This chapter considers research settings, methods, and theoretical frameworks characteristic of conceptual and empirical research on the translation industry. We focus on the context, agents, and processes and present a selection of approaches that are particularly relevant for studying them. Concerning research on the context, we discuss two broad topics: market structure and market demands (the academia–industry gap, employability, signals of competence and quality). Next, we consider research on agents’ profiles/roles and perceptions/attitudes towards their work. Finally, we engage with how processes and workflows have been studied in their cognitive and socio-material contexts. The chapter illustrates the variety of methods and frameworks relevant to capturing the complexity of the translation industry, as well as the challenges of negotiating researcher position vis-à-vis the asymmetric power relations and conflicting interests within the industry. We further highlight how conceptual research can be instrumental in providing critique of and alternatives to dominant structures and processes and draw attention to gaps in research approaches.