Protein-protein interactions are essential to maintain cellular function and organization and often occur by means of electrostatic interactions. These forces are determined by the electrostatic conditions within the cell, a dynamic and highly crowded environment containing ions and charged molecules.

In this thesis, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is employed as a model system to study how cellular electrostatics, specifically ionic strength, governs protein-protein interactions, with particular focus on interactions between cytochrome c and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae III₂-IV_1/2 supercomplex. The electrostatic nature of this interaction provides an ideal framework for studying ionic strength-dependent effects.

Previous data showed that at the commonly assumed “physiological” ionic strength of 150 mM monovalent salt, electron transfer within the supercomplex is mediated by 2D diffusion of a single cytochrome c molecule between complexes III₂ and IV. However, recent findings indicate that a monovalent salt concentration of 20 mM more realistically mimics the intracellular conditions. Under these conditions, our data show that at least two cytochrome c molecules bind simultaneously to the supercomplex surface. Additionally, previously unresolved residues at the N and C termini of subunits Qcr6 and Qcr9, respectively, were observed.

The cytochrome c-supercomplex interactions were also studied at 20 and 150 mM monovalent salt in mitoplasts containing the supercomplex. Overall activity in mitoplasts was lower than in detergent-purified supercomplexes. The results show that supercomplex activity as a function of cytochrome c concentration was similar at 20 mM and 150 mM salt, contrasting the behavior observed in detergent-purified supercomplexes. This difference is explained by a shift in the rate-limiting step in membrane-bound supercomplexes.

The effect of ionic strength was further studied by measuring the supercomplex activity, both in solution and in mitoplasts, at increasing salt concentrations. Increasing ionic strength resulted in a monotonic decrease in cytochrome c affinity for the supercomplex, indicating a classical Debye-Hückel behavior that contrasts earlier studies with non-biological systems. 

Finally, the structure of the Mycobacterium smegmatis supercomplex was resolved in native membranes, revealing a physical association with the enzyme malate:quinone oxidoreductase. Spectrophotometric analyses showed that malate:quinone oxidoreductase can transfer electrons from malate to the supercomplex, suggesting a connection between the Krebs cycle and aerobic respiration in mycobacteria.

This thesis examines why revolutionary left‑wing parties ceased to pursue the overthrow of capitalism and instead worked for reform within it. A central point of departure is Swedish scholarship on the Social Democratic Party’s reformist development, particularly explanations emphasising adaptation, e.g. to compromise‑oriented parliamentary politics. Building on this research, the thesis develops the adaptation concept by integrating social practice theory and by formulating the complementary concepts of practice change, subversive practice change, and the bridge linking everyday action to the revolutionary goal. The study examines the Communist Party of Sweden (Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti, SKP) in 1943–1953, when it adopted the ‘peaceful road to socialism’ and gained unprecedented influence in parliamentary and municipal politics as well as in the trade unions. Drawing on central party archives, municipal records, and a complete survey of SKP parliamentary motions, as well as selected regional and local cases, the analysis centres on concrete action within these three practices, including at grassroots level. The study also includes several quantitative examinations, including analyses of internal membership statistics.

The findings show, first, that the SKP did not pursue a ‘people’s democratic’ coup d’état; no subversive practice change was attempted vis‑à‑vis the military and police, and the Swedish ‘peaceful road’ was demilitarised. Second, parliamentary and municipal work was largely adaptive: bread‑and‑butter issues dominated, and the party adjusted itself to consensus‑oriented practice. The party’s actions rarely functioned as a bridge because links to the socialist aim were seldom articulated. Third, trade‑union activity was only modestly practice‑changing, mainly challenging the unions’ Social Democratic orientation where the SKP held decisive influence; otherwise, it adapted to reformist practice. In a few strongholds, union work could operate as a bridge by channelling political and material support to the party.

Organisationally, the SKP pursued and partly succeeded in creating a mass party between 1944 and 1948, which can be analysed as a bridge because increased support promoted the ‘peaceful road’. However, this membership expansion was reversed after 1948 amid the Cold War and tighter membership terms, resulting in a drastic decline. The party’s organisational structure increasingly adapted to parliamentary, municipal, and trade‑union practices, e.g. through geographical segmentation, representative forms, and workplace organisations aligned with trade‑union practice. Organisational security measures were primarily aimed at safeguarding the party’s survival and protecting its relations with fraternal parties, rather than enabling subversive practice change.

The thesis provides a method for identifying adaptation and change within practices and introduces the bridge as a way to analyse how everyday actions may, or may not, connect to long‑term socialist goals. It argues that accumulated adaptation generates path dependency that constrains revolutionary capacity, that the absence of practice change reinforces this path, and that temporal and spatial displacement of the revolutionary goal (towards a future moment and the socialist world) helps explain reformist development without complete ideological renunciation. In conclusion, the SKP was characterised by a specific contradiction between social reform and revolution.

Endometriosis is a common and painful condition affecting millions worldwide. In recent years, it has also emerged as a site of gender justice struggles. This thesis offers an empirically informed phenomenology of this frequently overlooked condition, interpreting patients’ experiences and demands for change as a contemporary struggle for recognition.

Based on in-depth interviews with 15 individuals in Sweden diagnosed with endometriosis, the study aims to deepen the understanding of how gendered dynamics and processes of recognition shape lived experiences of the condition. The analysis draws on the Hegelian concept of recognition, primarily as developed in Axel Honneth’s recognition theory, to examine how recognition shapes relations to self and others and motivates struggles for change. Approaching endometriosis as the phenomenon of “endo,” the thesis develops empirically informed concepts that capture its characteristic manifestations in the interviewees’ lifeworlds. These concepts are elaborated across three articles.

The first article (I) introduces the notion of endo time, analyzing how the recognition of endo appears as a specific orchestration of time, in experiences of waiting time, cyclical or chronic time, and sedimented time. The second article (II) develops the concept of endo episteme, examining how recognition and everyday epistemic practices shape the journey to diagnosis and treatment, including the processes of becoming a knower, becoming a patient, and becoming knowledge. The third article (III) articulates endo politics, exploring how quests for diagnosis and treatment evolve into a struggle for recognition that involves developing a fighting spirit, becoming a “we,” and struggling to be included.

Through these themes, the dissertation makes both empirical and theoretical contributions to gender studies, endometriosis research, and contemporary philosophical debates on gender and recognition.

Caulobacteraceae är en vitt förekommande bakteriefamilj som innefattar modellorganismen Caulobacter crescentus, känd för sin komplexa livscykel med en motil icke-reproduktiv fas och en reproduktiv fas med stjälkceller. Trots dess betydelse för forskningen är kunskapen om familjens fenotypiska bredd, ekologi och evolution begränsad. Denna avhandling överbryggar denna kunskapsklyfta genom att karaktärisera den genotypiska och fenotypiska diversiteten hos Caulobacteraceae samt undersöka hur de anpassar sig till miljöförändringar över fysiologiska och evolutionära tidsskalor. Arbetet bidrar därmed till en väsentligt fördjupad förståelse för denna vitt utbredda bakteriefamilj.

I studie I visar vi att C. crescentus anpassar sig till olika svältförhållanden genom att stoppa sin livscykel vid specifika stadier genom reglering av celldifferentiering och replikationsinitiatorn DnaA, vilket antingen triggar en ackumulering av icke-reproduktiva motila celler eller fastsittande stjälkceller.

I studie II kartlägger vi den evolutionära historian, miljöförekomsten, och genetiska potentialen hos ordningen Caulobacterales. Resultaten visar att den dimorfa livscykeln har gått förlorad genom konvergent evolution, att crescentinförmedlad cellkrökning förekommer hos andra alfaproteobakterier samt att fototrofi är utbrett. Detta inkluderar det nya släktet Acaudatibacter, ordningens första rapporterade evolutionära linje med gener för fotoautotrofi.

I studie III expanderar vi Caulobacteraceae-familjens fenotypiska och genomiska repertoar genom att isolera 58 nya stammar och därav beskriva 15 nya arter. Dessa uppvisar tidigare okända egenskaper, såsom kvorumavkänning (quorum sensing) och biofilmproduktion via laterala mellancellsinteraktioner, vilket sannolikt involverar enorma utsöndrade adhesiner.

I studie IV framför vi det första detaljerade porträttet av naturliga plasmider hos familjen Caulobacteraceae. Vi identifierar deras fortplantningsmoduler, upptäcker gener för nya antimikrobiella ämnen och diverse stressanpassningsmoduler, samt finner bevis för att plasmiderna regleras av sina värdcellers dimorfa livscykler. Våra resultat visar att plasmider har spelat nyckelroller under Caulobacteraceae-familjens evolution.

I studie V presenterar jag en syntes av evolutionen av alfaproteobakteriell dimorfism och dess diversitet. Detta gör jag genom att beskriva de definierande egenskaperna hos celldimorfism, belysa analoga livscykler hos andra bakterier, samt understryka att prosteker (stjälkar) inte har en inneboende koppling till dimorfism. Slutligen poängterar jag vikten av att utveckla nya, komplementära modellorganismer för att klarlägga hur komplexa livscykler har utvecklats.

Prison is a central social institution, yet it remains a closed and relatively inaccessible environment to the general public. Perceptions of prisons and prisoners are often shaped by media and popular culture rather than first-hand experience or academic research. Within this cultural landscape, the experiences of women prisoners remain largely invisible. Women constitute a small minority within prison systems and are placed in institutions designed for men based on assumptions about masculinity. Women in prison are therefore treated not as ordinary prisoners but as an exception. The prison’s aim of transforming the prisoner entails, for women, not only a transformation from criminal to law-abiding but also from deviant to normal women. Although qualitative prison research on the lived reality of imprisonment has gained renewed attention in the Nordic countries since the early 2000s, qualitative studies focusing on women and gender remain limited in the Swedish context, leaving gaps in knowledge about women’s experiences of imprisonment. The aim of this dissertation is to understand the lived reality of prisoners in women’s prisons in Sweden. Particular attention is paid to the pains of imprisonment and to how these are gendered. The study examines how conditions in women’s prisons are described in oversight bodies’ documentation, as well as how prisoners describe emotions, relationships, power, and resistance in prison life. The dissertation is based on two sub-studies. The first consists of a document analysis of oversight bodies’ documentation of women’s prisons, primarily from the Parliamentary Ombudsman. The second consists of qualitative interviews with nine prisoners serving long-term sentences in women’s prisons. The study is grounded in a critical feminist perspective that views the prison, like other institutions, as operating through normalising practices and being organised around assumptions about gender, class, and ethnicity. The analysis combines classical prison theory, particularly Sykes’s pains of imprisonment, with gender theory. A gender perspective is necessary to make these traditionally male-centered theoretical concepts analytically meaningful. The analysis shows how the pains of imprisonment are shaped by gendered institutional practices. By combining prisoners’ narratives with oversight bodies’ documentation, the study shows that the pains of imprisonment in Swedish prisons for women are gendered. Prisoners describe how institutional practices regulate emotions, relationships, and autonomy in ways reflecting expectations of normative femininity. These conditions produce gendered pains of imprisonment in which the control of intimate and relational aspects of life becomes a central source of suffering. At the same time, prisoners respond to these gendered pains of imprisonment through everyday forms of resistance, often by criticising or negotiating prison practices by invoking the system’s norms and values, particularly legal rights and gender equality. The dissertation contributes to prison research by analysing the pains of imprisonment from a gender perspective and examining how power, resistance, and gender are enacted in the lived reality of Swedish prisons for women. The study shows how prisoners’ experiences are shaped by institutional structures and broader social norms on gender and deviance. The study contributes to the limited body of qualitative research on women’s imprisonment in the Swedish and Nordic context.

The theme of this doctoral thesis is consent as a ground for freedom from criminal responsibility in Swedish criminal law. Consent has long been considered to exclude responsibility for many of the offences against the person, but has gained little attention in contemporary legal research. The central aim of the thesis is to analyse under which circumstances and for which reasons consent leads to freedom from criminal responsibility. The thesis is written using a legal dogmatic method. 

There are three prerequisites that need to be fulfilled in order for consent to lead to freedom from criminal responsibility. First, the type of offence must be motivated by an interest that the individual has command to dispose of. Second, the token consent in the individual case must be valid. Third, the deed performed with valid consent must (at least in relation to some offence types) be defensible. The thesis is structured accordingly and divided into three substantial parts: command; validity; defensibility.  

The part command contains an introduction to the concept of a legally protected interest as well as an account of the interests that the individual has command to dispose of. These interests motivate the offence types that together make up the area of relevance for consent. It is argued that almost all offences against the person are such that the individual may dispose of it by consenting to a deed that would otherwise harm the interest. One clear exception is offences that are motivated by freedom from oppression, to which consent from an individual is always irrelevant. The part validity contains an introduction to the ends of stipulating demands of validity, an analysis of the legal concept of consent and the scope of consent as well as an account of the demands of validity, which are: the form and expression of consent, the temporal aspect of consent, the consenting actor and the situation in which consent is given. It is argued that the central tenet of the demands of validity is that the individual is freely waiving the interest in question. The part defensibility contains an introduction to when and why a demand of defensibility is set, an account of the components to be considered in the assessment of defensibility as well as of the concrete aspects of that assessment. It is argued that the demand of defensibility can be considered as the state’s remaining claim of punishment, notwithstanding the valid consent. 

Reindeer herding has a long history in northern Norway, Sweden and Finland, where it has contributed to shaping the Fennoscandian mountain landscape. Through extensive grazing, semi-domestic reindeer influence vegetation structure and composition, and can partly mitigate climate change effects on vegetation. However, northern pastoralism is increasingly challenged by cumulative pressures stemming from land-use changes, climate warming and predator pressure. These pressures act at different spatial and temporal scales, complicating our understanding of how multiple, interacting pressures affect reindeer grazing behaviour. Since reindeer grazing is both an ecological driver of tundra plant communities and is shaped by many factors, disentangling the relative importance of these relationships is therefore critical to better anticipate future ecosystem change in the mountain tundra.

In this thesis, I investigated how climate and land-use changes, in interaction with other factors, influence reindeer grazing patterns in northern Fennoscandia, and may subsequently affect the tundra vegetation. I specifically assessed the spatial exposure to multiple pressures, quantified reindeer grazing behaviour in space and time, and examined how shifts in grazing patterns may cascade through tundra plant communities in the Swedish mountain tundra. To do so, I combined spatial analyses of cumulative pressures, long-term climate data, GPS tracking with accelerometer-based behavioural data, and vegetation surveys.

Over the whole Fennoscandian herding region, I show that the vast majority of the grazing lands is exposed to one or multiple land-use pressures, often co-occurring with predator presence (Paper I). In that same study, I estimated a regional warming of 1.5–2°C over the past sixty years. Such warming in summer implies shifts in grazing patterns, that was further analysed in Paper II. This study showed that reindeer grazing was strongly limited spatially and temporally by warm summer temperatures in the mountain tundra. Such constraining effect of heat is becoming more common with warming summers, likely diminishing herbivory pressure (Paper II). At a local scale, grazing patterns were also shaped by abiotic conditions. Soil wetness emerged as a key predictor of where reindeer grazed, with wetter sites being significantly less grazed, enhancing distinct plant communities (Paper III). Additionally, human presence in the mountains was generally associated with a reduced reindeer occurrence and grazing activity (Paper IV). Although, if it offered protection from predators, reindeer would tolerate human disturbance, yet usually at the cost of grazing less.

Taken together, these results show that cumulative pressures constrain reindeer grazing both spatially and temporally, leading to a fragmented use of summer pastures. Areas that are consistently under-grazed or avoided, particularly near human infrastructures and in warm and wet habitats, are likely to experience a weakened top-down control on vegetation. By demonstrating how anthropogenic activities, environment and predators jointly may alter reindeer behaviour and its ecological functions, this work emphasizes the need to consider cumulative and interacting pressures when predicting future ecosystem change in northern mountain landscapes.

India’s political leadership has expressed green ambitions for several years, yet officials continue to face difficulties implementing these ambitions in practice. This dissertation examines how India’s green ambitions shape the everyday practices of the Indian Foreign Service. It challenges a common tendency in International Relations scholarship to treat status primarily as a motive for foreign policy behavior. Instead, it shifts the analytical focus from political leaders to the ways in which officials manage status considerations in bureaucratic and diplomatic practice.

The dissertation asks two questions: How do dilemmas inherent in India’s green ambitions manifest themselves in the everyday practices and social interactions of the Indian Foreign Service? And how do these manifestations shape the ways in which the Indian Foreign Service represents and advances India’s climate foreign policy at home and abroad? To address these questions, the dissertation develops a practice-oriented analytical framework that reconceptualizes status dilemmas as social processes and applies practice tracing to examine how they unfold in diplomatic practice. The framework centers on a “status dilemma triangle” consisting of three interrelated tensions: recognition tensions, normativity tensions, and epistemic tensions.

Methodologically, the dissertation employs practice tracing to analyze how diplomats interpret and manage these tensions in everyday diplomatic practice. Based on fieldwork primarily in New Delhi, the empirical analysis draws on elite interviews, press releases, and various documents. Empirically, the dissertation examines the operational challenges and day-to-day diplomatic work through which Indian officials navigate green ambitions in international settings. It focuses on three arenas of contemporary climate diplomacy: India’s participation in the UN climate negotiations (including COP27 and COP28), India’s G20 presidency, and India–EU climate relations in the run-up to the 16th India-EU summit, particularly disputes surrounding the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and sustainability clauses in trade negotiations.

The findings demonstrate how India’s green ambitions generate complex status dilemmas for officials navigating competing expectations and pressures. The dissertation identifies diplomatic strategies through which officials manage such dilemmas, offering insights relevant to research on climate diplomacy, diplomatic practice, foreign policy analysis, Indian foreign policy, and status in International Relations.

This thesis consists of five papers on Drinfeld modular forms and their Hecke operators.

Paper I lays the foundations by investigating to what extent the traces of an operator determine its eigenvalues in positive characteristic. The ideas developed here are used, both implicitly and explicitly, throughout the remainder of the thesis.

Paper II establishes the Hecke trace formula and deduces a Ramanujan bound for Drinfeld modular forms. To this end, machinery is developed to advance the theory of crystals over function fields, culminating in a version of Behrend's trace formula for crystals on tame Deligne-Mumford stacks. Applying this to the crystal of cusp forms on the moduli space of Drinfeld modules yields the Hecke trace formula.

In Paper III, the Hecke trace formula from Paper II is applied in the special case , where it is made as concrete and computable as possible. This leads to numerous new results, including explicit formulas for Hecke eigenvalues, computations of isogeny classes of Drinfeld modules in characteristic 2, and proofs of conjectures and open problems in the field. The resulting computational data also motivate several new conjectures.

Paper IV investigates spaces of Drinfeld quasi-modular forms. This broader setting allows for taking derivatives and hyperderivatives of Drinfeld modular forms. Several structure theorems are proved. An important conceptual advancement is the introduction of the double-slash operator, which provides a natural definition of Hecke operators on Drinfeld quasi-modular forms.

Paper V concerns traces of Hecke operators on Drinfeld modular forms as well as elliptic modular forms, modulo prime powers. The main results show that these traces are periodic in the weight, with an explicit period that works for any level. In the elliptic setting, this extends previous work of Koike, Serre, and others. The proof consists of a careful arithmetic analysis of the Hecke trace formula.

Extratropical cyclones (ECs) have a crucial importance for shaping the weather and climate of midlatitudes. ECs dominate the daily variability of weather and cause the majority of extreme weather events like extreme surface winds and precipitation. Extreme surface winds caused by ECs cause substantial losses in the insured property when they hit the land and have, therefore, been closely studied. They have been studied both climatologically and in terms of case studies of individual impactful ECs. 

However, ECs that come to land are only a small portion of all ECs. ECs most frequently occur over the midlatitude oceans in the regions called the storm tracks. Even though the highest frequency of occurrence of ECs is over the storm tracks, comparatively less attention was paid to the ECs which cause extreme winds over these areas.

This thesis studies the ECs that cause extreme surface winds over the oceanic storm tracks, in the areas where the occurrence of ECs is the highest. More specifically, the papers in the thesis focus on the ECs and the extreme surface winds over the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean. We analyze various datasets, from observations and reanalysis products, to those produced by our climate modeling experiments. 

One of the key results of the thesis is that the extreme surface winds in the storm track areas are larger in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, even though the Southern Hemisphere is known to have the stronger average surface winds. More specifically, the North Atlantic has the largest extreme surface winds, followed by the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. The hemispheric difference in extreme surface winds exists because the extreme winds are stronger around winter ECs in the Northern Hemisphere, and the strongest in the North Atlantic.

Another important result from the thesis is that the ECs that cause the most extreme surface winds have a similar large-scale development in all major storm track basins. This development is characterized by the presence of a pre-existing downstream EC, which helps to create an environment conducive to the development of extreme wind-causing ECs. In addition, we connect the differences in extreme surface winds between the basins to differences in the mid-tropospheric Eady growth rates. The extremes of Eady growth rates, as well as the percentage of explosively deepening ECs, are higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Finally, the modeling studies we do show that the main drivers of the differences in the extreme surface winds (and the Eady growth rates) are spatial distributions of sea-surface temperatures and orography.

This dissertation examines how intersubjectivity is accomplished in multilingual workplaces under conditions of linguistic diversity and technological mediation. Adopting an ethnomethodological conversation analytic perspective, it analyzes how participants organize meaning-making, participation, and epistemic positioning through the sequential coordination of talk, embodied conduct, and material resources. The data consist of approximately 55 hours of video- and audio-recorded workplace interaction from five workplaces in Sweden and include both unmediated and digitally mediated interactions involving tools such as Google Translate and ChatGPT.

The dissertation comprises three studies. The first investigates how coworkers make linguistic knowledge interactionally relevant in informal peer interaction, showing how such moments reorganize epistemic positioning and membership categories. The second examines smartphone-based translation with Google Translate, demonstrating how participants extend turns across pre-, production-, and post-phases and incorporate processing delays into sequence organization. The third analyzes AI-mediated interpreting with ChatGPT, showing how system outputs become accountable interactional contributions that participants interpret, repair, and assign responsibility for.

Together, the studies show that multilingual workplace communication relies on participants’ collaborative management of linguistic diversity and asymmetry across both unmediated and technologically mediated interactions. Intersubjectivity is secured through adaptive turn management, multimodal coordination within hybrid participation frameworks, and ongoing negotiation of epistemic positioning. The dissertation contributes to EMCA research by examining how sequential organization operates when actions are distributed across human participants and technological systems, and to the research field of Scandinavian languages research by providing detailed analyses of language use and participation in contemporary multilingual workplaces.

This thesis contains three papers on market microstructure. The papers study the measurement of trading costs, the enforcement of insider trading regulation, and corporate insiders’ choice of trading venue. A common thread is how information is reflected in market data and how that data is used by researchers, regulators, and market participants.

Article I (with Björn Hagströmer) studies bias in the effective bid–ask spread. Standard algorithms assume that the relevant quote always precedes the trade by a fixed positive lag. We show that relative trade latency is stochastic and can be negative. Using data from the London Stock Exchange, we find that the Lee–Ready algorithm overstates the midpoint-based effective spread by 8.4% and the depth-weighted effective spread by about 18%. We introduce a new matching algorithm that eliminates the bias.

Article II studies the full enforcement chain for illegal insider trading, from suspicion to prosecution. Using proprietary data on all suspicious transaction and order reports filed with the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority between 2016 and 2019, I model enforcement as a three-step process. Only 2.12% of suspected individuals are prosecuted. Market-based signals drive the initial detection step. The suspect’s connection to the firm and the value of the information determine forwarding and prosecution.

Article III (with Lars L. Nordén) examines where corporate insiders trade when the same stock is available on exchanges and dark markets. Using data on Swedish insider transactions from 2016 to 2024, we find that when insiders are buying, they are more likely to trade on dark markets when engaging in illegal activities, but less inclined to do so when they are informed. Given insiders’ endogenous venue selection, buying on dark markets negatively impacts abnormal returns. When insiders are selling, their venue choice is unrelated to whether they are informed or engage in illegal activities, and trading on dark markets does not significantly affect abnormal returns.

Regional hydrothermal alteration can redistribute metals in volcanic and volcano-sedimentary terranes, influencing the formation of ore deposits. This thesis investigates large scale sodium, magnesium and potassium dominated alteration in the Bergslagen ore province, Sweden, using field observations, drill core analyses, mineralogy and whole rock geochemistry. Three case studies, Hällefors, Riddarhyttan and Utö, capture a range of alteration styles, metal endowments and geological contexts. Results show that hydrothermal fluids strongly modified host rocks and mobilised iron (Fe) and light rare earth elements (REE), while base metal depletion was variable and controlled by the original composition of the volcanic rocks. Potassium dominated alteration is spatially associated with mineralisation but shows no systematic metal loss, whereas sodium and magnesium dominated alteration shows metal loss on a regional scale and likely supplied metals to ore forming fluids. These findings demonstrate that regional hydrothermal systems were widespread and geochemically effective. Their metallogenic impact depends on rock composition, fluid chemistry and basin architecture. This work refines models of metal mobilisation in ancient volcanic terranes and provides a framework for assessing the role of regional hydrothermal alteration in ore formation.