Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
A multi-task network approach for calculating discrimination-free insurance prices
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7235-384x
Number of Authors: 42024 (English)In: European Actuarial Journal, ISSN 2190-9733, E-ISSN 2190-9741, Vol. 14, p. 329-369Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In applications of predictive modeling, such as insurance pricing, indirect or proxy discrimination is an issue of major concern. Namely, there exists the possibility that protected policyholder characteristics are implicitly inferred from non-protected ones by predictive models and are thus having an undesirable (and possibly illegal) impact on prices. A technical solution to this problem relies on building a best-estimate model using all policyholder characteristics (including protected ones) and then averaging out the protected characteristics for calculating individual prices. However, such an approach requires full knowledge of policyholders' protected characteristics, which may in itself be problematic. Here, we address this issue by using a multi-task neural network architecture for claim predictions, which can be trained using only partial information on protected characteristics and produces prices that are free from proxy discrimination. We demonstrate the proposed method on both synthetic data and a real-world motor claims dataset, in which proxy discrimination can be observed. In both examples we find that the predictive accuracy of the multi-task network is comparable to a conventional feed-forward neural network, when the protected information is available for at least half of the insurance policies. However, the multi-task network has superior performance in the case when the protected information is known for less than half of the insurance policyholders.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2024. Vol. 14, p. 329-369
Keywords [en]
Indirect discrimination, Proxy discrimination, Discrimination-free insurance pricing, Unawareness price, Best-estimate price, Protected information, Discriminatory covariates, Fairness, Incomplete information, Multi-task learning, Multi-output network
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-224229DOI: 10.1007/s13385-023-00367-zISI: 001098104000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85175970588OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-224229DiVA, id: diva2:1817217
Available from: 2023-12-05 Created: 2023-12-05 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Lindholm, Mathias

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Lindholm, Mathias
By organisation
Department of Mathematics
In the same journal
European Actuarial Journal
Business Administration

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 111 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf