Att barnlösheten är högre bland män än bland kvinnor är välbekant, men inte lika känt är att barnlösheten bland män har ökat på senare år medan den har minskat något bland kvinnor. Samtidigt pekar tidigare studier på att de flesta individer önskar få barn någon gång i livet. Barnlösheten är således till övervägande del ofrivillig. I den här artikeln ger vi en översikt av kunskapsläget vad gäller manlig barnlöshet utifrån samhällsvetenskapliga studier och beskriver de barnlösa männen i fråga om utbildning, inkomst och sysselsättning. Vi pekar också ut några viktiga kunskapsluckor.

Etableringsreformen genomfördes under 2010 av den förra regeringen för att underlätta och påskynda integrationen av nyanlända flyktingar och deras anhöriga. Reformen innebar att ansvaret för de nyanländas etablering överfördes från kommunerna till Arbetsförmedlingen. I den här artikeln analyserar vi reformens effekter på de nyanländas sysselsättning, löneinkomster och deltagande i utbildning ett, två och tre år efter beviljat uppehållstillstånd på basis av registerdata från SCB över samtliga nyanlända.

We examine whether marriage leads to specialization in Sweden by implementing a model that differentiates specialization in the household by cohabitation and marriage. Our paper evaluates this model using panel data to analyze trends in earnings before and after marriage between 1985 and 1995 for married and long-term cohabiting Swedish couples with children. To identify the effect of marriage on earnings we use the reform of the widow’s pension system that resulted in a marriage boom in Sweden in 1989 and difference-in-difference estimation. Our results show that most of the male marriage premium can be explained by positive selection whereas the female marriage penalty reflects increased specialization in home production and childcare. The findings suggest that the positive selection of men into marriage translates into the increased specialization of women. We also find evidence that marriage facilitates specialization in the few couples where mothers earn more than fathers, resulting in a marriage premium for women and a marriage penalty for men. Finally, we find that the net effect of marriage on family earnings is zero because the male marriage premium is offset by the female marriage penalty. Our results show that specialization results from the legal arrangement of marriage, not from the living arrangement of the household.

JEL Codes: J31, J12

Key Words: Marriage, Marriage premium, Specialization

This paper examines whether parental marriage confers educational advantages to children relative to cohabitation. We exploit a dramatic marriage boom in Sweden in late 1989 created by a reform of the Widow’s Pension System that raised the attractiveness of marriage compared to cohabitation to identify the effect of marriage and the effect of selection bias on marriage estimates. Sweden’s rich administrative data sources enable us to identify the children who were affected by parental marriage due to this marriage boom. Our analysis addresses the question of whether marginal marriages created by a policy initiative have an impact on children. Using grade point average at age 16 as the outcome variable, we first show the expected pattern that children with married parents do better than children with cohabiting parents. However, once we control for observable family background and compare the outcomes for children whose parents married due to the reform with those for children whose parents remained unmarried, the differences largely disappear. The results from a sibling difference analysis are consistent with the conclusion that the differentials among children of married and cohabiting parents reflect selection rather than causation.