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Mid-Holocene mineral dust deposition in raised bogs in southern Sweden: Processes and links
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geological Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0237-157X
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Atmospheric mineral dust is a key component of the climate system, which affects insolation, brings nutrients to marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and acts as a cloud condensation nuclei. To reconstruct past patterns in terrestrial dust deposition natural archives may be utilized, such as loess, dunes, lakes, and peat bogs. Bogs became an established dust archive in the early 2000s, and the number of studies has since increased. However, most studies use single records to represent dust deposition, meaning that we have limited understanding of regional paleodust dynamics or about the representativeness of single bog records. This thesis aims to address these uncertainties by comparing paleodust deposition between bogs located on a 65 km transect. The thesis includes a methodological development for organic matter removal from peat samples for XRD mineral analysis (Paper I) and two peat paleodust reconstruction studies (Paper II, III). 

The first paleodust reconstruction from Draftinge Mosse (mosse translates to bog in English), Småland, showed that four dust events (DE) were recorded during the ombrotrophic stage (Paper II). These results were compared to a previously conducted study on Store Mosse, 20 km northeast of Draftinge Mosse, which showed similar patterns in DE and peat accumulation rate (PAR), indicating that the events were at least regional in character. However, the magnitude of the DE differed, which was related to differences in the sizes of the two bogs. The second paleodust reconstruction, from (Davidsmosse) located c. 25 km from the west coast, recorded many more DE (14) compared to the more inland sites (Paper III). Two longer periods saw numerous DE, dominated by coarse particles: between 2800 and 2130 cal BP, and from 1000 towards 490 cal BP. These two periods occurred during regionally cold periods. Human activities also intensified during the latter period, possibly amplifying the DE. 

Most of these episodic events were not recorded at the inland sites, and the Davidsmosse record seemed to be more in line with previously constructed coastal paleostorm records. That the bog located closer to the coast recorded many more events compared to the inland sites suggests that the location of a bog will influence the aeolian events recorded. However, the DE observed at the inland sites were also recorded at Davidsmosse, indicating that the inland events might represent winds that were sustained over longer distance, or alternatively, that regionally dry conditions prevailed during these periods. The paleostorm records from south-western Sweden, including the new results from Davidsmosse presented here, suggest that storm intensities have varied during the last 3000 years, with increased storminess frequency coupled to colder episodes related to extended sea ice and a southward shift of storm tracks. When comparing DE and PAR at both sites studied here, a recurring pattern of increased accumulation rates were observed during a majority of DE, supporting the suggestion of previous studies that dust deposition may affect peat growth, and thus also peat carbon sequestration.

Combining elemental data with XRD mineral analysis enabled anchoring of elemental inferences with mineral observations, allowed identification of authigenic minerals, and aided in source tracing. Despite the fact that local factors affect mineral deposition and PAR, this work has outlined some of the possible mechanisms behind these observations (e.g. distance to the coast, or bog size difference) which may be important for future peat paleodust studies to consider. For example, future studies should include grain size analysis (down-core, as well as across a bog surface); pollen analysis to further elaborate on human activities and vegetation cover; and further investigate differences in mass accumulation rates between bogs.

Abstract [sv]

Atmosfäriskt mineraldamm, mineralpartiklar som transporteras via eoliska processer (vind), interagerar med klimatet genom att reflektera och absorbera inkommande och utgående strålning, transportera näringsämnen till marina och terrestra ekosystem, fungera som kondensationskärnor vid molnbildning samt genom att påverka atmosfärens fotokemi. Terrestra arkiv för mineraldamm inkluderar loess, sanddyner, sjöar samt högmossar. Högmossar etablerades som naturliga arkiv för mineraldamm i början av 2000-talet, och antalet studier har sedan dess ökat. Ökningen till trots så har få studier av mineraldamm genomförts i samma geografiska område, vilket gör det svårt att bedöma representativiteten av studier baserat på enskilda högmossar. Denna avhandling, inkluderar en bakgrund till forskningsfältet, ett metodavsnitt, samt tre artiklar (Artikel I–III). Den första artikeln redogör för hur torvprover ska förbehandlas för att möjliggöra identifikation av mineral med röntgendiffraktion (XRD) (Artikel I). De följande två artiklarna (II, III) beskriver hur mineraldamms- depositionen har varierat över tid, rekonstruerat från geokemiska analyser av torvsekvenser från Draftinge Mosse, Småland (Artikel II) samt Davidsmosse, Halland (Artikel III). Resultaten från Draftinge Mosse visade att torvackumulation startade för ca 8300 år sedan och att förhöjd mineraldamms- deposition skett under fyra perioder. Resultaten från denna studie jämfördes med en tidigare utförd studie och jämförelsen visade på många likheter, men också vissa olikheter.Likheterna indikerar att mineraldamms- studier från enskilda mossar representerar (åtminstone) regionala händelser, medans skillnaderna tyder på att lokala faktorer också påverkar signalen. Till exempel så skiljde mängden mineraldamm  mellan de olika mossarna, liksom hur de reagerat på hydrologiska förändringar. Dessa skillnader härleddes till storleksskillnaden mellan mossarna (400 hektar respektive 7700 hektar). Den andra rekonstruktionsstudien (Artikel III), från Davidsmosse, belägen ca 25 km från västkusten, visade att torvackumulation skett de senaste 5400 åren och fjorton episodiska ökningar av mineraldamm skett under denna period, många fler episoder än vad som noterades i de småländska mossarna. Resultaten visade också att två perioder omfattades av särskilt många samt episodiska ökningar av mineraldeposition, som dessutom föreföll innehålla relativt stora partiklar. Den första perioden skedde från 2800 t.om. 2130 år före nutid och den andra från 1000 t.o.m. 490 år före nutid. Dessa perioder sammanfaller med regionalt kallare klimat, ökande utbredning av havsis i Atlanten samt ett skifte söderut av stompassager. De flesta av dessa episodiska händelser noterades inte i de två inlandsmossarna, utan stämde bättre överens med stormrekonstruktionsstudier från både närområdet (Halland), men även från studier av sanddyner i Danmark och en högmosse i Skottland.Detta tyder på att händelser som registrerats i Davidsmosse kan vara relaterade till ökad stormfrekvens i ett större geografiskt område. Sammanfattningsvis så visar stormrekonstruktions- studierna, inklusive resultaten från Davidsmosse (Artikel III), att stormfrekvensen i regionen varierat under de senaste 3000 åren och att en ökad stormfrekvens skett under kallare perioder. Resultaten från de två rekonstruktionsstudierna visar också att perioder med ökad mineraldeposition sammanföll med ökad tillväxt i mossarna, vilket stöder tidigare forskning som föreslagit att mineraldamm bidrar med näringsämnen, vilket främjar ökad tillväxt, och i förlängningen ökat kolupptag. Resultaten från dessa studier visar också att lokala faktorer, som högmossens storlek, samt geografiskt läge, är viktiga att beakta vid studier av mineraldamm. Resultaten tyder också på att mineral som avsätts på mossar troligen har ett lokalt ursprung, men då liknande händelser noterats i flera mossar samtidigt så tyder det på att de orsakats av en gemensam faktor, t.ex. kallare klimat, högre vindhastighet och/eller ökning av områden med bar jord. Framtida studier föreslås inkludera kornstorleksanalys (både i torvsekvensen och lateral ytprovtagning), pollenanalys, samt vidare analys av skillnader i massackumulation mellan olika högmossar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University , 2021. , p. 56
Series
Meddelanden från Stockholms universitets institution för geologiska vetenskaper ; 382
Keywords [en]
Paleodust, peat, geochemistry, mineralogy, REE, Holocene, peat accumulation rates, paleostorms
National Category
Climate Science Geochemistry Geology
Research subject
Marine Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-192114ISBN: 978-91-7911-488-6 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7911-489-3 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-192114DiVA, id: diva2:1544309
Public defence
2021-06-04, William-Olssonsalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 14 and online via Zoom, public link is available at the department website, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-05-11 Created: 2021-04-14 Last updated: 2025-02-01Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Procedure for Organic Matter Removal from Peat Samples for XRD Mineral Analysis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Procedure for Organic Matter Removal from Peat Samples for XRD Mineral Analysis
2019 (English)In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.), ISSN 0277-5212, E-ISSN 1943-6246, Vol. 39, no 3, p. 473-481Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Ombrotrophic peatlands are recognized archives of past atmospheric mineral dust deposition. Net dust deposition rates, grain size, mineral hosts and source areas are typically inferred from down-core elemental data. Although elemental analysis can be time efficient and data rich, there are some inherent limitations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis allowsdirect identification of mineral phases in environmental samples but few studies have applied this method to peat samples and a well-developed protocol for extracting the inorganic fraction of highly organic samples (>95%) is lacking. We tested and compared different levels of pre-treatment: no pre-treatment, thermal combustion (300, 350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 degrees C) and chemical oxidation (H2O2 and Na2S2O8) using a homogenised highly organic (>98%) composite peat sample. Subsequently, minerals were identified by XRD. The results show that combustion is preferred to chemical oxidation because it most efficiently removes organic matter (OM), an important pre-requisite for identifying mineral phases by XRD analysis. Thermally induced phase transitions can be anticipated when temperature is the only factor to take into consideration. Based on the data required in this studythe recommended combustion temperature is 500 degrees C which efficiently removes OM while preserving a majority of common dust minerals.

Keywords
Mineral dust, Mineralogy, XRD analysis, Organic matter, Peat
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-172056 (URN)10.1007/s13157-018-1093-7 (DOI)000474497200006 ()
Available from: 2019-08-22 Created: 2019-08-22 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
2. Paleodust deposition and peat accumulation rates - Bog size matters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Paleodust deposition and peat accumulation rates - Bog size matters
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2020 (English)In: Chemical Geology, ISSN 0009-2541, E-ISSN 1872-6836, Vol. 554, article id 119795Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present a high-resolution peat paleodust and accumulation rate record spanning the last 8300 years from Draftinge Mosse (400 ha), southern Sweden (57 degrees 06'27.6 '' N 13 degrees 42'54.1 '' E). The record was analysed for peat accumulation rates (PAR), elemental concentrations, mineralogy, and plant macrofossil content. Five periods of increased mineral deposition were recorded. The first event occurred between similar to 6280 and similar to 5570 cal BP, during the fen to bog transition. This is followed by four atmospheric mineral dust events (DE) which were recorded in the ombrotrophic section of the sequence at (cal BP): similar to 2200; similar to 1385-1150; similar to 830-590, and from similar to 420 to the present. Statistical analysis and elemental ratios indicated that both the mineralogy and grain size shifted when the system transitioned from fen into bog, showing that the governing transport process shifted with the peat-land succession stages. This highlights the importance of identifying peatland succession stages within peat paleodust studies. Following all four DE, increases in PAR were observed, implying a coupling to dust deposition. Comparison of DE and PAR with a paleodust record from Store Mosse, a 20 times larger bog located ca 18 km away (Kylander et al. 2016), showed that both PAR and dust deposition are largely represented by single-core reconstructions, indicating that they are driven by a common climate forcing mechanism. However, higher PAR and dust deposition rates were observed in the more moderately sized Draftinge Mosse, suggesting that the size of the bog is important to consider in peat paleodust studies. Furthermore, the smaller bog responded more rapidly to hydrological changes, indicating that the size of the bog affects its' buffering capacity. Authigenic carbonates, observed here during episodes of rapid peat growth, coincide with changes in REE ratios, indicating that authigenic peat processes potentially cause REE fractionation.

Keywords
Peat paleodust, Atmospheric deposition, Peat accumulation rate, Geochemistry, Rare earth elements, Mineralogy
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-187499 (URN)10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119795 (DOI)000580659800003 ()
Available from: 2020-12-14 Created: 2020-12-14 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
3. Mid-Holocene reconstruction of peat paleodust deposition and accumulation rates in southern Sweden during the last 5400 years: processes and links
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mid-Holocene reconstruction of peat paleodust deposition and accumulation rates in southern Sweden during the last 5400 years: processes and links
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We present a peat paleodust and accumulation rates study from Davidsmosse, Halland region, south-west Sweden. The 458 cm peat sequence was studied for peat composition, bulk density, elemental composition and ash content. The results were quantitatively assessed using principal component analysis and related to calendar ages by radiocarbon dating. Local soil and sediments samples from the surrounding area (within 4 km radius) as well as aeolian dunes located closer to the coast (25 km) were analysed for elemental concentrations and mineral content. These results were compared to the minerals on the current bog surface and their similarity suggests that the deposited minerals have a local origin. From the peat paleodust reconstruction fourteen dust events (DE) were recorded (cal BP): 3580–3490; 3280; 3140; 3010–2840; 2740; 2610; 2480; 2340; 2240–2130; 2050; 1890; 1690; 1240; and 960–490. A majority of these events were coupled to increases in peat accumulation rates (13 of 14), indicating a relationship between these two processes. Davidsmosse recorded two longer phases that saw numerous DE with larger inferred grain size between 2800 and 2130 cal BP and a stepwise increase from 1000 towards 490 cal BP. These phases overlap in time with increased storm activity recorded in previous studies, both in nearby bog records as well as from dune records in Denmark, and a coastal bog in Scotland, suggesting storminess as a driver of DE signals at Davidsmosse. These stormier periods are related to colder periods, coupled to extended sea ice south of Iceland and a southward shift in storm tracks. Comparison with peat paleodust records further inland did not register these events, indicating that the location of the bog will affect which type of DE that will be recorded. Those DE found at both coastal and inland sites may represent periods with particularly strong winds, or alternatively, regionally dry phases. Further studies are required to untangle which of these processes are responsible for this pattern, for example by conducting grain size analysis on an event recorded at all three bogs, coupled with high resolution dating. 

Keywords
Peat, paleodust, mineralogy, paleostorms, Holocene, Sweden, peat accumulation rates
National Category
Geology
Research subject
Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-192216 (URN)
Available from: 2021-04-15 Created: 2021-04-15 Last updated: 2022-02-25Bibliographically approved

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