A substantial body of evidence exists demonstrating that exposure to environmental contaminants can alter animal behavior. Moreover, methodological and technological advancements, as well as increasing standardization, mean that behavioral ecotoxicity studies are more rigorous and reliable than ever before. Despite this, behavioral data are still seldom used in the risk assessment and regulation of chemicals. This is partly due to a lack of clarity among some stakeholders about whether changes in behavior at the individual level result in population-level outcomes. To address this, we first consider the state of evidence within the field of behavioral ecotoxicology linking individual-level behavioral alterations with population-level consequences. We then assess the evidence from behavioral ecology and other neighboring fields that supports this link. Further, we evaluate whether some behavioral endpoints are more easily tied to population-level changes than others. In this regard, we propose combining insights from two complementary ecological frameworks─the functional trait framework and the limiting traits framework─to evaluate which behaviors should be prioritized in ecotoxicological research and regulatory efforts. We contend that the link between behavioral changes and population-level outcomes is evident, with behavioral endpoints representing a highly valuable yet so far underutilized line of evidence in applied environmental protection.

The One Health concept strongly brings into focus the important connections for human and ecosystem health. However, the incorporation of behavior method guidelines in risk assessment and regulation/policy is not equal between human and ecological disciplines. A survey was conducted on the perceptions and role of behavioral (eco)toxicology in the protection of human and ecosystem health. Those surveyed include scientists working in the field of environmental toxicology and behavioral ecology, representing industry, government, nongovernment organizations, and academia/research centers. The respondents (N = 166) agreed that contaminants “can impact” and “are impacting” wildlife (97% and 77%) and humans (84% and 62%, respectively). Overall respondents believed behavioral experiments to be repeatable (60%), reliable (61%), and relevant (84%), although those not studying behavior (43%) were more cautious in their answers. Respondents were more likely to be neutral when asked whether behavioral endpoints are more sensitive (43%), but they agreed (80%) that behavioral endpoints provide important alternative information to standard endpoints. The largest group disagreed (42%) with the statement that behavioral endpoints are currently used in risk assessment but agreed that they were essential (55%). The majority of respondents disagreed (63%) that we understood the risks of contaminants to human and ecosystem health, but they agreed (68%) that regulatory authorities should consider behavioral endpoints. When answers were compared among sectors (academia, government, or industry), industry scientists were more likely to be negative or neutral in their responses to the application of behavioral toxicology. We discuss how these data could be used to support our understanding of and confidence in the effects of contaminants on human and ecosystem health.

The United Nations Outer Space Treaty states that the exploration of celestial bodies must avoid “harmful contamination” which may impede scientific exploration by other parties to the treaty. To guide treaty compliance, Planetary Protection regulations promulgated by the Committee on Space Research set limits for microbial contamination of celestial bodies, particularly those that may harbor extant life (e.g., Mars). However, anthropogenically introduced chemicals and materials are not regulated but may cause “harmful contamination” and thus pose a potential threat to scientific exploration. On Earth, threats from anthropogenic chemicals and materials are often managed by considering both potential exposure to the substances and their hazardous properties. The lack of knowledge around hazards to possible extant life on Mars means that chemicals and materials should be designed and used so that their exposure concentrations are minimized. Here, we review possible emission, partitioning, persistence, and transport processes on Mars for anthropogenically introduced chemicals and materials and identify key knowledge gaps. We highlight difficulties and lessons learned from pollution policy development on Earth that could inform interplanetary chemical and material management. This work aims to support the expansion of the Planetary Protection guidelines to include a “No- or Low-Exposure by Design” approach to chemicals and materials on Mars.

Östersjön är ett unikt ekosystem, i akut behov av bättre skydd och omsorg. Havet är utsatt för stora påfrestningar från föroreningar, övergödning, klimatförändringar och överfiske, och därför krävs fortsatt kraftfulla insatser. Här presenteras ett antal viktiga åtgärder som kan förbättra havsmiljön.

Vi människor är beroende av havet för vår existens, för syret vi andas och för ett klimat vi kan leva i. För många är också mat från havet en viktig del av födan. Transporter, fiske, turism och rekreation visar på havets stora ekonomiska och sociala värden, och mycket tyder på att välmående kustmiljöer också kan motverka klimatförändringarna. Havet behöver vårdas – både för vår egen skull och för de marina ekosystemens.

I Östersjön har mänskliga aktiviteter haft stor påverkan på miljön. Vissa bestånd av fisk, marina däggdjur och sjöfåglar har minskat kraftigt, andra är påverkade av miljögifter eller i dåligt skick, vilket bland annat syns i lägre tillväxt hos arter som sill och torsk. Syrefattiga bottnar, förändrad artsammansättning och skadade livsmiljöer är andra tydliga tecken på mänsklig påverkan. Klimatförändringarna förvärrar en del av miljöproblemen och gör det ännu mer angeläget att agera snabbt.

Det begränsade vattenutbytet i det inneslutna Östersjön gör att föroreningar blir kvar under lång tid och fördröjer effekten av olika åtgärder. Men vårt inneslutna hav med ett begränsat antal aktörer ger också möjlighet att agera unisont. I den här broschyren presenterar forskare och experter från Stockholms universitet ett antal viktiga åtgärder som kan förbättra miljön i Östersjön, från Bottenviken till Kattegatt.

Det behövs gemensamma ansträngningar och modiga beslut för att minska utsläppen av näringsämnen och farliga ämnen, och för att säkerställa en ekosystembaserad fiskeförvaltning som tar hänsyn till de ekologiska förutsättningarna. Bara så kan Östersjön bli basen för en hållbar blå ekonomi. Om hela havet förvaltas klokt, samtidigt som orörda områden skyddas och förstörda miljöer återställs, så finns goda möjligheter att på sikt återfå ett välmående och mer motståndskraftigt hav – till nytta för både människor och natur.

The concept of regulatory capture has been extensively studied in academic literature, primarily within the social sciences. This phenomenon has been increasingly discussed in the environmental sciences as the impacts of regulatory capture on human and ecosystem health have become increasingly apparent. Regulatory capture is just one tactic employed by vested interests in the strategy of delaying, weakening, or abolishing policies designed to protect the public interest. Here, we define capture strategies as ‘the act of influencing individuals, organizations, or governments to prioritize corporate interests over those of human and ecosystem health’. Similar to the evolution of terms like whitewashing and greenwashing into the broader concept of colorwashing, this new definition expands the scope of capture to include a wide range of targets, such as individuals, educational institutions, nongovernmental organizations, media, and local, national, and intergovernmental organizations. By broadening the definition, we anticipate that researchers, policymakers, and civil society will find it easier to identify and prevent such nefarious activities. This paper illustrates how ‘capture strategies’ have played, and (unless kept in check) will continue to play, an instrumental role in obstructing efforts to address the triple planetary crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution.

Behavioural analysis has been attracting significant attention as a broad indicator of sub-lethal toxicity and has secured a place as an important subdiscipline in ecotoxicology. Among the most notable characteristics of behavioural research, compared to other established approaches in sub-lethal ecotoxicology (e.g. reproductive and developmental bioassays), are the wide range of study designs being used and the diversity of endpoints considered. At the same time, environmental hazard and risk assessment, which underpins regulatory decisions to protect the environment from potentially harmful chemicals, often recommends that ecotoxicological data be produced following accepted and validated test guidelines. These guidelines typically do not address behavioural changes, meaning that these, often sensitive, effects are not represented in hazard and risk assessments. Here, we propose a new tool, the EthoCRED evaluation method, for assessing the relevance and reliability of behavioural ecotoxicity data, which considers the unique requirements and challenges encountered in this field. This method and accompanying reporting recommendations are designed to serve as an extension of the “Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED)” project. As such, EthoCRED can both accommodate the wide array of experimental design approaches seen in behavioural ecotoxicology, and could be readily implemented into regulatory frameworks as deemed appropriate by policy makers of different jurisdictions to allow better integration of knowledge gained from behavioural testing into environmental protection. Furthermore, through our reporting recommendations, we aim to improve the reporting of behavioural studies in the peer-reviewed literature, and thereby increase their usefulness to inform chemical regulation.

The EU recently introduced four new hazard classes to the Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation (CLP) (EC) 1272/2008. The classes are endocrine disruption for human health (ED HH) and the environment (ED ENV), persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB), and persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM). This action was a direct consequence of the EU’s Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, which aims at strengthening the protection of human health and the environment, as well as reinforcing the CLP Regulation as the central piece of the chemicals legislation. This study examined the regulatory obligations triggered by these new hazard classes, as well as the existing obligations for endocrine disrupters and PBT/vPvB substances identified in other EU regulations. In addition, we compared the CLP criteria for endocrine disruption and PBT/vPvB to criteria existing in other EU regulations and investigated how these criteria are used in the EU chemicals legislation. We found that the implementation of the new hazard classes under the CLP into existing EU chemicals legislation will require the revision of all regulations that rely on the CLP hazard criteria for risk management. Without revision, the immediate impact of the new hazard classes will only extend to six regulations and the regulatory obligations they contain, all of which apply to substances classified under any of the CLP hazard classes. Meanwhile, substances with endocrine disrupting and PBT/vPvB properties are already being identified and regulated using criteria from regulations other than the CLP. When comparing the criteria for identification of endocrine disrupters and PBT/vPvB substances across the chemicals legislation, we found that the criteria differed between regulations. The findings aim to support the efficient implementation of the new CLP hazard classes and harmonization of criteria across regulations, in line with the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.