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Aggregation in experimental studies with microparticles: Experimental settings change particle size distribution during exposure
Stockholms universitet, Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutionen för miljövetenskap.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-6099-5826
Stockholms universitet, Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutionen för miljövetenskap.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-4192-6956
(engelsk)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastics is raising broad concerns and motivating effect studies. In these studies, however, particle behavior in the water and aggregation are rarely considered leading to contradictory evidence of the effects reported by different studies. Using an environmentally relevant experimental setup with Daphnia magna as a test organism, we investigated how experimental conditions affect particle aggregation and the aggregate heterogeneity regarding their size and diversity. The experimental factors considered were (1) exposure duration (48 h vs 120 h), (2) the total mass of suspended solids (0-10 mg/l) composed of natural mineral particles (kaolin) and microplastics, (3) the proportion of the microplastics in the particle suspension (0-10% by mass), (4) dissolved organic matter (DOM; 0 vs 20 mg agarose /l), and (5) presence of the test organism (0 and 5 daphnids/vial). 

We found that particle aggregation occurs within the first 48 h of incubation in all treatments, no substantial change in the aggregate heterogeneity is observed afterwards. The median aggregate size was ~2-fold higher than the nominal average size of clay and microplastics in the stock suspensions used to prepare the experimental mixtures. The strongest positive driver of the aggregate size and variability was DOM, followed by the presence of daphnids and the concentration of the suspended solids in the system. Also, microplastics were found to facilitate aggregation, albeit they were the weakest contributor to the overall process. Moreover, besides directly increasing the aggregation, DOM relaxed the effects of the total solids and daphnids on the aggregate size. Thus, the particle size distribution was established early during the exposure and shaped by all experimental factors and their interactions. Overall, this study strengthens our understanding of the processes occurring in the exposure systems when conducting effect studies with microplastics and other particulates and demonstrates the necessity to access the particle size distribution to characterize the exposure. These findings also suggest that relevant experimental designs with microplastics must include relevant natural particulates and DOM to ensure environmentally plausible particle behaviour and adequate particle-biota interactions.

Emneord [en]
Microplastics, Experimental design, PSD, Particle size distribution, DOM, particle aggregation, Kaolin
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-219902OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-219902DiVA, id: diva2:1786189
Tilgjengelig fra: 2023-08-08 Laget: 2023-08-08 Sist oppdatert: 2023-08-08
Inngår i avhandling
1. Micro-by-micro interactions: Aggregation dynamics, biofilms, and ecotoxicological impacts of suspended solids
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Micro-by-micro interactions: Aggregation dynamics, biofilms, and ecotoxicological impacts of suspended solids
2023 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Increasing concerns arise regarding the environmental risk of microplastics (MP) and their interactions with biota, prompting numerous effect studies. However, current ecotoxicology methods fall short when it comes to assessing MP impacts. One intriguing aspect of MP is their propensity to aggregate and interact with various substances in their environment, including bacteria. The unresolved methodological challenges in MP ecotoxicology revolve around aggregation and biofilm formation. Consequently, to establish suitable protocols for MP hazard assessment, it is essential to comprehend how particle behaviour and microbial colonisation affect the responses of test species to MP. 

This thesis aimed to improve our understanding of MP behaviour in ecotoxicological assays, focusing on the interplay between aggregation, biofilms, and effects on test organisms. First, a metaanalysis of findings from 20 published experimental studies addressing MP effects on algal growth was conducted to identify material and particle characteristics associated with growth inhibition (Paper I). The results revealed poor experimental control over particle aggregation, sedimentation, and algal biofilm formation resulting in conflicting findings across studies, even for the same polymers and particle sizes, and insufficient evidence for growth inhibition due to the MP exposure. 

These challenges were addressed by applying experimental designs with clay particles typical for natural environments, bacteria and measuring aggregation as a particle size distribution (PSD) in assays with Daphnia magna as a model test organism in incubation systems preventing sedimentation (Papers II-IV). In Paper II, natural biofilms were grown on MP and clay particles that were used in the experiments at high suspended solid concentrations (10-1000 mg/L) and daphnid mortality as the endpoint. We found that MP directly stimulated aggregation in the particle mixture and indirectly daphnid survival because larger aggregates were associated with lower mortality. Moreover, biofilm had positive effects on aggregate size and daphnid survival. 

In Paper III, environmentally relevant levels of suspended solids (0.1-10 mg/L) and MP (0-10%) were used for aggregate size and diversity analysis by structural equation modeling addressing the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and test animals (D. magna) on the particle aggregation. The main aggregation drivers were DOM and filtration by the daphnids, although the total concentration of suspended solids and MP contribution also promoted it. Moreover, the daphnids introduced microorganisms to the exposure system, resulting in their propagation and biofilm formation on the test particles, which affected the daphnid response to the exposure (Paper IV). The bacterial diversity was mostly affected by the aggregate size and diversity, although the total suspended solids and DOM also contributed, promoting mainly the non-adhering cells, whereas particle-associated biofilms were affected by MP. The adverse effects on Daphnia were induced by small aggregate size, high DOM and biofilm diversity, with no direct MP effects.

These findings demonstrate that test organisms, DOM, mineral particles, and MP can affect aggregation and bacterial diversity in the exposure experiments over a few days resulting in non-stable exposure conditions. Moreover, the aggregate diversity and biofilm composition can be the proximate drivers of the test organism responses, with the indirect and often minor role of MP. Assessing PSD and biofilms in ecotoxicity testing of MP and, most likely, any solid waste particles, such as black carbon, will facilitate interpreting the results and developing assays towards ecologically relevant hazard assessment. 

Abstract [sv]

Ökande oro väcks över miljöriskerna med mikroplaster (MP) och deras interaktioner med biota, vilket har utlöst en rad effektstudier. Nuvarande metodologi inom partikelektoxikologi är emellertid inte rustad att utvärdera MP-effekter. En intressant aspekt av mikroplaster är deras tendens att aggregera och interagera med olika ämnen i sin omgivande miljö, inklusive bakterier. De ännu olösta metodologiska utmaningarna inom MP-ektoxikologi är aggregering och biofilmbildning. För att utveckla adekvata protokoll för farobedömning behöver vi därför förstå hur partikelbeteende och mikrobiell kolonisering påverkar testarternas respons på MP.

Denna avhandling syftade till att förbättra vår förståelse för MP-beteende i ekotoxikologiska tester, med fokus på samspelet mellan aggregering, biofilmer och effekter på testorganismer. Först genomfördes en metaanalys och syntes av resultat från 20 publicerade studier om MP-effekter på alg-tillväxt för att identifiera material- och partikelegenskaper som är förknippade med tillväxthämning (Paper I). Resultaten visade bristande experimentell kontroll över partikelaggregering, sedimentation och bildning av alg-biofilm, vilket resulterade i motsägelsefulla resultat mellan studierna, även för samma polymerer och partikelstorlekar, samt otillräckligt stöd för tillväxthämning på grund av MP-exponeringen.

Dessa utmaningar hanterades genom att tillämpa experimentell design med lerpartiklar som är typiska för naturliga miljöer, bakterier och mätning av aggregering som partikelstorleksfördelning (PSD) i tester med Daphnia magna som modellorganism i inkubationssystem som förhindrar sedimentation (Paper II-IV). I Artikel II odlades naturliga biofilmer på MP- och lerpartiklar som användes i experimenten vid höga koncentrationer av suspenderat material (10-1000 mg/L) och dödlighet hos Daphnier som slutpunkt. Vi fann att MP direkt stimulerade aggregering i partikelblandningen och indirekt påverkade överlevnaden hos Daphnier eftersom större aggregat var förknippade med lägre dödlighet. Dessutom hade biofilmen positiva effekter på aggregatstorlek och Daphniernas överlevnad. I Paper III användes miljömässigt relevanta nivåer av suspenderat material (0,1-10 mg/L) och MP (0-10%) för en detaljerad analys av aggregatstorlek och mångfald genom PLS-SEM-modellering; effekterna av löst organiskt material (DOM) och testdjur (D. magna) på partikelaggregeringen behandlades också. Huvuddrivkrafterna för aggregering var DOM och filtrering av Daphnier, även om MP och den totala koncentrationen av suspenderat material också främjade aggregatstorlek och mångfald. Dessutom införde Daphnierna mikroorganismer i exponeringssystemet, vilket resulterade i biofilmbildning på testpartiklarna, vilket påverkade Daphniernas respons på exponeringen (Paper IV). Bakteriediversiteten påverkades mest av aggregatstorlek och topologi, även om det totala suspenderade materialet och DOM också bidrog, främst genom att öka antalet icke-häftande celler, medan partikelassocierade biofilmer påverkades av MP. De skadliga effekterna på Daphnier inducerades av små aggregatstorlekar, högt DOM och diversitet i biofilm, utan direkta MP-effekter. Dessa resultat visar att testorganismer, DOM, mineralpartiklar och MP kan påverka aggregering och bakteriediversitet i exponeringsförsöken under några dagar och resultera i instabil exponering. Dessutom kan diversitet i aggregat och biofilmsammansättning vara de direkta drivkrafterna bakom testorganismernas respons, med MP:s indirekta och oftast mindre betydande roll. Att bedöma PSD och biofilmer i ekotoxicitetstester av MP och förmodligen även av andra fasta avfallspartiklar, som sot, kommer att underlätta tolkningen av resultaten och utvecklingen av tester mot ekologiskt relevanta faro-bedömningar.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Stockholm: Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 2023. s. 41
Emneord
suspended solids, microplastics, bacteria, biofilm, aggregation, ecotoxicology, microalgae
HSV kategori
Forskningsprogram
miljövetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-219904 (URN)978-91-8014-446-9 (ISBN)978-91-8014-447-6 (ISBN)
Disputas
2023-09-20, Stockholm, 10:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2023-08-28 Laget: 2023-08-08 Sist oppdatert: 2023-08-22bibliografisk kontrollert

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