The rapid global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has heightened the need for secure and resilient EV charging infrastructure. This paper presents a comprehensive threat analysis and risk assessment of EV charging systems using the MITRE Threat Assessment and Remediation Analysis (TARA) framework. Ten primary assets—spanning charge points (CP), charge point management systems (CPMS), and eMobility service providers (eMSPs)—are identified, and 41 threat scenarios are evaluated against key security properties: authentication, integrity, availability, confidentiality, non-repudiation, and authorization. Using structured methodologies such as risk cubes and weighted scoring models, each threat is quantified and visualized in a risk matrix to support prioritization. Findings highlight user credentials and CPMS authentication systems as highly vulnerable to attacks including MAC spoofing, SQL injection, and session hijacking. A countermeasure ranking model is then developed using CRRA, balancing effectiveness and cost to propose feasible mitigation strategies. This application of TARA not only demonstrates a methodical approach to cybersecurity assessment but also offers actionable insights for improving the cyber resilience of critical EV charging infrastructure.

In the face of increasing cyberattacks, organizations today depend heavily on information technology resources, making regular penetration testing crucial for identifying system vulnerabilities and potential exploits. While automated vulnerability management tools are widely used, they often present challenges such as result interpretation, irrelevant findings, and overwhelming volumes of data that complicate the extraction of critical information. Manual penetration testing, on the other hand, offers greater flexibility, enabling professionals to tailor their methods to the specific characteristics of a given environment. This study focuses on semi-automated penetration testing, blending automated efficiency with manual adaptability, to identify vulnerabilities in a web application, providing insights into optimizing vulnerability detection processes.

The increasing reliance of financial institutions on cloud infrastructures has amplified concerns surrounding regulatory compliance and cybersecurity, particularly in light of the EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA). This paper presents an experimental, empirical model designed to assess security misconfigurations in Amazon Web Services (AWS) and evaluate their alignment with DORA compliance requirements. Leveraging a Python-based scanning script built with the AWS Boto3 SDK, the study programmatically inspects critical AWS services—S3, Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Identity and Access Management (IAM), and Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) —within a controlled environment configured with known vulnerabilities. Each misconfiguration is automatically mapped to relevant DORA articles (Articles 5, 9, and 10), and accompanied by actionable remediation strategies. The results, visualized through a Streamlit dashboard and exportable PDF reports, demonstrate the tool’s ability to detect compliance gaps in real-time. Unlike previous work based on theoretical models or manual audits, this research offers a replicable, data-driven approach that bridges the gap between technical vulnerabilities and regulatory mandates. By doing so, it empowers financial institutions to strengthen their operational resilience and proactively align with emerging regulatory standards in dynamic cloud ecosystems.

Cyber security standards and regulations are pivotal in guiding organizations toward mitigating cyber risks and enhancing their overall security posture. The European Union’s NIS2 Directive, which introduces stringent and comprehensive security requirements, exemplifies a Current regulatory framework designed to address evolving cyber threats. This study critically examines the regulatory, governance, cyber security, and compliance challenges introduced by NIS2 within the Swedish automotive industry. It further explores the strategic integration of NIS2 with existing regulatory frameworks to streamline compliance approaches and foster long term resilience. The findings reveal the increasing complexity and financial implications of compliance, while also identifying significant opportunities to bolster cyber security resilience. This paper underscores the necessity for organizations to adopt proactive and adaptive strategies in response to the dynamic European regulatory landscape. While the focus is on the Swedish automotive sector, the study provides valuable insights that may inform future research into the broader implications of NIS2 across diverse industries and regions within the European Union.

The financial sector is experiencing an increase in cyber incidents, prompting numerous firms to outsource IT infrastructure management. A primary factor contributing to these breaches is that the impacted systems are socio-technical systems (STSs), which include not only technical components such as software and hardware but also physical elements (e.g., robotics, mobility) and social components (e.g., human actors, business processes, and organizational units). Evaluating STS security breaches requires a holistic approach, considering human, organizational, software, and infrastructural elements. The study involves combining strategic factors, including social and organizational dynamics, with technical components such as software and physical infrastructure.

In our previous work, we developed a security attack-monitoring system to tackle these challenges. This framework was developed to monitor, analyze, and model security incidents across the social, cyber, and physical dimensions of cyber-physical systems (CPS). This paper employs the framework to conduct threat-led penetration testing in accordance with the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), thus improving the financial sector’s capacity to address information and communication crises. This study provides important insights into cyberattacks and their impact on the financial sector by examining security breaches reported to the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) by critical service providers. The experiment was performed in collaboration with a prominent Swedish financial institution.

The growing frequency of cyber-attacks on supply chains has jeopardized organizational integrity and data security, underscoring the need to strengthen Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management (CSCRM) frameworks. This paper explores the application, effectiveness, and challenges of three key frameworks—ISO, NIST, and NIS2—in mitigating third-party risks within the cyber supply chain. Using an empirical research approach, data was collected from domain experts in the field of information security. The analysis focuses on how effectively these frameworks enhance organizational data security and the practices surrounding their adoption and implementation. This study contributes valuable insights to CSCRM practices, offering actionable findings for organizations seeking to bolster their cyber defenses. The results also provide policymakers with a deeper understanding of the challenges that need to be addressed for future improvements in CSCRM frameworks.

As smart healthcare services rapidly evolve, ensuring user privacy has become a critical concern. While prior research has focused extensively on technical solutions, the user perspective on privacy protection remains underexplored. This study addresses that gap by examining how users perceive both technical and organizational privacy protection measures across four smart healthcare service types: wearable devices, mobile health apps, telehealth platforms, and medicine delivery systems. Through qualitative survey, the study uncovers a duality in user perceptions. Positive perceptions relate to multi-layer technical safeguards, regulatory oversight (e.g., General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and proactive provider practices, such as transparent privacy policies and breach responses. On the other hand, negative perceptions center on lack of transparency, limited user control, forced consent to privacy terms, and both cognitive and operational barriers to engaging with privacy features. These findings reveal a critical imbalance in user-provider power dynamics and call for user-centric privacy strategies that balance protection with usability. The study contributes to theoretical advancements in privacy calculus, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) by refining constructs, such as perceived control, facilitating conditions, and transparency. Practical recommendations are offered to guide more inclusive, adaptable, and empowering privacy solutions in smart healthcare contexts.

Ensuring strong security in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is increasingly essential as these systems become integral to contemporary industrial and societal infrastructures. The increasing prevalence of security risks requires the advancement of conventional security engineering approaches to tackle the distinct problems presented by CPS. This study offers a thorough assessment of the research methodologies, approaches, and strategies used in security engineering for cyber-physical systems over the last fifteen years. The review analyses the design and execution of security solutions, including empirical and conceptual investigations, along with the integration and enhancement of existing methodologies. This study seeks to offer a systematic overview of contemporary developments and pinpoint methodological concerns essential for future research in adaptive and security engineering -driven for CPS through an analysis of diverse literature. This study enhances the current discussion by providing a thorough analysis of the research environment, demonstrating the requirement for new and contextually relevant security engineering methodologies.

The significance of Offensive Cyberspace Operations (OCO) in cyber warfare and national security is increasingly recognised, yet academic literature lacks a dedicated theoretical framework to fully articulate its unique aspects and strategic dimensions. Traditionally enveloped within the broader context of information warfare, OCO's distinct characteristics have often been overlooked. Addressing this gap, our paper aims to delineate the specificities of OCO and establish a structured conceptual model that enhances understanding and operational clarity. To achieve this, the study adopts an interpretive approach, drawing from existing literature on information warfare and cyberspace, alongside official U.S. government and military publications on cyberspace operations. Employing the theory-building method, we focus primarily on conceptualization. This involves creating a coherent conceptual framework through abstraction, synthesis, and diagramming, informed by seminal works in the field. Among the paper's key contributions are detailed conceptual models that shed light on OCO's integration within the broader cyber domain, the influence of U.S. policy and strategy on OCO, and the critical triad for successful operations: access, vulnerabilities, and payloads. Furthermore, we elucidate the primary and secondary components of OCO, specifically cyberspace attack and exploitation, offering new insights into their roles and implications. Thus, the framework includes conceptual maps highlighting OCO's key elements, relationships, and challenges, aiming to advance academic discourse, practical strategies, and policy in cyberspace operations. This effort marks a significant step forward in both theoretical engagement and practical application within the field.

The paper promotes the notion that any security solution for cyber-physical systems (CPS) should be adaptive and based on the type of attacks and their frequency. Namely, the solution should monitor its environment continuously to defend itself from a cyber-attack by modifying its defensive mechanism. Moreover, the research provides analyses of situations where the environment changes dynamically over time, requiring the designated adaptation to contemplate and respond adequately to these changes. In particular, it explores applying adaptive model predictive control concepts derived from control theory to develop specific adaptive security solutions. These systems can make decisions by forecasting their future performance for various modes or options of adaptation. Using quantitative information, the software then selects the adaptations that minimise the cost associated with security failures. This is highly significant considering that CPS are engineered systems built from and depend upon the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Moreover, security breaches are rising, and CPS are challenged by catastrophic damage, resulting in billions of losses making many of today’s solutions obsolete. While security agents issue new sets of vulnerability indicators and patches to address security breaches, these changes are continuous processes ad infinitum. A case study on a medical emergency response system illustrates the essential and salient futures of the proposed adaptive security framework for CPS.