result in higher childlessness. In our opinion, several factors intrinsic and extrinsic to an educational system (such as its flexibility, its gender structure, and the manner in which education is hooked up to the labor market) may influence the relationship between education and childlessness, and we would not expect a simple, unidirectional relationship.

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  • 83.
    Hoem, Jan M.
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Educational attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-592006In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 14, no 16, p. 381-404Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is the second of two companion papers addressing the association between educational attainment and fertility for some sixty educational groups of Swedish women, defined according to field of education as well as level of education. The first paper is about childlessness and education, the present one about the mean number of children ever born. We find that ultimate fertility decreases somewhat with an increasing educational level, but its dependence on the field of education is much more impressive. In general, educational groups with relatively little childlessness also have relatively high ultimate fertility, and educational groups with much childlessness have relatively low ultimate fertility. In particular, women educated for the teaching or health-care professions have less childlessness and a higher ultimate fertility than others. Conversely, women with an education for esthetic or (non-teacher) humanist occupations have unusually high fractions childless and low ultimate fertility. Women with religious educations stand out by having very high fractions childless but quite ordinary mean ultimate fertility nevertheless; such women have very little childbearing outside of marriage. Women with research degrees have remarkably ordinary childbearing behavior; they do not forego motherhood to the extent that some theories would predict.

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  • 84. Hoem, Jan
    et al.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Education and childlessness: The relationship between educational field, educational level, and childlessness among Swedish women born in 1955-592006In: Demographic Research, Vol. 14, no 15, p. 331-380Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we extend the concept of educational attainment to cover the field of education taken in addition to the conventional level of education attained. Our empirical investigation uses register records containing childbearing and educational histories of an entire cohort of women born in Sweden (about a quarter-million individuals). This allows us to operate with a high number of educational field-and-level combinations (some sixty in all). It turns out that the field of education serves as an indicator of a woman’s potential reproductive behavior better than the mere level attained. We discover that in each field permanent childlessness increases some with the educational level, but that the field itself is the more important. In general, we find that women educated for jobs in teaching and health care are in a class of their own, with much lower permanent childlessness at each educational level than in any other major grouping. Women educated in arts and humanities or for religious occupations have unusually high fractions permanently childless.

    Our results cast doubt on the assumption that higher education per se must result in higher childlessness. In our opinion, several factors intrinsic and extrinsic to an educational system (such as its flexibility, its gender structure, and the manner in which education is hooked up to the labor market) may influence the relationship between education and childlessness, and we would not expect a simple, unidirectional relationship.

  • 85. Hoem, Jan
    et al.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Educational attainment and ultimate fertility among Swedish women born in 1955-592006In: Demographic Research, Vol. 14, no 16, p. 381-404Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is the second of two companion papers addressing the association between educational attainment and fertility for some sixty educational groups of Swedish women, defined according to field of education as well as level of education. The first paper is about childlessness and education, the present one about the mean number of children ever born. We find that ultimate fertility decreases somewhat with an increasing educational level, but its dependence on the field of education is much more impressive. In general, educational groups with relatively little childlessness also have relatively high ultimate fertility, and educational groups with much childlessness have relatively low ultimate fertility. In particular, women educated for the teaching or health-care professions have less childlessness and a higher ultimate fertility than others. Conversely, women with an education for esthetic or (non-teacher) humanist occupations have unusually high fractions childless and low ultimate fertility. Women with religious educations stand out by having very high fractions childless but quite ordinary mean ultimate fertility nevertheless; such women have very little childbearing outside of marriage. Women with research degrees have remarkably ordinary childbearing behavior; they do not forego motherhood to the extent that some theories would predict.

  • 86. Jalovaara, Marika
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Disparities in Children's Family Experiences by Mother's Socioeconomic Status: The Case of Finland2018In: Population: Research and Policy Review, ISSN 0167-5923, E-ISSN 1573-7829, Vol. 37, no 5, p. 751-768Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A well-known argument claims that socioeconomic differentials in children's family structures have become increasingly important in shaping child outcomes and the resources available to children in developed societies. One assumption is that differentials are comparatively small in Nordic welfare states. Our study examines how children's experiences of family structures and family dynamics vary by their mother's educational attainment in Finland. Based on register data on the childbearing and union histories of women in Finland born from 1969 onwards, we provide life-table estimates of children's (N = 64,162) experiences of family dissolution, family formation, and family structure from ages 0-15 years, stratified by mother's education level at the child's birth. We find huge socioeconomic disparities in children's experiences of family structures and transitions. Compared to children of highly educated mothers, children of mothers with low levels of education are almost twice as likely to be born in cohabitation and four times as likely to be born to a lone mother. They are also much more likely to experience further changes in family structure-particularly parental separation. On average, children of low-educated mothers spend just half of their childhood years living with both their parents, whereas those of high-educated mothers spend four-fifths of their childhood with both parents. The sociodemographic inequalities among children in Nordic welfare states clearly deserve more scholarly attention.

  • 87. Jalovaara, Marika
    et al.
    Neyer, Gerda
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Dahlberg, Johan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Dommermuth, Lars
    Fallesen, Peter
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI). ROCKWOOL Foundation, Denmark.
    Lappegård, Trude
    Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries2019In: European Journal of Population, ISSN 0168-6577, E-ISSN 1572-9885, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 563-586Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Systematic comparisons of fertility developments based on education, gender and country context are rare. Using harmonized register data, we compare cohort total fertility and ultimate childlessness by gender and educational attainment for cohorts born beginning in 1940 in four Nordic countries. Cohort fertility (CTF) initially declined in all four countries, although for cohorts born in the 1950s and later, the CTF remained stable or declined only modestly. Childlessness, which had been increasing, has plateaued in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Women’s negative educational gradient in relation to total fertility has vanished, except in Finland, while men’s positive gradient has persisted. The highest level of men’s childlessness appears among the least educated. In the oldest female cohorts, childlessness was highest among the highly educated, but these patterns have changed over the cohorts as childlessness has increased among the low educated and remained relatively stable among higher educated women. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, childlessness is now highest among the least educated women. We witness both a new gender similarity and persistent (among men) and new (among women) educational disparities in childbearing outcomes in the Nordic region. Overall, the number of low educated has decreased remarkably over time. These population segments face increasing social and economic disadvantages that are reflected as well in their patterns of family formation.

  • 88.
    Kolk, Martin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Centre for Cultural Evolution. Institute for Future Studies, Sweden.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Two Decades of Same-Sex Marriage in Sweden: A Demographic Account of Developments in Marriage, Childbearing, and Divorce2020In: Demography, ISSN 0070-3370, E-ISSN 1533-7790, Vol. 57, no 1, p. 147-169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we provide demographic insight into the still relatively new family form of same-sex marriage. We focus on period trends in same-sex marriage formation and divorce during 1995-2012 in Sweden and the role of childbearing in same-sex unions. The period begins with the introduction of registered partnership for same-sex couples and also covers the introduction of formal same-sex marriage in 2009. We use register data for the complete population of Sweden to contrast patterns in male and female same-sex marriage formation and divorce. We show that female same-sex union formation increased rapidly over the period, while trends for male same-sex unions increased less. The introduction of same-sex marriage legislation in 2009 appears to have had little effect on the pace of formation of same-sex unions. In contrast, legal changes supporting parental rights in same-sex unions may have fueled the formation of female same-sex marriages as well as parenthood in such unions. Further, we show that divorce risks in the marital unions of two women are much higher than in other types of marriages. We find some convergence of divorce risks across union types at the end of our study period: male same-sex unions have the same divorce risk levels as opposite-sex marriages, and the elevated risks of divorce in female same-sex unions appear to have stabilized at somewhat lower levels than those observed in the late 1990s.

  • 89.
    Kolk, Martin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Institute for Future Studies, Sweden; Åbo Akademi, Finland.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Wallace, Matthew
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Excess mortality and COVID-19 in Sweden in 2020: A demographic account2022In: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, ISSN 1728-4414, E-ISSN 1728-5305, Vol. 20, article id res2.2Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we provide an account of mortality levels in Sweden in 2020, focusing on both excess mortality and mortality due to COVID-19 deaths.We present various measures of life expectancy for women and men based on age-specific death rates in 2020. Our measures of excess mortality are based on comparisons with benchmarks derived from a previous mortality forecast for 2020 by Statistics Sweden and observed average mortality rates during 2017–2019. We present data on regional and seasonal variation in excess mortality, as well as estimates of Years of Potential Life Lost due to COVID-19. We decompose excess mortality in 2020 into excess mortality due to COVID-19 and excess mortality attributable to other causes. We also provide some estimates on the impact of excess mortality in 2020 on the remaining life expectancy for different cohorts of women and men in Sweden. We demonstrate that the impact of COVID-19 mortality was concentrated at higher ages, and among men in particular. Conversely, some younger age groups experienced negative excess mortality. The mortality changes during 2020 caused life expectancy levels to revert back to those observed in 2018 for women and in 2017 for men.

  • 90.
    Kolk, Martin
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Institutet för framtidsstudier, Sverige.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Wallace, Matthew
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Överdödlighet och dödlighet i covid-19 i Sverige under 20202021Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    De tidigare årens utveckling med ökad medellivslängd i Sverige bröts under förra året. Det visar den här rapporten från IFFS, Institutet för framtidsstudier, som tagits fram på Folkhälsomyndighetens uppdrag.

    I rapporten presenteras statistik över dödligheten på nationell och regional nivå, och jämförs även med tidigare år. Syftet med rapporten är att genom sammanställd data kunna bedöma pandemins påverkan på överdödligheten i Sverige. Resultatet visar att den förväntade medellivslängden minskade med 0,69 år för män och 0,40 år för kvinnor under år 2020 jämfört med 2019. Det innebär att tidigare ökningar av medellivslängd bröts under 2020 och istället låg på samma nivåer som år 2017 för män och år 2018 för kvinnor.

    Som underlag för rapporten om dödlighet och överdödlighet i olika åldersgrupper har IFFS använt SCB:s statistik över samtliga dödsfall och Folkhälsomyndighetens statistik över dödsfall i covid-19.

    Rapporten har skrivits av forskare verksamma vid IFFS och Stockholms universitet som självständigt undersökt hur dödsmönstren utmärkt sig under 2020.

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  • 91. Kreyenfeld, Michaela
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Socioeconomic differences in the unemployment and fertility nexus: Evidence from Denmark and Germany2014In: Advances in Life Course Research, E-ISSN 1040-2608, Vol. 21, p. 59-73Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies that have investigated the role of unemployment in childbearing decisions have often shown no or only barely significant results. We argue that many of these nonfindings may be attributed to a neglect of group-specific differences in behavior. In this study, we examine how the association of unemployment and fertility varies by sociodemographic subgroups using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and from Danish population registers. We find that male unemployment is related to a postponement of first and second childbearing in both countries. The role of female unemployment is less clear at these two parities. Both male and female unemployment is positively correlated with third birth risks. More importantly, our results show that there are strong educational gradients in the unemployment and fertility nexus, and that the relationship between unemployment and fertility varies by socioeconomic group. Fertility tends to be lower during periods of unemployment among highly educated women and men, but not among their less educated counterparts.

  • 92. Kreyenfeld, Michaela
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Pailhé, Ariane
    Economic uncertainty and family dynamics in Europe: Introduction2012In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 27, p. 835-852Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Economic uncertainty has become an increasingly important factor in explanations of declining fertility and postponed family formation across Europe. Yet the micro-level evidence on this topic is still limited.

    Objective: This special collection of Demographic Research focuses on the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe.

    Methods: The collection is comprised of studies that explore how various dimensions of employment uncertainty, such as temporary working contracts and individual and aggregate unemployment, are related to the fertility and family formation of women and men across Europe. The studies cover Germany, the UK, France, Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and Israel.

    Results: The various micro-level studies that are assembled in this special collection do not provide a simple answer to the question of whether and how economic uncertainty suppresses (or stimulates) fertility. However, some systematic variation by welfare state regime is discernable.

    Conclusions: Given the recent economic volatility in Europe, we expect that labor market uncertainties will remain an important component of explanations of fertility developments in the 21st century.

  • 93. Kreyenfeld, Michaela
    et al.
    Andersson, GunnarStockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.Pailhé, Ariane
    Economic Uncertainty and Family Dynamics in Europe: Special Collection 122012Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This special collection of Demographic Research is devoted to the issue of how economic and employment uncertainties relate to fertility and family dynamics in Europe. The collection is based on contributions to a workshop held in Berlin in July 2009, which in turn was stimulated by the onset of the economic recession in 2008. The collection comprises studies on how various dimensions of employment uncertainty, such as temporary working contracts and individual and aggregate unemployment, are related to the fertility and family formation of women and men in contexts across Europe. It covers studies on Germany, the U.K., France, Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, and Israel.

  • 94. Kulu, Hill
    et al.
    Boyle, Paul
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    High Suburban Fertility: Evidence from Four Northern European Countries2009In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 21, no 31, p. 915-944Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    While numerous studies have compared urban and rural fertility rates across Europe, virtually no studies have distinguished suburbs as a distinct residential context. This study examines fertility variation across different residential contexts in four Northern European countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. We move beyond the conventional urban-rural focus of most previous studies of within-nation variations in fertility by distinguishing between urban centres and suburbs of cities and towns. We base our study on aggregate and individual-level register data and our analysis shows that fertility levels are significantly higher in suburbs than in urban centres; this pattern has persisted over the past quarter of a century for all four countries. A parity-specific analysis of Swedish register data reveals that total fertility varies between central cities and suburbs due to the relatively high first- and second-birth propensities in the suburbs. Further analysis shows that fertility variation between the central cities and suburbs persists after controlling for women’s socioeconomic characteristics. We discuss the role of various factors in accounting for high suburban fertility including omitted individual characteristics, contextual factors and selective residential moves of couples planning to have a child, suggesting that more study is required of this under-researched topic.

  • 95. Kulu, Hill
    et al.
    Hannemann, Tina
    Pailhe, Ariane
    Neels, Karel
    Krapf, Sandra
    Gonzalez-Ferrer, Amparo
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Fertility by Birth Order among the Descendants of Immigrants in Selected European Countries2017In: Population and Development Review, ISSN 0098-7921, E-ISSN 1728-4457, Vol. 43, no 1, p. 31-60Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 96. Kulu, Hill
    et al.
    Vikat, Andres
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Demografi (SUDA).
    Settlement size and fertility in the Nordic countries2007In: Population Studies, Vol. 61, no 3, p. 265-285Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    While the variation in childbearing patterns across countries and between socio-economic groups within a country has been studied in detail, less is known about the differences in fertility patterns across settlements within a country. Using aggregate and individual-level register data, we examine fertility variation across settlements in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We observe a significant variation in fertility level by settlement size in all four of these Nordic countries—the larger the settlement, the lower the fertility. Second, the variation in fertility levels has decreased over time, but significant differences in fertility between settlements of different size persist. Third, the timing of childbearing also varies across settlements—the larger the settlement, the later the peak of fertility. Fourth, our analysis of parity-specific fertility in Sweden shows that the major socio-economic characteristics of women account for only a small portion of fertility variation across settlements.

  • 97. Lagergren, Jesper
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Talbäck, Mats
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Bihagen, Erik
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    Härkönen, Juho
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Feychting, Maria
    Ljung, Rickard
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI).
    Marital status, education, and income in relation to the risk of esophaegal and gastric cancer by histological type and site2016In: Cancer, ISSN 0008-543X, E-ISSN 1097-0142, Vol. 122, no 2, p. 207-212Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND

    Marital status, income, and education might influence the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer, but the literature is limited. A large study addressing subtypes of these tumors was used to clarify these associations.

    METHODS

    A nationwide, Swedish population–based cohort study from 1991 to 2010 included individuals who were 50 years old or older. Data on exposures, covariates, and outcomes were obtained from well-maintained registers. Four esophagogastric tumor subtypes were analyzed in combination and separately: esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, cardia adenocarcinoma, and noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for confounders.

    RESULTS

    Among 4,734,227 participants (60,634,007 person-years), 24,095 developed esophageal or gastric cancer. In comparison with individuals in a long marriage, increased IRRs were found among participants who were in a shorter marriage or were never married, remarried, divorced, or widowed. These associations were indicated for each tumor subtype but were generally stronger for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Higher education and income were associated with decreased IRRs in a seemingly dose-response manner and similarly for each subtype. In comparison with the completion of only primary school, higher tertiary education rendered an IRR of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.60-0.69) for men and an IRR of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.61-0.75) for women. Comparing participants in the highest and lowest income brackets (highest 20% vs lowest 20%) revealed an IRR of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.70-0.79) for men and an IRR of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76-0.91) for women.

    CONCLUSIONS

    Divorce, widowhood, living alone, low educational attainment, and low income increase the risk of each subtype of esophageal and gastric cancer. These associations require attention when high-risk individuals are being identified.

  • 98.
    Lappegård, Trude
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Duvander, Ann-Zofie
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Har foreldrepermisjon betydning for barnefødsler?2013In: Fedrekvoten og den farsvennlige velferdsstaten / [ed] Berit Brandth, Elin Kvande, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget , 2013, p. 211-221Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 99.
    Ljung, Rickard
    et al.
    Karolinska Institutet.
    Drefahl, Sven
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Lagergren, Jesper
    Kings College London.
    Socio-Demographic and Geographical Factors in Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Mortality in Sweden2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 4, p. e62067-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Socio-demographic factors and area of residence might influence the development of esophageal and gastric cancer. Large-scale population-based research can determine the role of such factors.

    Methods

    This population-based cohort study included all Swedish residents aged 30–84 years in 1990–2007. Educational level, marital status, place of birth, and place of residence were evaluated with regard to mortality from esophageal or gastric cancer. Cox regression yielded hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for potential confounding.

    Results

    Among 84 920 565 person-years, 5125 and 12 230 deaths occurred from esophageal cancer and gastric cancer, respectively. Higher educational level decreased the HR of esophageal cancer (HR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.42–0.90 in women, HR = 0.71, 95%CI 0.60–0.84 in men) and gastric cancer (HR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.63–1.03 in women, HR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.64–0.83 in men). Being unmarried increased HR of esophageal cancer (HR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.35–1.99 in women, HR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.50–1.80 in men), but not of gastric cancer. Being born in low density populated areas increased HR of gastric cancer (HR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.10–1.38 in women, HR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.25–1.50 in men), while no strong association was found with esophageal cancer. Living in densely populated areas increased HR of esophageal cancer (HR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.14–1.50 in women, HR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.29–1.51 in men), but not of gastric cancer.

    Conclusion

    These socio-demographic inequalities in cancer mortality warrant efforts to investigate possible preventable mechanisms and to promote and support healthier lifestyles among deprived groups.

  • 100. Lundström, Karin E.
    et al.
    Andersson, Gunnar
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Labor-market status, migrant status, and first childbearing in Sweden2012In: Demographic Research, ISSN 1435-9871, Vol. 27, no article 25, p. 719-742Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Labor market uncertainties and employment insecurity have emerged as increasingly important factors in research on family formation and fertility.

    Objective In the present study, we provide evidence from Sweden on how non-employment, unemployment, and temporary employment relate to young people's first birth risks.

    Methods We use a combination of Labor Force Survey data on employment characteristics and register data on demographic outcomes to investigate how the labor market status and stability of employment are associated with the first birth behavior of women and men, and of Swedish-and foreign-born people in Sweden.

    Results Consistent with previous research, we find that people who are not in the labor force are less likely than those who are employed to enter parenthood. In most cases, we also find that young people who are in temporary employment are less likely than those who are permanently employed to start a family.

    Conclusions Our study demonstrates that foreign-born people living in Sweden tend to adapt to the behavior of native-born Swedes, and that patterns for women and men are largely similar. We relate these findings to the equalizing impact of the country's universal welfare regime.

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