The Central Taurides represent a high-relief topography with a multi-phase uplift history linked to mantle-driven, deep-seated processes. While the uplift history is well constrained, the temporal relationship between surface uplift and brittle surface deformation is poorly documented. Here, we combine U-Th geochronology, microstructural analysis, and fault-slip data to decipher the timing and mechanism of upper crustal deformation above the Cyprus Subduction Zone, which has experienced 1.5 km of surface uplift since 450 ka. Kinematic measurements indicate widespread normal faulting due to NE-SW horizontal tension in the upper crust. U-Th ages of fault-related calcites show continuous faulting from the Middle/Late Pleistocene to the Holocene, with a conspicuous clustering at circa 450 ka. Our study emphasizes the connection/coupling between deep-seated and surface processes. It suggests that extensional deformation and rapid surface uplift may occur concurrently, creating relief-bounding normal fault zones and high-relief dynamic landscapes on a short timescale in the overriding plates.