This chapter documents a notable increase in wealth in two Tanzanian villages since the early 1990s. Contrary to widespread views that small-scale farming in Tanzania is relatively stagnant and unresponsive to change, farmers in the studied area have transformed their economies.  The most striking change is that most households can now support themselves on their land, and many do this on a substantially improved living standard, while twenty-five years ago half the number of families survived only with the help of underpaid day labour. Living standards were very low in the early 1990s. By 2016 many people had moved up the local ladder of progress. Our informants insisted that local initiative was ultimately responsible for the change. At the same time, it is noted that the increased wealth has come at a cost to the environment.