This paper develops a decision-based approach to meta-governance by drawing on insights from studies of organization outside of formal organizations. We argue that meta-governance can be analyzed as a form of partial organization of interactive arenas. Meta-governance has become an important concept in theorizing the role of government in contemporary governance, particularly in the context of shaping and providing guidance to different interactive arenas, such as networks and quasi-markets. Meta-governance is, however, also a broad and ambiguous concept, which limits its ability to guide empirical research on the actual practices of governing and the actors involved. Rather than presenting a new perspective on meta-governance, the framework of partial organization enables analysis of the processes behind the formation of meta-governance strategies. By focusing on decision-making, it offers a dynamic understanding of the stepwise development of meta-governance, reflecting an emerging, rather than predefined, rationality of governance arrangements.

Formamidinium lead iodide perovskite (FAPI) holds promise to be used in high–efficiency solar cells. A comprehensive understanding of the immediate surface properties of this material can provide insights into its interaction with other materials and guide future engineering of its interface with other constituents of the solar cell. In this thesis, the orientations of the formamidinium cations on flat FAI and PbI2 terminated (001) surfaces of the of α–FAPI were studied with classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations at a temperature of 300 K. The cations on the FAI terminated surface displayed a preference to lie flat on the surface, while the cations near the PbI2 terminated surface displayed a preference to be oriented in such a way that the molecular planes were perpendicular to the surface. Average near edge X–ray fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra at the carbon and nitrogen K–edges were simulated from the trajectories of the FAI terminated structure and compared with existing experimental spectra obtained from a clean FAPI surface under ultrahigh vacuum. By comparing the experimental and calculated NEXAFS spectra it was observed that the distribution of formamidinium orientations which contribute to the experimental NEXAFS spectra is different from the one seen in the outermost FAI layer from the molecular dynamics simulation. This observation can be explained by the finite probing depth of the X–ray or the fact that the surface is not perfectly FAI terminated in the experiment. The more uniform distribution of formamidinium orientations one layer below the surface resulted in simulated NEXAFS spectra which were more similar to the experimental ones.

En este trabajo pretendemos analizar el personaje de Celestina y el mundo de la prostituciónclandestina en la Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea de Fernando de Rojas en su contextosociohistórico. La obra se escribió en el momento de un cambio fundamental en el mundo dela prostitución en la sociedad española medieval y el objetivo de nuestro trabajo es analizarcómo estos cambios se han reflejado en la obra estudiada, en particular en la vida y accionesde uno de sus personajes, Celestina. Nos interesa investigar cómo se presenta este personajeen relación a la prostitución, cómo los cambios sociohistóricos en el mundo de la prostituciónde la TCM han afectado a la vida y acciones de Celestina y qué tipos de prostituciónclandestina se retratan en la obra en relación con ella. Primero presentamos la situación contemporánea en el mundo de la prostitución en Españaen la Baja Edad Media en el momento en que se introdujeron los burdeles públicos y seprohibió la prostitución libre, los cambios en la estructura existente de la prostitución que estecambio supuso y los tipos de prostitución clandestina que cristalizaron tras este cambio. Estecontexto nos permite realizar el análisis del personaje de Celestina, concebir su perfil ehistoria, analizar las causas de los acontecimientos en su vida y comprender los motivos desus decisiones y acciones. Finalmente se presentan dos tipos de la prostitución clandestina ysu relación con Celestina. La elección de Celestina como sujeto literario analizado nospermite capturar de manera bastante detallada el cambio sociohistórico de la época. El punto de partida ideológico para la realización de nuestro análisis radica en el abordajesocial y psicológico que nos permite analizar el personaje de Celestina sin juzgar ni condenarsu vida y comportamiento, sino comprenderlos y explicarlos dentro de su dimensión social ypsicológica. 

El descubrimiento de las jarchas romances ha dividido a la comunidad académica en dos grupos, en las que secontraponen dos perspectivas principales: la romanista y la arabista. El objeto de la disputa es una visióndiferente de su estructura y fuentes, su pertenencia a una de las dos tradiciones poéticas, así como la posibleinterpretación lingüística de algunas partes en disputa, mientras que el enunciado poético y la voz femenina enlas jarchas quedaron relegados al margen del interés científico en la batalla. Este trabajo presenta un análisis dela voz femenina en las jarchas romances como posible clave para desentrañar algunas cuestiones fundamentales.Al confrontar los resultados de investigación más significativos y relevantes desde ambas perspectivas, apoyadosen un análisis histórico y textual basado en el elemento clave de la voz femenina en las jarchas, este trabajopretende presentar una nueva visión más integral de este tema. A través de un análisis histórico de la sociedadandalusí multicultural, el estudio pretende identificar a las posibles autoras de estos fragmentos poéticos. Otroobjetivo de la investigación es definir y analizar las principales fuentes de inspiración poética de las jarchas. Elúltimo tema abordado es el lenguaje poético y las estrategias que utiliza la voz femenina para reclamar su lugaren el discurso poético. Con los resultados obtenidos, el trabajo pretende contribuir al esclarecimiento de algunascuestiones en torno a la cuestión del origen de las jarchas romances y el carácter híbrido de sus fuentes poéticas,así como probar la autenticidad de la voz femenina (y probablemente autoral) en ellas.

The present study focuses on challenges to the work of teachers as a result of a Swedish educational reform that mandates schools guarantee pupils receive early learning support concerning reading, writing, and number sense. The outcome of reforms is connected to how teachers achieve agency in their work , and we use the ecolo-gical model of teacher agency as an overarching theoretical frame-work and analytical dimension. The study involved interviews with 14 teachers, and the focus was on a) how teachers identify pupils in need of support and how this support is carried out, (b) how teachers would like this identification to be carried out, and how teachers would like to support pupils with weak number sense. Teachers described a ‘dilemmatic space’ (cf. Fransson and Grannäs 2013), which affects how they achieved agency in developing pupils’ num-ber sense. The dilemmatic space described by teachers in this study is framed by necessary priorities pertaining to the cultural, structural, and material conditions of the current situation. According to the study’s results, whether teachers should perform the assessment merits discussion. The study concludes there is a risk that conducting assessments and offering support risks cancelling each other out.

Artists both desire and dread reviews of their work by media critics. This article draws upon 66 interviews with Swedish novelists in order to examine their experiences of being publicly reviewed. A ‘successful’ reception creates resonant experiences that can be examined on two levels. On the level of interpersonal responsiveness, the authors’ longing to be genuinely understood through the engagement of others with their work is occasionally reciprocated in the reviewer’s reading of their work, resulting in a profound sense of mutual understanding and resonance. In the second dimension, abstracted positioning of the success of the reception is done using indicators of the importance of their book in literary life. The sense of achievement and prestige of having published something important creates resonance and connectedness to the world of literature. The article suggests that artists, through the reception of their works, can be either resonantly or non-resonantly engaged with reviewers’ reading and the indications of their works’ importance.

We are exposed to many chemicals in our everyday life. Some of these chemicals could pose risks for our health. To reduce such risks, it is important to know what we are exposed to, how much, and how toxic the chemicals are.

This thesis focuses on development and novel applications of a method for identifying and quantifying adducts as biomarkers of exposure to electrophiles. Electrophiles are reactive and can be measured as their stable reaction products (adducts) with haemoglobin (Hb) using the FIRE procedure™. This method utilizes Fluorescein Isothiocyanate to selectively cleave the adducted (R) N-terminal valine in human Hb, with a modified Edman procedure.

The primary aim was to further develop the FIRE procedure for application to a larger number of human blood samples, and to decrease the amount of sample needed. To achieve this, the method was adapted to 96-well plates. Further improvements resulted in a method that uses ca. half of the material used in the original method and can be used to analyse 1000 samples in one to two months.

The newly developed version of the FIRE procedure was applied to analyse blood from 144 Norwegian adults (Paper I) and 600 Swedish adolescents (Paper II), to estimate exposure to the electrophile acrylamide. IARC has classified acrylamide as a probable human carcinogen. Diet is a major source of exposure to acrylamide in the general population, as it is formed in carbohydrate-rich food during high temperature processing. Acrylamide intake was calculated from Hb adduct levels and compared with intake estimates calculated from self-reported food consumption data obtained from dietary records and food frequency questionnaires, combined with data for acrylamide content in food. In the Norwegian study, acrylamide intake was estimated by probabilistic calculations of the two types of food consumption data, which resulted in that no large difference in the median estimate obtained by these methods was observed in comparison of estimated daily intake from Hb adduct data (0.24-0.30 µg/kg body weight). In both studies (Papers I, II), the calculated margin of exposure with regard to risk for cancer indicates that acrylamide intake from food is of concern in the studied populations.

In Paper III, an unknown adduct, observed in earlier FIRE adductomics work, was identified with the help of high resolution accurate mass spectrometry, a synthesized standard, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A strategy to trace the source of the adduct was evaluated, and the epoxide glycidic acid was confirmed as a possible precursor, by measurement of adduct formation rate in vitro in human blood.

Finally, in Paper IV the FIRE procedure was compared to bottom-up proteomics to study Hb adducts from acrylamide, acrylic acid, glycidic acid, 2,3-epoxypropyl phenyl ether, 2-methyleneglutaronitrile, and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Adducts from all electrophiles were identified with bottom-up proteomics, with Cys93 in the beta chain of Hb as the most reactive side chain. The FIRE procedure was inefficient to detect bulkier/electron-withdrawing adducts, as from the contact allergen DNCB.

In conclusion, FIRE has high detectability for Hb adducts, although it is not suitable for adducts from all electrophiles. It is a valuable tool to identify and measure adducts, and to estimate exposure/intake of electrophiles. The new version of FIRE would facilitate the application for exposure measurement in epidemiological studies.

Seeking a more nuanced and reflexive treatment of criminality and deviance, this paper’s aim has been to demonstrate how ‘the other’ and ‘the other life’ is constituted discursively and how such constituting can be conceptualized in relation to the constructs of normalcy, respectability and functionality. The material consists of 8 life history interviews, from a total of 5 participants, who have all lived ‘the other life’. Employing a narrative analysis, it was examined how the narrators positioned themselves in their biographies in relation to the discursive conceptions surrounding the desired life and ‘the other (life)’. The findings demonstrate how their narratives unfold against the backdrop of middle-class and normative conceptions of how life should be lived. When positioned as ‘the other’, the narrators could be discursively rendered as abnormal and pathological, inappropriate, unworthy and abject, dysfunctional and ‘un-abled’. While such notions were oftentimes internalized in the narratives, the narrators also negotiated and resisted these connotations. Thus, through rejecting normativity, ‘the other (life)’ could be ‘queered’, and in so doing, chisel out new avenues of knowledge.

Key words: The other, The other life, Normalcy, Respectability, Functionality, Queer theory, Life schedules, Life course criminology

Generative machine learning models provide opportunities to support design work in various parts of the design process. This study

investigates how generative machine learning and large language

models may play a part in creative design processes of ideation,

early prototyping and sketching. A workshop was conducted in

which design practitioners and design researchers developed design

concepts for a provided design case, with the help of GPT-3. The

fndings point to three main themes, including i) the practical usefulness and limitations of the system in design ideation processes, ii) how the form of user interaction shapes users’ expectations of the

system’s capabilities and potentials, and iii), how the broader discourse around AI both limits and enables how co-creative processes involving human and AI unfolds. The discussion outlines design

implications and alternative framings of this kind of co-creative

design practices based on post-human perspectives on design and technology use.

The growing development of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly neural networks, is transforming applications of AI in healthcare, yet it raises significant privacy concerns due to potential data leakage. As neural networks memorise training data, they may inadvertently expose sensitive clinical data to privacy breaches, which can engender serious repercussions like identity theft, fraud, and harmful medical errors. While regulations such as GDPR offer safeguards through guidelines, rooted and technical protections are required to address the problem of data leakage. Reviews of various approaches show that one avenue of exploration is the adaptation of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to generate synthetic data for use in place of real data. Since GANs were originally designed and mainly researched for generating visual data, there is a notable gap for further exploration of adapting GANs with privacy-preserving measures for generating synthetic text data. Thus, to address this gap, this study aims at answering the research questions of how a privacy-preserving GAN can be adapted to safeguard the privacy of clinical text data and what challenges and potential solutions are associated with these adaptations.

To this end, the existing privGAN framework—originally developed and tested for image data—was tailored to suit clinical text data. Following the design science research framework, modifications were made while adhering to the privGAN architecture to incorporate reinforcement learning (RL) for addressing the discrete nature of text data. For synthetic data generation, this study utilised the 'Discharge summary' class from the Noteevents table of the MIMIC-III dataset, which is clinical text data in American English. The utility of the generated data was assessed using the BLEU-4 metric, and a white-box attack was conducted to test the model's resistance to privacy breaches.

The experiment yielded a very low BLEU-4 score, indicating that the generator could not produce synthetic data that would capture the linguistic characteristics and patterns of real data. The relatively low white-box attack accuracy of one discriminator (0.2055) suggests that the trained discriminator was less effective in inferring sensitive information with high accuracy. While this may indicate a potential for preserving privacy, increasing the number of discriminators proves less favourable results (0.361).

In light of these results, it is noted that the adapted approach in defining the rewards as a measure of discriminators’ uncertainty can signal a contradicting learning strategy and lead to the low utility of data. This study underscores the challenges in adapting privacy-preserving GANs for text data due to the inherent complexity of GANs training and the required computational power. To obtain better results in terms of utility and confirm the effectiveness of the privacy measures, further experiments are required to consider a more direct and granular rewarding system for the generator and to obtain an optimum learning rate. As such, the findings reiterate the necessity for continued experimentation and refinement in adapting privacy-preserving GANs for clinical text.

This thesis explores the family language policies (FLP) of two Somali-Swedish families living in Rinkeby, Stockholm. It focuses on the relationships between FLP and identity construction in different social spaces. It aims to address three main gaps in the FLPresearch in Sweden: in representation, methodology, and epistemological understandings of family, language, and policy. Most studies focus on families originating in the global North, which renders invisible the practices of families representing minoritized indigenous or immigrants – the South in the North. Moreover, few studies investigate FLP in interaction, resulting in a knowledge gap of FLP as practiced. In general, issues of power in relation to languages, social inequalities and status in society are barely present, yet, understanding relationships between linguistic practices and social structures at different scales seems crucial for understanding how language ideologies emerge and inform FLP. This study thus contributes to the field of FLP by investigating the language practices of two Somali-Swedish families, the language ideologies shaping these practices, as well as the everyday challenges they face in raising children multilingually. It uses an ethnographic design, drawing on interviews and fieldnotes, with attention to researcher positionality. Throughout, the thesis takes a decolonial stance, discussing how North-South entanglements are present in the interactions of marginalized populations and illuminating their experiences of struggle and oppression. Findings suggest that, for these families, FLP is an intentional act of maintaining the Somali language, although practices do not always align with this policy. Participants use in fact a broad linguistic repertoire in their interactions, constructing multiple identities in different spaces through their discursive practices, which are connected to their FLP. These practices are informed by ideologies on the importance of Somali in identity-building and in connecting people within the Somali diaspora, and by the supposed benefits of multilingualism. Participants report challenges in maintaining their FLP, such as the main role attributed to mothers in language maintenance, facing negative reactions to FLP from peers and society, and lack of institutional support. Results from this thesis contribute to redressing the identified gaps by researching participants’ own views on what is important for them and whatchallenges they face, an essential element for a decolonial approach. They also offer a critical perspective on multilingualism in FLP, locating language within southern perspectives. Results could also aid state actors working with Somali-Swedish families, enabling them to offer more focused support regarding raising multilingual children. 

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) drives mitochondrial inefficiency to produce heat in mammalian brown adipose tissue (BAT). Many mammalian species rely on this form of adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) to defend high body temperatures in the cold. Little is known regarding how evolution may have shaped UCP1 function to reflect distinct thermoregulatory requirements of various lineages. This thesis merges genetic and functional data while using a comparative approach to gain insights into the evolutionary rise of thermogenic UCP1, as well as its repeated loss of function among several eutherian lineages. UCP1 structure-function relationships and mechanistic insights are gained by examining natural mutations among the orthologues of different species.  

In Paper I, we reveal that, like eutherian mammals, marsupial UCP1 is expressed in adipose tissue of developing young gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) and coincides with the onset of thermoregulatory competence. Transcriptomic analyses reveal partial browning signatures in adipose tissue of young opossums, resembling eutherian beige adipose tissue. Overexpression of marsupial UCP1 in a mammalian test system (HEK293 cells), however, reveals its lack of thermogenic functionality. I then performed ancestral reconstruction of UCP1 and demonstrate that the thermogenic function arose in the stem eutherian ancestor. 

In Paper II, I uncover that UCP1 not only became pseudogenized in pigs (e.g. Sus spp.), but in a common ancestor of both pigs and peccaries (e.g. Catagonus wagneri) as indicated from a shared inactivating mutation, re-calibrating the timeline of this inactivation and our understanding of how it may limit the geographic distribution of modern peccaries. 

In Paper III, I uncover a novel UCP1 pseudogene unique to the largest seals, elephant seals (Mirounga spp.), showing that UCP1 is retained within most members of the seal lineage for neonatal defense of body temperatures, but its loss coincides with the extreme body sizes attained by elephant seals. 

In Paper IV, we functionally verify that N-terminal truncation or frameshift mutation repair cannot rescue the thermogenic function of elephant seal UCP1. By contrast, we verify the thermogenic capacity of UCP1 of the small-bodied harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), matching that of terrestrial eutherians.

In Paper V, we examine UCP1 in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), a species that displays a natural mutation to the histidine pair motif that has been previously deemed crucial for UCP1 function. We hypothesized that this may underlie the poor thermoregulatory abilities of the species. Our assessment of UCP1 mutants, however, reveal that the naked mole-rat retains UCP1 function and that the histidine pair motif is unnecessary for the GDP-sensitive thermogenic function of the protein, providing important structure-function information of UCP1 and questioning a proposed mechanistic model. 

In summary, this thesis utilizes UCP1 as a biomarker to trace the evolution of mammalian NST and thermoregulation. Insights gained provide clues to the various factors influencing mammalian endothermy and hints of structure-function relationships in this thermogenic protein.  

The management of Natura 2000 sites is considered as the cornerstone for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity within Europe. However, protected ecosystems provide a plethora of benefits to local societies, and support the local economy. Thus, to seek solutions for complex environmental issues within Natura 2000 sties it is imperative to approach the site of concern as a connected social-ecological system, and to strengthen the participation of stakeholders in decision-making following a co-management approach.

Gialova Lagoon wetland, in Messinia, Greece represents an example of Natura 2000 site which needs to be managed. The overall aim of the PhD thesis was to assess the problem of lagoon salinization, and provide policy recommendations for wetland restoration and management of associated freshwater resources under a changing climate. The thesis has followed a social-ecological approach, by integrating DPSIR framework with participatory Systems Dynamic modelling and the concept of ecosystem services. Knowledge gaps about major social and ecological components were assessed by applying a variety of methods, namely (a) field monitoring and observations, (b) GIS analyses, (c) consultation with stakeholders, (d) modelling and scenarios.

The thesis results suggested that past human interventions had multi-fold effects on the Gialova Lagoon wetland, namely hydrology alteration, ecosystem fragmentation, loss and transformation of natural habitats. Furthermore, the combined effects of alterations in hydrology and climate change have led to increased salinity in the wetland over time. These alterations had profound implications on wetland ecosystem services such as the diversity of habitats and waterbirds and the provision of fish. Under contemporary hydrological connectivity and on-going climatic conditions, the mean annual salinity of the lagoon has increased from approximately 35 g/L during the period 2016-2018 to approximately 40 g/L during the period 2021-2023 indicating a salinization increase of approximately 1 g/L per year. 

To identify restoration alternatives, the work under the PhD thesis has engaged scientists with local stakeholders from the sectors of agriculture, fishing, tourism, and public administration, in a co-management approach. The end product, an SDM (Systems-Dynamics model) co-created with stakeholders, was suitable for exploring scenarios for salinity regulation and management of associated freshwater resources, under a changing climate (RCP 4.5). The derived management suggestions, namely restoration of the connectivity with the surrounding freshwater bodies (river, artesian springs) and between habitats (e.g., lagoon-marshes), could result in the de-salinization of the lagoon within a 10-year period, and could be applied within the Natura 2000 framework as they consider social and ecological needs (e.g. enhancement of biodiversity and fish production). However, under current abstraction rates for irrigation and municipal water-supply, there is a high risk of groundwater scarcity during years with dry conditions, and thus investments in water-saving technologies (e.g. smart irrigation) should be promoted to ensure adequate water availability for restoration, and enhanced resilience of the local economy against groundwater scarcity.

The astrophysical origin of rapid neutron capture (r-process) elements has long remained a puzzle and been the object of scientific debate. Neutron star (NS) mergers have historically been suggested as an ideal site for the creation of these elements, and were propelled into focus following the detection of the first binary neutron star (BNS) merger in 2017. The gravitational wave (GW) signal GW170817 was accompanied by a short gamma-ray burst (sGRB) GRB170817A, and a radioactively powered electromagnetic (EM) transient AT2017gfo, known as a kilonova (KN). Since this detection, the study of NS mergers has greatly expanded across the diverse fields that model the various stages of the merger, from GW signal modelling, to radiative transfer studies predicting the emergent KN lightcurves (LCs) and spectra.

One main goal of studying NS mergers and the associated KNe is to establish the importance of compact object mergers as key sites of r-process nucleosynthesis in the Universe. As such, identification of elements and their abundances within the merger ejecta represents a critical objective. LC and spectral analyses of KNe provide promising channels to do so, and require detailed models in order to interpret observational data. With complete GW and multi-band EM data only available for a single object thus far, the importance of detailed models regarding every aspect of KN physics is paramount. KN simulations typically make use of radiative transfer (RT) codes that propagate photons through the expanding ejecta, in order to provide LC and spectral outputs. These often model the early, photospheric times of the KN, when the ejecta are still dense enough such that the gas state is well described by Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) conditions, which requires thermal collisional processes to dominate within the ejecta.

Since the ejecta are expanding rapidly however, these conditions cease to apply after several days, and the KN transitions to the Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) regime, where thermal collisional processes are no longer dominant in establishing the gas state of the ejecta. This now requires the detailed modelling of various NLTE processes which increases the complexity, yet modelling of this regime can also provide great rewards. Notably, as times goes on and the ejecta continue to expand, they will eventually become optically thin to most wavelengths and enter the nebular phase. There, the spectra are expected to be emission line dominated, providing an excellent opportunity for element identification by spectral analysis.

This doctoral thesis conducts RT modelling in order to explore the NLTE regime of the KN in a systematic, physically accurate way. To this end, the spectral synthesis code SUMO (SUpernova MOnte Carlo Code) was adapted to model KNe, and used to investigate the spectral emission in the NLTE regime. The work in this doctoral thesis provides a first step into fully consistent modelling and analysis of KNe at later times, and a solid foundation from which to move forwards.

Understanding the low-temperature properties of strongly correlated materials requires accurate measurement of the physical properties of these systems. Specific heat and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation are two such properties that allow the investigation of the electronic behavior of the system. 

In this thesis, nanocalorimetry is used to measure specific heat, but also as basis for new experimental approach, developed to disentangle the different contributions to specific heat at low temperatures. The technique, that we call Thermal Impedance Spectroscopy (TISP) allows independent measurement of the electronic and nuclear specific heat at low temperatures based on the frequency response of the calorimeter-sample assembly. The method also enables simultaneous measurements of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁). The nuclear spin lattice relaxation, as 1/T₁T, and electronic specific heat, as C/T, provide information about the same quantity, electronic density of states, in the system. By comparing these properties in strongly correlated systems, we can obtain insights of electronic interactions. 

Metallic indium is studied using thermal impedance spectroscopy from 0.3 K to 7 K at 35 T. The magnetic field dependence of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate is measured. Indium is a simple metallic system and the expected behavior of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation is similar to that of the electronic specific heat. The results of the measurement are matched with the expectation from a simple metallic system and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurements. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the new technique. 

The heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn₅ is studied using thermal impedance spectroscopy and ac-calorimetry. This material is located near a quantum critical point (QCP) bordering antiferromagnetism, as evidenced by doping studies. The nature of its quantum criticality and unconventional superconductivity is still elusive. Contrasting specific heat and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in this correlated system helps to reveal the character of its quantum criticality. 

The quantum criticality in CeCoIn₅ is also studied using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) across the superconducting transition and X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) at 0.1 K and 6 T. The element-specific probe zooming in on cerium in this material indicates two things, a mixed valence of Ce in the superconducting state and a very small magnetic moment, that implies resonance-bond like antiferromagnetic local ordering in the system. 

This study approaches participatory rights regime that includes Access to Environmental Information, Public Participation in decision making and Access to Justice in relation to environmental matters. It explores the Honduran law with the purpose of verifying if the regulations that control and manage the renewable energy sector are compatible with the participatory rights regime that International Environmental Law and Human Rights Law states. Renewable energy specifically hydropower generation has marked the development of the entire energy system in Honduras, however it is going to be explain how a hydropower energy dominated system became a thermal energy dominated system. The purpose of this thesis follows the idea that, to change this thermo- energy policy it is vital the application of a participatory rights regime, this is why it is going to identify the participatory rights provision inside its national law.The conclusion of this study is that Honduran law recognizes basic environmental rights and participatory rights provisions in the broad hydropower framework, primarily due to its international commitments. But fails to accomplish the norm objectives due to the fact that the law itself doesn’t establish a procedural framework, on the foundation of respect (requires states to refrain from interfering with the enjoyment of the right), protection (requires states to prevent others from interfering with the enjoyment of the right), fulfillment (requires states to adopt appropriate measures to ensure the full realization of the right).

This thesis analyzes the decade-long collaboration between The Silent University and Tensta konsthall, investigating its role as a lasting, solidarity driven, educational, socially engaged art project within an art institution. Utilizing qualitative methods and institutional ethnography, the study examines the relationship between The Silent University within Tensta konsthall. The research uses three guiding questions: 1) How can The Silent University and its integration into Tensta konsthall be interpreted as a socially engaged, transformative, and performative artwork?; 2) How has the implementation of The Silent University at Tensta konsthall evolved since its inception?; 3) What is the current status of The Silent University as a socially engaged project and artwork within the context of Tensta konsthall? The first question is answered by employing Umberto Eco's concept of "open" works and Claire Bishop's analysis of socially engaged art and uses secondary sources as material. The second question is approached through interviews with Fahyma Alnablsi and Emily Fahlén. Drawing from Michel de Certeau’s concepts of "tactics" and "strategies," as well as Sara Ahmed's notions of the "stranger" and community building, the second chapter explores the project's evolving dynamics and potential tensions since its establishment. In response to the third question, the discussion synthesizes The Silent University's journey at Tensta konsthall, underscoring its evolution and present condition. Findings highlight The Silent University's classification as an "open" and transformative artwork. It has transitioned from a primarily educational focus to a more socially engaged approach within the framework of Tensta konsthall. The project's sustainability is closely intertwined with Alnablsi’s involvement and engagement, thus posing both a strength and a challenge. In essence, this thesis dissects The Silent University's role within Tensta konsthall, delving into its transformative artistic, educational, and social facets, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the interplay between socially engaged art, institutions, and community dynamics.

This paper explores through Donna Haraway's storytelling practices feminist approaches to collaborative writing. Employing a phenomenological qualitative research approach, the thesis aims to analyze how Haraway herself exercises feminist writing and facilitates the learning of collaborative storytelling. The first research question: How does Haraway practice storytelling while simultaneously situating herself as well as others, is focused on investigating Symbiosis, Symbiogenesis and the Lively Arts of Staying with the Trouble, a chapter from Haraway's publication Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (2016). Drawing on the qualitative analysis carried out through the process of phenomological re-telling, two case studies are presented. The two publications The Books of the Books, edited by Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev in association with dOCUMENTA (13) in 2012 and Critical Zones – The Science and Politics of Landing on Earth, edited by Peter Weibel and Bruno Latour building on the exhibition Critical Zones: Observatories for Earthly Politics in 2020 are examined in terms of their curatorial and editorial orientations in order to answer the question: How can the position of a curator perform as a multidisciplinary editor without resigning to its own singularity or acting omnisciently? In the proposed practice of a phenomological approach of re-telling, it is referred to Rosi Braidotti's remarks on the nomadic subject, along with feminist modes of (academic) writing, as motivated by scholars such as Mona Livholts and Nina Lykke. The thesis demonstrates that collaborative storytelling and writing directs the emphasis on methods of citation and referencing, just as their various possible layouts. In highlighting these, the paper also reveals the challenges of such writing to produce perceived hegemonic knowledge while not being collaboratively situated.

Bioaerosols are microorganisms or functional parts of them or other biological matter suspended in air. Examples are bacteria, viruses, pollen, spores, or smaller plant debris. In the atmosphere, bioaerosols can play various functional roles, such as facilitating the spread of genetic material. Moreover, they can play an important role in climate by serving as ice nucleating particles and thus participating in cloud formation. Bioaerosols might play a significant role in a changing Arctic, where aerosol concentrations can be very low, and where natural as well as anthropogenic aerosol sources are subject to drastic changes due to climate change. In the Arctic, aerosols and clouds are prominent actors in climate by mediating short- and long-wave radiation interactions, which are further complicated by the presence of high-albedo surfaces such as sea ice. Thus, constraining the sources of aerosols and their interaction with clouds is key to understanding the Arctic climate and the changes it has been and will undergo.

In this work, we used a single-particle instrument to differentiate bioaerosols from other particles on the basis of their fluorescence and light-scattering signal. In the Baltic Sea, we found that bioaerosols are at least 1 in every 10⁴ coarse particles emitted by sea spray. Their temporal emission pattern was not directly correlated with biological tracers, such as chlorophyll; instead, their emission was modulated by the transition between different water masses.

The same technique was then applied to a one-year measurement campaign at an Arctic mountain top observatory as part of a greater aerosol-cloud interaction campaign. The recorded seasonal cycle of bioaerosol concentrations peaked in summer and was most likely related to regional terrestrial sources, as its appearance coincided with a decrease in snow cover and an increase in vegetation activity. Moreover, bioaerosols were found to drive the concentration of high-temperature ice nucleating particles, even in winter. In the third study, the importance of bioaerosols serving as cloud seeds was investigated by directly measuring the concentration of bioaerosols within cloud residuals.

The presented findings help to elucidate the contribution of bioaerosols to coarse-mode particles for marine and Arctic environments, while also providing a direct link between bioaerosols and clouds. Furthermore, we also provide the first direct observations of bioaerosols involved in cloud formation in the Arctic, along with their possible contribution to the prevalence of mixed-phase clouds in the beginning and end of summer. Thus, these results contribute to a better understanding of atmospheric (bio-)aerosol-cloud-interactions processes in the vulnerable Arctic environment but are also valuable for further developments of Earth system models that include ice nucleating and/or bioaerosol particles.

The aim of this thesis in mathematics education is to produce knowledge about problem-solving as a broad and complex phenomenon in mathematics teacher education, historically and in the present. With a multidisciplinary approach and affirmative critique, possible new understandings of the phenomenon are investigated, extended and transformed in three sub-studies and two chapters in the wrapping. The thesis builds on previous research on teacher education but seeks to contribute to a multidimensional understanding of the phenomenon of problem-solving. The first sub-study provides a configurative research review that offers a picture of the different relationships in which problem-solving is involved, and how different aspects of problem-solving are highlighted and become complementary. The second sub-study is a discourse analysis of historical texts on problem-solving where the data consists of texts written for and by teachers from the 1840s and onwards. The sub-study shows how discursive truths about problem-solving are formed and consolidated over time. The third sub-study brings attention to the materiality of problem-solving teaching, and highlights how mathematics teaching in secondary school, in the form of classroom observations, can be understood in a new materialist perspective. In addition, the thesis includes further analysis of problem-solving – presented in two chapters in the wrapping – and as a consequence the thesis may is designed as a hybrid between a compilation thesis and a monograph. In one of the chapters, previous research is traced diffractively with regard to the arguments put forward as to why problem-solving is important. In the other chapter, the results of the three sub-studies are read diffractively, through and with feminist new materialism. The thesis spans over several theoretical-methodological fields and takes the reader on a walk through the problem-solving landscape. The overall results show that problem-solving is a composed phenomenon that appears in different ways in different theoretical perspectives and methodological starting points, as well as in different times and spaces. To summarize, the thesis shows that 1) there is a need for teacher education to encourage pre-service teachers to acknowledge the multiplicity regarding both knowledge of problem-solving and the solving of problems, 2) teaching in teacher education can make visible, but also question, dualities such as thinking–acting, body–soul, rationality–emotions, woman–male in order to find other ways of understanding problem-solving, 3) when aspects of gender, inequality and other sociopolitical issues are addressed in mathematics education content in teacher education, problem-solving can be linked even more to a societal context, 4) the consideration and handling of emotions in relation to mathematics is significant as a knowledge in itself and contributes to a more composed understanding of problem-solving, and 5) new dimensions of problem-solving can emerge when the planning of mathematics teaching is based on a relational understanding of learning and supported by new materialist theory. The thesis contributes with new ways of thinking about problem-solving as a composed phenomenon, what it can entail and become, and provides suggestions for an expanded and 'respons-able' understanding of problem-solving that can contribute to further develop mathematics education in teacher education.

This dissertation aims to generate an understanding of collective learning in social entrepreneurial organisations in Sweden, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a collective learning-centred perspective, I want to explore the following key areas: a) the learning conditions and organising processes entailed in becoming a social entrepreneur and creating a social entrepreneurial organisation, b) the importance of collective learning for organisational adaptation and change in tackling exogenous factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and c) the role of leadership in creating conditions conducive to collective learning processes in social entrepreneurial organisations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Grounded in empirical studies, this research reimagines leadership as an empowering, collaborative practice that is intricately woven with collective learning dynamics. The study also scrutinises the adaptive and evolutionary nature of organising processes, emphasising their centrality for collective learning. Furthermore, it highlights the efficacy of a collective learning-centred approach in driving meaningful organisational change, contrasting this with top-down strategies. Since most of the data was gathered during the global upheaval caused by COVID-19, this research presents a unique opportunity to examine collective learning as a resilience-building tool in turbulent times. This study fills a gap in existing literature by focusing on the Swedish context, and offers insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in social entrepreneurship. Ultimately, the research underscores the potential of collective learning to equip social entrepreneurial organisations for sustainable innovation and resilience, particularly in challenging societal conditions.

The Information Age was supposed to be different. It was supposed to transform every aspect of our lives, and accounting was going to be no exception. Yet, management accounting as an academic discipline has had a fraught relationship with technology – each generation of new information technology has been written about in enthusiastic terms, only to be followed by disillusionment and abandonment some years later. It is the contention of this thesis that our current conceptualisation of the role of information technology in management accounting, where the technological and the social are understood to be two fundamentally separate and distinct entities, is inadequate in addressing the sociomaterial nature of technology, and consequently we are unable to grasp the ways in which technology is made to work in practice. New technologies in organisations do not produce change in a straightforward, predictable manner. Instead, technology and organisational processes intertwine in complex patterns, leading to the emergence of novel practices and sometimes unforeseen outcomes. 

This thesis studies the mundane, material aspect of work from a sociomaterial perspective, one that emphasises the nature of technology as inseparable entanglements between the social and the material, in order to better understand the intricate, involuted intertwining between technology and management accounting. The papers that make up this thesis draw from a variety of sociological writings, including those of Knorr Cetina, Deleuze, and Galloway & Thacker, and find that technology is not solely the domain of designers and purchasers of technological systems, but is rather continuous performed by rank and file users in mundane interactions with technological artefacts. Moreover, they show that management accounting practices have material grounds, that the variety of devices we encounter in accounting, be they a chart, an ERP system, or an online ranking mechanism, do not exist in the world as disembodied and abstract concepts, but have materiality to them, and that this materiality shapes practices, often in unforeseen ways. These findings are a first step toward understanding the practical, everyday work involved in making technology work, and in turn making way for more grounded expectations of the effects of technology on management accounting.

This thesis describes the development of a novel organocatalytic method for the synthesis of chiral allyl- and propargyl- organoboron compounds with high enantioselectivity. These organoboron species are versatile building blocks in asymmetric synthesis.

We have developed a new efficient homologation method of alkenyl boronic acids. This reaction affords enantiomerically enriched trifluoromethylated allylboronates. These organoboron species were used in allylboration of carbonyl compounds, imines and indole derivatives. The reactions proceeded with a remarkably high stereoselectivity to give homoallylic alcohols and amines. In addition, the chiral allylboronic acids can be oxidized to the corresponding alcohols with retention of the configuration.

Based on the homologation of alkenylboronic acids a new three-component reaction is developed. This reaction involved coupling of alkynyl boronates, diazo compounds and ketones in the presence of chiral organocatalysts. This coupling proceeds with high selectivity under mild reaction conditions. The three-component coupling reaction is based on a homologation–allylboration sequence. The process is suitable for synthesis of CF₃- and TMS-substituted allenols with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Application of aromatic, cyclic and non-cyclic ketones leads to formation of chiral tertiary allenols.

We have also studied the effects of boronic acid esters on the outcome of the homologation reaction. It was found that a facile transesterification of the boronate precursors with the organocatalyst, BINOL derivatives, is a prerequisite of the successful homologation reaction.

For more than a decade, extensive government-funded school improvement programs have aimed at strengthening quality and equality in Swedish schools. Since 2015, a specific focus has been on the group of newly arrived migrant students in terms of in-service training for teachers. Research about such initiatives is, however, lacking, particularly regarding how these efforts help teachers to better attend to newly arrived students’ language and content learning in various school subjects. The overall aim of the present thesis is to contribute new and in-depth knowledge about subject teachers’ possibilities for developing a language and content integrated approach in their subject teaching for newly arrived migrant students at secondary school level (students aged 13–16). The study was conducted in a school in tandem with an in-service training on language and content integrated teaching and learning from a second language and multilingual perspective. Using a linguistic ethnographic approach, two secondary school teachers’ meta-reflections and teaching practice in Science and Mathematics are in focus. The rich material produced over two school years during and after the in-service training consists of audio-recorded interviews, the teachers’ collegial meetings during the in-service training, audio-and video-recordings from classroom observations, fieldnotes, and photos. Using an ecological and critical framework, the teachers’ perspectives are related to the material and structural context. Central to the analyses is the teachers’ situated didactic agency and how it is shaped by power relations, available resources, and circulating discourses. These analyses are supported by the interconnected model of teacher professional growth (Clarke & Hollingsworth, 2002), which is expanded via the use of didactic agency. Findings show that the school’s mainstream policy, combined with a lack of adequate resources, limits the teachers’ opportunities to fully make use of in-service affordances and, in the long term, their possibilities for practice development. The findings also make visible how intertwined and colliding discourses about teaching in general, and newly arrived students in particular, impact on the teachers’ actions and investments. This does not only affect what the teachers can do, but also what they can learn and develop further in their teaching practices. This thesis argues that what teachers do – and do not do – needs to be understood in relation to their didactic agency. Consequently, the present thesis problematizes school-improvement initiatives where professional development for teachers is constructed as a taken-for-granted solution to complex structural problems. The thesis further argues that in-service training for teachers cannot be regarded as a substitute for the lack of material resources and spaces for manoeuvre. These findings are relevant for future school-improvement initiatives as well as professional development initiatives, especially regarding marginalized student groups. In the thesis, research conducted in collaboration with professionals in schools is encouraged, where conditions and possibilities for teachers to design teaching practices that support linguistically minority students could be further explored. In such studies, teachers’ didactic agency would serve well as a central analytical concept.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a reliable technique used for studying the complex optical properties of materials. Its frequency range makes it suitable for detecting low-energy collective excitations such as phonons, magnons, and plasmons. THz-TDS in transmission geometry has gained much attention over the years. However, despite the need for exploring reflective samples, the advancement of THz-TDS in reflection geometry has faced several obstacles, mainly due to its strict requirement for sub-micron precision in the placement of the sample and reference.

Here we demonstrate a technique for measuring samples in reflection geometry using THz-TDS which involves systematically resolving the misplacement issue by first isolating and correcting sources of error in the experimental setup. We then use a novel and robust phase retrieval method to detect and rectify the remaining misplacement with nanometer precision. This provides us with precise values for the phase of the THz pulse, which in turn allows us to accurately measure the complex optical properties of different types of materials. We use this technique to study bulk semiconducting samples such as Si and InSb. The experimental results of incident angle and polarization-dependent measurements are shown along with the retrieved complex refractive index of these samples. Our method immensely simplifies the procedure for obtaining the optical properties of samples in the THz range. We anticipate that our technique will be applied to spectroscopic studies of many more quantum materials with collective excitations in the THz range.

Future changes in precipitation, in particular extremes, are among the most impact-relevant consequences of a warming climate driven by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Still, climate model projections of future changes in regional and local precipitation remain uncertain. This is in part due to inabilities of climate models to properly represent important atmospheric moist processes, such as convection, as well as surface properties like complex terrain, primarily since these models are typically run at relatively coarse horizontal resolution. The application of a new generation of kilometer-scale ”convection-permitting” models (CPMs), which treat deep convection explicitly, has led to a step-change improvement in simulating precipitation, especially short-duration local intense events. Therefore, CPMs have proven to be valuable tools in understanding precipitation in present climate and its response to rising global temperatures.Here, the performance of the HARMONIE-Climate (HCLIM) CPM in a regional context has been investigated as well as the added value of this model in comparison with HCLIM run with standard grid resolution of ~10 km. In the present climate, the HCLIM CPM applied over the Nordic region outperforms both the coarser-scale HCLIM and a global reanalysis data set, especially for precipitation on sub-daily time scales in summer when precipitation is often convective. This is corroborated in a study investigating how precipitation is related to large-scale atmospheric circulation, which revealed differences between the HCLIM CPM and its coarser counterpart in convection-dominated circulation types in summer. By improving the frequency and intensity distributions, the wet bias seen in the coarser HCLIM version is reduced by the CPM while also better capturing intense precipitation events, but also improvements in the partitioning between snow and rain in complex terrain.In projections of a future warmer climate, the HCLIM CPM simulates stronger increases in heavy precipitation compared to the coarser-scale HCLIM version, most notably in the warm season, sometimes in excess of the thermodynamically constrained increase in atmospheric moisture content of ~7%/oC, referred to as the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling relation (CC-relation). Applying the HCLIM CPM over European sub-regions with different temperature and humidity conditions reveal consistently stronger increase of sub-daily precipitation at the local scale compared to the scales represented by coarser models. However, the environmental conditions played an important role in the scaling of precipitation with temperature; a scaling larger than the CC-relation was found in regions with relatively moist conditions, while in dry areas the scaling was in line with or smaller than the CC-relation.It is concluded that there is a clear benefit of using HCLIM at the convection-permitting scale, a fit-for-purpose model to investigate precipitation processes and their change following global warming over the Nordic region and elsewhere.

This licentiate thesis presents developments of nanocalorimetry systems tailored for use under extreme conditions such as high pressure, intense magnetic fields, and low temperature. Nanocalorimetry is a powerful approach to study strongly correlated systems like superconductors, heavy fermions, and quantum materials with non-trivial magnetic or electronic properties, materials with emergent magnetic orders, as well as quasicrystals. Introducing high pressure or magnetic fields as tuning parameters in specific heat measurements at low temperatures can enhance the understanding of underlying physical properties of such materials.

The key component of calorimeters is the thermometer. A thin-film thermometer based on a composite ceramic metal oxide has been developed. It shows high sensitivity and negligible magnetoresistance over a broad temperature range. Two different nanocalorimeters are fabricated starting from an existing nanocalorimeter design, a high-pressure nanocalorimeter and a calorimeter for sample rotations in high magnetic fields. The high-pressure nanocalorimetry setup involves a nanocalorimeter built on a robust substrate combined with a diamond anvil cell, a gasket sandwich with electric leads, and an optical setup for pressure detection through ruby fluorescence spectroscopy. The high-field nanocalorimeters are fabricated on SiN_x membranes for specific heat measurements down to 30 mK. Miniaturization is performed to extend their use for angular-dependent measurements in high magnetic fields, so far used up to 41 T. Reducing the calorimeter platform size in both calorimeters is achieved by a method of plasma etching performed after device fabrication.

Specific heat measurements of Eu-doped GdCd_7.88 quasicrystals and GdCd₆ approximant systems are performed in fields up to 12 T. The preliminary results show the presence of spin-glass behavior in the quasicrystals and an antiferromagnetic transition in the approximant crystals at low temperatures.

This paper is a unique roundtable discussion between geographers to explore, contextualizeand problematize the role of geography in the gig economy. It brings together eight researchersfrom across Europe all working with qualitative methods and studying the gig economy. Basedon reflections and commentaries regarding the spatialities and temporalities in and of the gigeconomy, we offer an innovative approach to exploring complicated factors in an emerging andrapidly growing field. We highlight the multiple layers of geography in physical and digitalspaces and the, sometimes blurry, interactions between these. We also show howtemporalities shape the geographies of the gig economy. This paper contributes to developing,deepening and advancing theoretical challenges in understanding the gig economy. It alsobrings these challenges into an accessible, yet thorough publication that can be used inteaching about the gig economy and digital geography. We provide a pedagogical tool tosupport university teachers in using this document in their courses.

I artikeln undersöks hur mångfaldsbegreppet används i legitimering av verksamhet i ansökningar om ekonomiskt stöd. Syftet är att problematisera kulturpolitisk mångfaldspolicy i relation till teater och ideal om konstnärlig frihet och demokratisering. Empirin utgörs av ansökningar till det svenska Kulturrådet år 2018. Analysen utgår från Jeffrey C. Alexanders (2006) teori om den civila sfären och mångkulturell inkorporering, samt Sara Ahmeds (2012) perspektiv på mångfaldspolicy. Analysen visar att mångfald lyfts fram som ett problem i samhället, förknippas med vissa grupper, och att teatern är ett verktyg som kan adressera mångfaldens problematik. En stor del av den mångfaldspolicy som skrivs fram i ansökningarna används främst för legitimering av själva teatergruppen snarare än att den riktas mot särskilda insatser med potential att förändra materiella förhållanden. Det kan dock föreligga en särskild potential i gestaltade ”goda” budskap förknippade med mångfald genom att teater är en kommunikativ institution. Men det måste ifrågasättas hur mångfald gestaltas, vilkas perspektiv som ges företräde och hur grupper i samhället relateras till varandra, vilket spelar roll för implikationerna av den policy som skrivs fram.

In the ongoing global biodiversity crisis, science deems a system-wide, structural, and fundamental transformation of society necessary to mitigate severe risks for planetary and human health. These risks will escalate further if a paradigm shift in normative human-nature relationships is not realised. The legal system needs to change.

This study aims to investigate what might be required of the legal system in order to ensure that Swedish areas are protected in accordance with what science deems necessary for the sufficient conservation of biodiversity. It assesses the compatibility between Swedish law on area protection and biodiversity science and suggests how said law can change to ensure this compatibility.

The compatibility between biodiversity science and current Swedish legal mechanisms for area-based conservation of biodiversity is lacking. The mechanisms fail to create requirements, conditions, and possibilities that sufficiently ensure that protected areas are ecologically representative, organised in a well-connected network, implemented and managed effectively, and cover a sufficiently large total area. These compatibility shortages could be mitigated through limiting the possibilities to derogate from area-protecting provisions, increasing the stringency of protective legislations and regulations, expressly requiring the fulfilment of scientific criteria in legislation or regulations, or through establishing a comprehensive framework regulating the entirety of Swedish protected areas. There are currently no such rules addressing the size and structure of the totality of Swedish protected areas.

The compatibility between Swedish law on area protection and biodiversity science is also lacking on a more foundational level. Swedish law on area protection is built on a foundation of an anthropogenic right to exploitation of nature, a prioritisation of economic interests, and a view of nature as property and humans as rights-bearing superiors. These normative foundations clash with the ecocentric conclusions of foundational biodiversity science that anthropogenic exploitation of nature must be mitigated, that ecological interests are and must be treated as prerequisites for economy, society, and humanity, and that urgent biodiversity-prioritising transformation of the paradigm governing our legal system is necessary. These compatibility shortages could be mitigated through changing the default of what humans are allowed to do to biodiversity, and through shifting the perception of which living entities are entitled to bear legal rights.

Hur beskriver F-3 lärare att de arbetar utifrån intellektuella och fysiska artefakter i historieundervisningen? Hur beskriver F-3 lärare att elever utvecklar sitt historiemedvetande?Hur beskriver F-3 lärare att de arbetar med multimodala arbetssätt som pedagogiskt drama,lekpedagogik och skönlitteratur för att utveckla elevernas historiemedvetande? Detta är de forskningsfrågor som vi har undersökt i vår studie. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur F-3 lärare förhåller sig till begreppet historiemedvetande och vilka arbetssätt de använder sig avför att utveckla elevernas historiemedvetande. Vi har undersökt om lärarna arbetar med multimodalt lärande i sin historieundervisning och valt att särskilt undersöka användandet i undervisningen av gestaltande arbetssätt som skönlitteratur, pedagogiskt drama och lekpedagogik. Vi valde att närmare undersöka användandet av dessa arbetssätt eftersom tidigare forskning har visat att arbetssätt som levandegör kunskapsinnehåll bidrar till utvecklandet av elevernas historiemedvetande. Inom ramen för vår studie har vi genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med fem F-3 lärare för att ta reda på hur de arbetar i sin historieundervisning. Det empiriska materialet från dessa intervjuer ligger till grund för vårstudies resultat och besvarar tillsammans med tidigare forskning studiens forskningsfrågor.Studiens resultat visar att fyra av fem intervjuade lärare inte kände till begreppet historiemedvetande sedan tidigare. Vidare visade vår studie att det finns både skillnader och likheter mellan hur de intervjuade lärarna väljer att lägga upp sin historieundervisning. Det fanns däremot en gemensam uppfattning om att det finns fördelar med att arbeta med gestaltande arbetssätt och skönlitteratur i historieundervisningen. Både för att det bidrar till ett lustfyllt lärande och för att det utvecklar elevernas historiemedvetande där eleverna får en förståelse för hur dåtid, nutid och framtid hänger samman och att vi alla är med och påverkar framtiden samt är en del av historien.

To analyse large numbers of texts, social science researchers are increasingly confronting the challenge of text classification. When manual labeling is not possible and researchers have to find automatized ways to classify texts, computer science provides a useful toolbox of machine-learning methods whose performance remains understudied in the social sciences. In this article, we compare the performance of the most widely used text classifiers by applying them to a typical research scenario in social science research: a relatively small labeled dataset with infrequent occurrence of categories of interest, which is a part of a large unlabeled dataset. As an example case, we look at Twitter communication regarding climate change, a topic of increasing scholarly interest in interdisciplinary social science research. Using a novel dataset including 5,750 tweets from various international organizations regarding the highly ambiguous concept of climate change, we evaluate the performance of methods in automatically classifying tweets based on whether they are about climate change or not. In this context, we highlight two main findings. First, supervised machine-learning methods perform better than state-of-the-art lexicons, in particular as class balance increases. Second, traditional machine-learning methods, such as logistic regression and random forest, perform similarly to sophisticated deep-learning methods, whilst requiring much less training time and computational resources. The results have important implications for the analysis of short texts in social science research.

Proteins are both the building blocks and workers of the cell, carrying out most of the important functions. For a long time, their structure has been regarded as the primary factor for their function, but intrinsically disordered proteins demonstrate an alternative to this paradigm. Disordered proteins can temporarily assume different forms based on their interactions with other molecules and play critical roles in several biological processes, including cell signaling and regulation of gene expression.

Tandem repeats are repeated patterns in genetic sequence. The role of tandem repeats in many protein structures is well documented today, but their role in disordered proteins is not entirely clear. This thesis aims to shed light on the mechanisms by which protein disorder and tandem repeats are linked.

Only 2.5% of residues in all known protein sequences are characterized by the overlap of tandem repeats and protein disorder as described in Paper III, but many of these proteins have crucial functions and are linked to human diseases. Short tandem repeats emerge in this study as most frequently occurring in disordered regions. Genetic variation in disordered proteins accounts for length differences in eukaryotic genes (Paper I) and many orphan, recently evolved proteins, are disordered due to high GC content (Paper II). 

A medical application of this research is illustrated in the thesis with examples of variations in short tandem repeats (STRs) and their role in human diseases. Paper IV presents a comprehensive resource of human STR variation and Paper V illustrates how it can be used to identify specific STRs of interest, such as in the case of colorectal cancer where variations in certain STRs lead to altered gene expression patterns in tumors.

This thesis consists of three papers related to analytic and representation theoretic properties of étale groupoids.

In the first paper, we characterize algebraically the type I and CCR property for ample groupoids and their non-commutative duals: Boolean inverse semigroups. Our results use and generalize Thoma’s work on discrete groups. Algebraic characterizations in the more general context of non-Hausdorff groupoids have been obtained in the author’s licentiate thesis. They use a non-Hausdorff version of the Clark-van Wyk topological characterization. We also characterize type I inverse semigroups using the Booleanization of inverse semigroups introduced by Lawson. The inverse semigroups of type I are characterized by excluding specific subquotients of their Booleanization.

In the second paper, we show that any free action of a connected Lie group of polynomial growth on a finite dimensional locally compact space has a finite tubular dimension by constructing a tubular cover of appropriate multiplicity. As a consequence, the C*-algebras associated to the corresponding transformation groupoids all have finite nuclear dimension. The proof strategy is adapted from the strategy for R-actions of Hirshberg-Wu to the polynomial growth setting. As a corollary, we obtain that the groupoids associated to model sets in connected simply connected nilpotent Lie groups admit a classifiable C*-algebra.

In the third paper, we study inner amenability for groupoids attached to irregular point sets in general second countable locally compact groups. Upon imposing a regularity condition on the point set–finite local complexity–we are able to show inner amenability of the corresponding ample groupoid. The motivation for this work is the question of Anantharaman-Delaroche asking whether all étale groupoids are inner amenable. As a motivating example, model sets arising from arithmetic lattices give inner amenable groupoids, even in non-amenable groups.

Drama is not a subject in the Swedish compulsory school. Still, drama pedagogues works in schools with scheduled drama lessons, although without any curriculum. This phenomenological study aims to examine the function of drama in the Swedish compulsory school through thoughts and reflections from drama pedagogues working in this context. The empirical data is collected through a described combination of individual writing and group conversations. The result shows that the application of drama in compulsory school can be divided into four different categories, namely Social training; Complementary subject teaching; Directed efforts and Own creation. The result is seen through a phenomenological perspective and Carlgren’s (2015) theory about practical knowledge traditions and subject development. The analysis shows that there is a crossover between the categories and furthermore, that they enable each other. The result confirms previous research which states that in compulsory school drama is mainly used for its instrumental values which also is what becomes available in drama practice. The analysis suggests that the categories Complementary subject teaching and Social training can be understood on the basis that drama has been attributed to theoretical subject knowledge from the school's other subjects and the value-based assignment in the curriculum. Finally, a question is raised regarding what kind of school subject drama could be and what is desirable.

Sammanfattning

Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att synliggöra elevers perspektiv på undervisningen i ämnetteater på kulturskola. Frågeställningarna har berört hur eleverna upplever undervisningen, vad deanser att de lär sig i teatersalen samt vilka möjligheter till inflytande och medskapande de ser finns inom undervisningen.

Undersökningen har inspirerats av fenomenologisk utgångspunkt ochdatainsamlingen har gjorts via självrapporter och ett fokussamtal. Informanterna har varit teatereleverfrån sex olika teatergrupper vid fyra olika kulturskolor. Samtliga teaterelever är 16 år eller äldre.Svaren från undersökningens datainsamling jämförs med tidigare forskning där pedagogers perspektivpå undervisning i teater på kulturskola har lyfts fram. Med teorierna från Kjetil Thorgersens Kulturskoledidaktiska bro (2023) samt Bruners teori om externalisering (2002) analyseras och diskuteras resultatet.

Fem teman framkom : Glädje och gemenskap, Accepterande miljö, Lära förlivet, Lära för scenen och Kreativt medskapande. Undersökningen visar att eleverna starkt lyfter framden sociala aspekten av teaterundervisningen, och hur deltagandet positivt påverkar deras mående genom att erbjuda trygghet och acceptans. De anser att det de lär sig har relevans både för ämnet teater i sig men även för många andra aspekter i livet. Detta stämmer väl överens med vad pedagoger uttryckt i tidigare forskning gällande teaterundervisningen på kulturskola. Undersökningen visar även att arbetet med övningar och arbetet mot en produktion ger många olika möjligheter till förhandling och kreativt medskapande i teatersalen mellan elever och pedagog.

A key question in neurolinguistics is whether language production and comprehension share neural infrastructure, but this question has not been addressed in the context of actual conversation. We utilized a public fMRI dataset where participants (N=24) engaged in unscripted conversations with a confederate outside the scanner via an audio-video link. We provide evidence indicating that production and comprehension, in a conversational setting, diverge with respect to how they modulate the recruitment of regions in the left-lateralized perisylvian language network. Activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus was stronger in production than in comprehension. Compared to production, comprehension showed stronger recruitment of the left anterior middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus, but this was not the case for the posterior aspect of these loci. Although our results are reminiscent of the classic Broca-Wernicke model, the anterior temporal activation is a notable difference from that model. This is one of the findings which may be a consequence of the conversational setting, another being that conversational production activated what we interpret as higher-level socio-pragmatic processes. In conclusion, we present evidence supporting that the above-mentioned frontal vs temporal regions in the language network are functionally segregated during conversation.

This thesis concerns ways to measure social and emotional competence with high quality. The utility of the Social Competence Scale – Observer (SCO) was evaluated and compared with Social Competence Scale – Teacher (SCT). Both consisting of the sub-scales Prosocial/communication Skills Scale and Emotion Regulation skills Scale. Data arrived from the child intervention program PsPATHS. One sample of 109 preschoolers was rated on SCO during play observations of which 101 children were also rated by teachers using SCT. The utilization of SCO showed both consistency and inconsistency compared with previous measures regarding reliability, depending on subscale. The comparison between SCT and SCO correlated significantly on the Prosocial/communication Skills Scale. SCT had excellent internal consistency reliability on the samesubscale. Observers frequently reported “not observed” behaviors suggesting that items should be reworded or replaced. Additional measurement methods and repeated evaluations of psychometric properties are recommended for future measures of children’s’ social and emotional competence. 

This thesis examines the relationship between booksellers, medicine for sexually transmitted diseases, and advertising in eighteenth-century London. The analysis is based on trade cards, prints and advertisement in newspapers and periodicals. The results of the thesis show that booksellers were an active part of the medical marketplace and came to influence the sale of patent medicine in both the capital and in other parts of England during the eighteenth century. The study thus shows that booksellers had a much more important role in the English medical marketplace than previous research has shown. Sex and sexually transmitted diseases regularly featured in advertisement, demonstrating that both sex and sexually transmitted diseases were part of everyday life in eighteenth century London.

The Scandinavian nations are maritime nations but this does not mean that ‘maritime’ isa natural and conscious component of modern national identities in Scandinavia.National identities are shaped by diverse historical narratives and experiences, andthey fluctuate in time and space. The contributions to this forum attempt to answerthe question of to what extent modern national identities in Scandinavia incorporatesuch a maritime component. They study this question from the perspectives ofSwedish naval officers and popular music culture, Danish maritime heritage cultureand maritime labour, and Finland’s naval diplomacy.

Recent research has explored how the Sino-American narrative struggle around COVID-19 might affect power shift dynamics and world order. An underlying assumption is that states craft strategic narratives in attempts to gain international support for their understandings of reality. This article evaluates such claims taking a mixed-methods approach. It analyzes American and Chinese strategic narratives about the pandemic, and their global diffusion and resonance in regional states that are important to the U.S.-led world order: Australia, India, South Korea, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. While the article confirms that strategic narratives remain a highly popular policy instrument, it argues that their efficacy appears limited. Overall, the five states in question either ignored the Sino-American narrative power battle by disseminating their own strategic narratives, or they engaged in “narrative hedging.” Moreover, even China’s narrative entrepreneurship was enabled and constrained by pre-existing master narratives integral to the current U.S.-led world order.

This study investigates how films commissioned by Swedish mining companies were employed for institutional use between 1945 and 1965. A central aspect of what gave these films their versatility stems from circumstances that allowed commissioned texts to pass as non-partisan audiovisual aids, as educational and informative instruments and as occasional examples of film art through intermediaries. In detaching texts from the biases of commissioning bodies, these films were treated as instrumental – and occasionally artistically valuable – texts on mining, in relation to work management and Sápmi contexts. Because these commissioned films blended in with established institutions, rather than offering a radical voice in society, they became sources for knowledge about how and which forms of audiovisual communication on industry were regarded as broadly viable. This study contributes new knowledge on the broader environment of Swedish film, including its use by industry, its role in early public service television, and the conditions for existence of short film production in relation to subsidy policies.

In its methodological approach, this study is in conversation with the field of useful cinema studies and seeks to expand its focus on film as part of broader organizational behaviour outside of direct company reach. Through four case studies that mix archival research with textual analysis, selected film examples are examined in how they interplayed with institutional conceptualizations of advertising, management, public service, and film as an art form. Chapter 1 contextualizes communication challenges in a nonpartisan postwar climate from the perspective of industry companies as film commissioners. Here, artistic experimentation and advertising approaches were considered unfavourable compared to a more traditional and factual approach, which was then believed to be more versatile. Chapter 2 analyses how the managerial approaches of the mining industry were revitalised, through the Swedish Council for Personnel Administration working as a film consultancy that established films about industry as an aid towards increased productivity. Through analysis of their entanglements with two films commissioned by mining companies, it is argued that the autonomy of the manager is protected, while the miner’s work is promoted as optimisable through close monitoring by management. Chapter 3 contextualises the use of industry-commissioned films on early public service television. It argues that ambiguous conceptions of public service within programming on industry presented commission films with broadcast opportunities, effectively circumventing advertising prohibitions. Analysis of two films on the mining industry broadcast in 1957 and 1960 respectively argues that television was used to impose invisibility on the existence of the industrial exploitation of Sápmi. Chapter 4 explores the relations between film policy and the dominance of commissioned films over independent short film production in postwar Sweden. Criticisms of commissioned films as boring in their adherence to traditions in filmmaking are connected to an ambition for them to become spaces for experimentation. This intention was in part driven by the lack of special subsidies for independent short film production. While some experimentation occurred in industry-commissioned films, it was sporadic in part due to commissioners not seeing themselves as patrons for the film arts.

This dissertation examines the forensic relationship between unilateral price practices and prima facie exclusionary abuse(s) under Article 102 TFEU. The research aim is to ascertain relevant cost benchmarks that can be used to determine the legal qualification of a dominant firm’s price practices.

The research syntheses and results reflect the law in force on the 1 February 2023 and are outcomes of applying the forensic method. The forensic method was applied by systematising the relevant financial data together with the legal sources for the purpose of categorising impugned price behaviours as exclusionary or competition on the merits.

The research demonstrates, inter alia, that the legal use of cost benchmarks is entrenched in concept of the rule of law by seeking to strike a balance between legal certainty and the effectiveness of Article 102 TFEU. In order to realise this objective, the Court of Justice has constructed three distinct legal tests and depending on which test that is used, it will have a significant impact on which cost benchmark(s) that is to be regarded as relevant. The first is the AKZO test, which is a fixed cost test as it explicitly states which cost benchmarks that must be used. The second is the great bulk of cost test, which is a semi-fixed cost test as it is limited to the objectives that the chosen cost yardstick must realise. The third is the as efficient competitor test, which is an open-ended cost test as it is limited to its aim. However, despite clarifications from the Court of Justice, the law on exclusionary pricing remains complex, ambiguous, and sometimes contradictory. To that end, whilst the research concludes that variable cost is an inappropriate benchmark to apply in service sectors, the research also reveals that lex lata allows for the use of variable cost in a manner which is so extensive that the cost yardstick ultimately will apply in an overlapping way. The legal overlap that follows makes Article 102 TFEU wide-ranging to the extent that legal contradictions will occur. The research concludes that the incoherence is the result of using the wrong yardstick over which to classify the cost under scrutiny.

Based on the research results, the dissertation makes two main propositions to rectify the incoherence. First, the relevant cost benchmark ought to be the managerial forward-looking calculated out-of-pocket cost. Second, the relevant yardstick over which costs should be classified ought to be the period in which the accused dominant undertaking’s price practice is in force.

Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature and exhibit a multitude of roles. Besides nucleic and amino acids, they can be regarded as the third alphabet of life. They are used as energy source to fuel the cells, as structural building blocks and play a key role in cellular recognition processes. Compared to the other two groups of biomacromolecules, carbohydrates display a higher level of structural complexity by virtue of the number of individual monosaccharide building blocks, as well as the greater number of possibilities of connecting them and additional modifications. This renders a high information content and a good understanding of the structure-function relationship of glycans is important, since the presence or absence of specific structures can make the difference between health and disease.

Carbohydrate structures can be characterized and studied by NMR spectroscopy at the atomic level. This process is time-consuming and error-prone, due to the narrow spectral window, in which most carbohydrate resonances are located leading to severe spectral overlap. Computer programs have been developed, aiding this process. This thesis investigates the quality of prediction of NMR chemical shifts of glycopeptides, highly branched oligosaccharide structures and those bearing a non-natural organic aglycone at the reducing end, as well as the automated determination of primary carbohydrate structures from unassigned NMR spectroscopic data thereof. Novel developments of the CASPER program are highlighted.

The three-dimensional structure of carbohydrates plays an important role during carbohydrate-protein interactions. This thesis investigates the conformational preferences and dynamics of glycan structures ranging from di- to tetrasaccharides. A particular focus lies on the measurement of transglycosidic ³J_CH coupling constants by NMR. Furthermore, the experimental spectroscopic data is compared to results from MD simulations.

Synthetic carbohydrate chemistry has a strong focus on stereoselective C−O bond formation for the synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides. Each glycosylation reaction can produce two stereoisomeric structures. To date, the mechanistic pathway of glycosylation reactions is still not fully understood, since many different parameters influence the stereoselectivity. A combined experimental and computational study exploring the role of the solvent is presented and a linear correlation of the selectivity with a solvatochromic parameter for the polarizability of the solvent was found.

The development of the Swedish state is studied through the central and local organizations that built, repaired, maintained and provisioned the Royal Swedish Navy. The state is viewed as an organization which bargained for resources with powerful social groups. Inspiration comes from theories of modern firm growth, powerholder-subordinate relations, and Charles Tilly´s theory of state formation. The statebuilding process has mainly been understood as a top-down process determined by negotiations between rulers and elites. In this dissertation, I argue for the relevance of another perspective, “statebuilding from below”. In 16^th and early 17^th century Sweden around 60 % of the land was owned by freeholders; freeholders who, with property rights and access to central and local representative assemblies, had influence over local political and economic issues. In the absence of a strong nobility and wealthy cities Swedish rulers, and the Swedish statebuilding process were dependent on freeholding farmers; both for their political support and the resources they represented in the form of taxes and labor. The main issue of the dissertation is to explain the different paths the organization supporting the Royal Swedish Navy took over a period of 120 years. From centralization, to decentralization, from state-organized to privately organized, and back.

In order to demonstrate this “statebuilding from below” I investigate the organization’s provision of timber, labor and revenue, setting this in a context of power mobilization, conflicts and negotiations. Between 1523 and the mid-1540s the farmer’s met the states demand for resources to the navy with resistance, both open and violent. The state answered with coersion and repression. From the mid-1540s the state was forced to adapt to the reality of power relations between itself, the nobility and the tax-paying farmers. The result was a new way to interact and respond to farmers grievances. The system “the negotiating state” gave protection to ordinary people, against nobles, the authorities and famine, and stopped the open and violent protests. Negotiations and agreements between the king’s bailiffs and the freeholders were central for the state, and for the organizations ability to reach its goals.

But as the navy and state power grew the system could not prevent an increased exploitation. To finance the production, shipbuilding was organized with local resources and decentralized to a vast number of local plants. In response the farmers combined the institutionally-sanctioned methods of protest with passive or hidden resistance; a resistance that grow with the states demands for revenue, ship carpenters and labor. In the first decade of the 17^th century the king used the central parliament to mobilize greater resources for the armed forces and the navy.  In 1611 the decentralized organization imploded. Instead of more coercion the state was again forced to adapt to the resistance from farmers and nobles. From 1615 the organization was centralized into three large production units. The earlier system with forced labor was abandoned. Centralization and an alliance between the king and the nobles changed power relations and created stability. However, despite the stronger position of the state, the freeholders’ actions compelled the development of a system with central and local representative arenas, where negotiations could take place and complaints heard. These steps were necessary for the creation of legitimacy and the necessary compliance with continued resource extraction. The freeholders’ influence on the early modern Swedish state building process was extensive and must be described as “state building from below”.

Sugar is a vital sustenance for most forms of life. For a cell to take up sugar, specialized transport proteins embedded into the membrane bilayer known as sugar porters, are required. Dysfunction of sugar porters is associated with some metabolic diseases, and their expression is upregulated in many cancers as they typically require more sugar than normal cells. Furthermore, sugar porters also play a role in the vitality of the malaria parasite.

The mechanism of sugar transport is known as a rocker-switch alternating access mechanism. Simplistically, sugar binds between two similar domains on the outside of a sugar transporter and the domains then move around the sugar, so the sugar is exposed to the inside. During this domain movement, protein mass will block the sugar binding site from both outside and inside, forming the occluded state which is essential to ensure no substrate leakage during transport. Despite this relatively simple model of transport, little is known about how different sugar porters display diverse substrate specificity, affinity, and turnover.

In the four papers making up this thesis, we structurally characterize missing pieces of the sugar transport cycle, identify how these states are connected with simulations, and assess factors contributing to sugar transport by functional assays. With simulations, we show how sugar catalyzes conformational change by interacting with the occluded state. We demonstrate our functional proteoliposome-based transport assay, which allows us to measure the effect of protein mutations, inhibitors, and lipid influences in sugar recognition and turnover. Characterization of the malaria parasite hexose transporter PfHT1 has allowed us to understand antimalarial inhibitor specificity against this protein which could have implications in combating the disease, as well as pharmacological control of sugar porters in general.