The selective formation of carbon-carbon bonds constitutes a key transformation in organic synthesis with useful applications in pharmaceutical or material industry. A particularly versatile tool for carbon-carbon as well as carbon-heteroatom bond formation is palladium catalysis, which allows for mild and selective routes even towards complex structures.

The work in this thesis describes the development and the mechanistic investigation of a palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative carbocyclization/functionalization methodology, which converts 1,5-allenynes into either arylated or borylated carbocycles. To this end, either boronic acids or B₂pin₂ are employed and 1,4-benzoquinone serves as the stoichiometric oxidant. These protocols provide access to two products, a cyclic triene and a cyclic vinylallene. Their formation is dependent on the substrate structure as the latter product requires a propargylic C–H bond to be present in the substrate. Based on kinetic isotope effects, mechanisms involving either an initial allenic or propargylic C–H abstraction, respectively, were proposed. Full control of product selectivity to give either trienes or vinylallenes was achieved by modifying the reaction conditions with additives. Using substoichiometric amounts of BF₃·OEt₂ leads selectively to borylated or arylated vinylallenes. Under arylating conditions the reaction is zero order in allenyne and oxidant, and first order in phenylboronic acid. Transmetalation and, to some extent, propargylic C–H cleavage were found to be turnover-limiting. The selective reaction towards functionalized trienes was achieved by addition of either substoichiometric LiOAc·2H₂O (borylation) or excess amounts of H₂O (arylation). For the latter case, a kinetic study revealed an unusually slow catalyst activation. Lower concentrations of H₂O gave product mixtures, and it was shown that vinylallenes are formed with either boronic acid or boroxine, whereas the formation of trienes requires boronic acid.

Palladium catalysis has emerged as an outstanding tool in synthetic organic chemistry for the mild and selective formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. This thesis has been directed towards the extension of palladium(II)-catalyzed carbocyclization chemistry under oxidative conditions. An oxidative carbocyclization/functionalization methodology utilizing boron-containing transmetalation reagents was exploited to convert 1,5-allenynes into either arylated or borylated carbocycles. Two protocols were developed that use minimal amounts of Pd(OAc)2, stoichiometric para-benzoquinone as the oxidant and either bis(pinacolato)diboron or different arylboronic acids under mild conditions. A wide substrate scope is applicable to both methods. When the allenyne substrate bears a propargylic hydrogen, two isomeric functionalized carbocycles can be formed. By controlling the reaction conditions the reaction can be directed towards either of these two isomeric products. Kinetic isotope effect studies suggest that the mechanism leading to the different products proceeds through allylic or propargylic C-H bond cleavage, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that water has an interesting effect on the product selectivity when arylboronic acids are used in the oxidative carbocyclization of allenynes.

Highly selective protocols for the carbocyclization/arylation of allenynes using arylboronic acids are reported. Arylated vinylallenes are obtained with the use of BF3 center dot Et2O as an additive, whereas addition of water leads to arylated trienes. These conditions provide the respective products with excellent selectivities (generally > 97:3) for a range of boronic acids and different allenynes. It has been revealed that water plays a crucial role for the product distribution.

In control: A highly selective carbocyclization/borylation of allenynes with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B₂pin₂) under palladium catalysis and with p-benzoquinone (BQ) as the oxidant was developed. The use of either LiOAc⋅2 H₂O with 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) as the solvent or BF₃⋅Et₂O together with THF is crucial for the selective formation of borylated trienes and vinylallenes, respectively.

An enantioselective oxidative carbocyclization-borylation of enallenes that is catalyzed by palladium(II) and a Bronsted acid was developed. Biphenol-type chiral phosphoric acids were superior co-catalysts for inducing the enantioselective cyclization. A number of chiral borylated carbocycles were synthesized in high enantiomeric excess.

Xylose is one of the few monosaccharidic building blocks that are used by mammalian cells. In comparison with other monosaccharides, xylose is rather unusual and, so far, only found in two different mammalian structures, i.e. in the Notch receptor and as the linker between protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in proteoglycans. Interestingly, simple soluble xylopyranosides can not only initiate the biosynthesis of soluble GAG chains but also function as inhibitors of important enzymes in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. Furthermore, xylose is a major constituent of hemicellulosic xylans and thus one of the most abundant carbohydrates on Earth. Altogether, this has spurred a strong interest in xylose chemistry. The scope of this review is to describe synthesis of xylopyranosyl donors, as well as protective group chemistry, modifications, and conformational analysis of xylose.