In this seventh part of this paper series, additional Turkic (i.e. Yakut) and Tungusic (i.e. Ewen or Ewenki) loanword etymologies for the Yukaghir languages and dialects are presented and evaluated in semantic, phonological and other considerations and viewpoints. In summary, a total of ten Yakut borrowings, and two Tungusic borrowings are given, as well as one Yukaghir borrowing in Ewenki. An extra section of interest in this paper presents some new Tundra Yukaghir field data, and lastly some documentation corrections are again given.

Syftet med denna studie är att lyfta fram de gemensamma problem (vuxen)elever har kring förnyade matematikstudier, samt hur dessa problem kan bearbetas med lärandemiljö, planering och specialpedagogisk insats. De olika undervisningsstrategierna specialpedagoger använder för att stödja självförtroendet och inlärandet hos elever med inlärningssvårigheter inom matematik diskuteras. Data för studien har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med specialpedagoger inom matematik inriktade på vuxna elever (på Komvux). En del tidigare kända forskningsresultat bekräftas, och en del nya resultat tillkommer.

Målsättningen i uppsatsen har varit att bidra till insikter och praktiska råd kring specialpedagogens metoder, vardag och rådande kutym gällande matematikundervisning. Samtliga specialpedagoger inleder sitt arbete med eleverna genom kartläggning av skol-, familje- och sjukdomshistoria samt iakttagande av eventuella diagnoser och identifikation av elevens specifika behov. Genom dialog och ett lågaffektivt, positivt bemötande skapas en trygg relation med tiden. Allmänna arbetsstrategier utgörs av psyko-socialt uppmuntrande arbete, inlyssning (s.k. soft skills), repetition återkoppling till vad som fungerat, och särskilda strategier utgörs av tim- och veckoschema, längre kurs- och skrivtid och stödmatematiksgrupper. Specialpedagogerna rekommenderar en rad tänkta förbättringar som både skolan och specialpedagoger kan göra i sitt arbete med vuxenelever inom matematik.

Inom kursen Matematik 1 identifieras problemområdena till momenten algebra och bråkräkning, i första hand, och till funktioner, i andra hand. Ett tentativt förslag på hur problematiken inom kursen Matematik 1 på gymnasienivå (vanligtvis relaterat till algebra och bråkräkning) kan bemötas är att nationellt styrka specialpedagogiska insatser redan i årskurs 8 i grundskolan, där problemen anses ha börjat, i förebyggande syfte.

In this paper, up to twenty-eight new Yukaghir etymologies are described as Eskimo borrowings into the Yukaghir languages ​​and dialects of far northeastern Siberia, with phonological and semantic considerations for each suggestion. These findings provide new insights into the historical phonology of these ancient borrowings as well as fairly clear etymologies for a number of isolated Yukaghir words. The chronology of the borrowings is also considered, and various factors reveal two different competing hypotheses: the Yukaghir correspondences have either resulted from chronologically different borrowing layers through the ages, or the correspondences actually represent the remnants of an ancient genetic language affiliation between the two, a hypothesis supported by the very divergent phonological shapes and semantics of the correspondences. It is argued that the Eskimo correspondences are invariably of the Yup'ik variety (instead of the Inuit variety), and that Yup'ik language(s) were spoken in much earlier times around the Kolyma River, where Yukaghir is still spoken, and in particular close to the Tundra Yukaghirs. The semantic categorization of the borrowings places most of them as elementary phenomena, actions, and perceptions , and if not actually describing an actual genetic language relationship, this at least suggests very intense linguistic contacts between Yup'ik and Yukaghir under bi- or multi- lingual conditions, such as through tribal marriages and where code-switching was the norm for generations.

The previously non-discussed ancient east Asian Wanderwort araj similar to aran 'interjection; barely, suddenly' is discussed and presented in great detail, and traced throughout many languages phonologically and semantically. The root has also undergone local secondary semantic developments in places, meanings which have then been borrowed into neighboring languages, some already carrying the same root, some borrowing only the new semantic meaning. After detailed lexical documentation of this root in various languages, a possible semantic map is presented at the end of the study. Language groups and languages involved in this very geographically spread out Wanderwort are the Turkic, Tungusic, Mongolic and Yukaghir languages, as well as Tocharian B, Sel'kup, Kamass, Kott, Russian, Japanese and Inupiatun.

In this paper, a group of thirty-five Yukaghir words describing fairly recently borrowed Russian cultural vocabulary is re-etymologized. Most of these words, which are from various Yukaghir languages and dialects, but mainly of the Tundra Yukaghir variety, have previously been given loanword etymologies as direct Russian borrowings. However, phonological considerations clearly demonstrate that this is a false assumption, and it is suggested that instead all of these words have been borrowed into Yukaghir from Yakut as an intermediary language. All the Yukaghir words show signs of Yakut phonology, but are ultimately of Russian origin, sometimes from north-eastern dialectal forms (having earlier been borrowed into Yakut). Schematically, all of these re-etymologized words can be described as: Russian > Yakut > Yukaghir. Semantically, the words describe various modern concepts covering areas such as the household, cooking, culture and society, bureaucracy and healthcare. This amply demonstrates that Yukaghirs, in particular Tundra Yukaghirs, have lived in a bi-, tri- or even more diverse multilingual environment (of Yukaghir, Yakut, Russian, etc.) at least during the last few centuries. Further, some of the Yakut words for Russian concepts have been borrowed into Ewen or Ewenki, instead of directly from Russian, which is evident from both the phonology and semantics.

This paper presents twenty-five newly found suggested borrowings from the Turkic, Tungusic and Mongolic languages into the Yukaghiric languages of far northeastern Siberia. The chronology of the borrowings is considered, and solid phonological and semantic considerations are given for each suggestion. Several of the new borrowings are quite recent and the majority relate to technological terms, social life and elementary actions. This would speak for a situation in far northeastern Siberia of intimate tribal contacts where multilingualism was the norm historically, hunting techniques were shared and inter-tribal marriages were commonplace. Additionally, two prospective borrowings related to reindeer terminology are discussed. Furthermore, borrowings from Yukaghiric into other languages, barely discussed in scientific literature, are also analyzed and commented upon briefly.

This article shows that Yukaghir underwent a regular sound change whereby all word-internal and word-final w phonemes became j, probably in Early Proto-Yukaghir. After degemination had occurred, possibly in Middle Proto-Yukaghir, any j in an intervocalic position of disyllabic roots was followed by an epenthetic l, as it still is in the modern Yukaghir languages. Palatalization, labialization, uvularization, and assimilative effects finally formed the Late Proto-Yukaghir forms from which the modern languages have arisen. Word-class prosody controls epenthesis, vowel lengthening, and any further word-final vowel changes. Identifying these historical processes also strengthens the evidence that Yukaghir is genealogically related to Uralic. The Uralic and Yukaghiric correspondences are carefully analyzed as to phonology and semantics, resulting in over fifty new or revised cognate suggestions. Further, Yukaghiric shows a trend towards a reduction of the number of root syllables in the comparison. The semi-vowel w remained unchanged word-initially in Tundra Yukaghir and has thus been a continuous part of the Yukaghir phonemic register. Lexemes containing the semi-vowel w found in modern Yukaghir in word-internal and final positions arose from other sources only after the semi-vowel alternation sound change rule.

This paper evaluates and expands upon previously suggested sound rules governing the phonological outcome of early root-initial proto-sibilants (*s- and *ś-) and proto-affricates (*š-, *ć- and *č-) in Late Proto-Yukaghir (PY), as shown by cognate correspondences in Proto-Uralic (PU) and by Tungusic and Turkic borrowings. The proto-sibilant *s- underwent deletion (*Ø-), retention (*s-) or lateralization (*l-); *ś- was retained unchanged and earlier *š- had changed into *č- in PY. Universally, PY proto-sibilants and proto-affricates find regular lexical correspondences in PU as described by a set of non-trivial phonological rules:

Pre-PY *sVr/k/γ- > PY *lVr/k/γ-: a regular lateralization of the sibilant in Yukaghiric occurred with back vowels and *-r-, *-k- and possibly *- γ -, but not *-q-, through an intermediary hypothetical *θ- stage.

Pre-PY *sVl/ŋ- > PY *ØVl/ŋ-: a sibilant deletion rule occurred with any vowel and *-l- or *- ŋ-.

However, all structures of the intermediate type Pre-PY *sV₁ŋ/l/m/n-k/q-V₂-, where V₁ is a back vowel, pose an exception wherein sibilant deletion was blocked, and the sibilant was either retained or changed into a lateral. Sibilant deletion still occurred in these cases if V₁ was a front vowel.

Pre-PY *ś- > PY *ś- > KY š- & TY s-: the Yukaghir lexicon in these cases likely developed through intermediate *š’-/*θ’- from Old Yukaghir. Furthermore, Pre-PY *š- > PY *č- regularly.

All of these sound changes are controlled by phonology and affect borrowings as well as inherited vocabulary from before PY, but do not affect post-PY borrowings. The sibilant-deletion rule is clearly an influence from extensive language contacts with Yakut-speakers, and certain roots show that the Yukaghir rules of synharmonism were already in effect prior to sibilant deletion. In addition, the results are concurrent with several older cognate suggestions between Uralic and Yukaghiric and further add to this corpus. Identifying these historical processes also strengthens the evidence that the Yukaghir languages are genetically related to the Uralic language family.

The formation of standard Finnish male nicknames in terms of Optimality Theory (OT) is described. Formation of these nicknames is subject to phonological, morphological, segmental and prosodic restrictions and often proceeds via suffixation of a truncated, left-anchoredstem, invariably producing a disyllabic, semantically narrow nicknamewith no coda, long vowels or diphthongs. Such foot binary-restricted items never include a second syllable onset. Disyllabic names are regularly shortened (CV.CV), while mono- and trisyllabic names often become geminate nicknames (CVC.CV) through expressive marking. Geminate names lose the coda consonant in the nickname. Very long names are truncated and sometimes take an additional suffix. Nicknames and their suffixes are strictly controlled to have either mixed harmonic back (a, o, u) and neutral front vowels (e, i), or only harmonic front vowels (y, ö, ä). Curious exceptions to the rules are found with names containing a word-internal sonorant, which therefore become uniquely suffixed nicknames through a Sonorant Sequencing Principle (SSP) constraint, leading to a three-consonant cluster and a shift of the sonorant from the syllable edge (CVCC.CV). Some nicknames have a limited geographical distribution (i.e. they are dialectal only), while a few others exhibit traces of diminutive markings. The data suggest the following ranking order for nickname formation in Finnish according to OT: FtBin >> SSP for resonant-containing or RlzRed for trisyllabic >>AnchorLeftBT >> NoLong-Vowel >> NoDiphthong >> NoCoda >>MaximalityBT.

This paper presents twelve newly found suggested borrowings from (Pre-)Yakut, a Turkic language previously known to be a considerable source of borrowings, into the Yukaghiric languages of far northeastern Siberia. All suggestions are given both with solid phonologicaland semantic considerations, and the chronology of the borrowings is considered. Several of the new borrowings are quite recent and relate to hunting and wandering and surprisingly many are semantically connected to elementary phenomena, actions and perceptions, while a few others clearly find their etymological origins as borrowed from the tales of the surrounding tribes.