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Research Gaps and Priorities for Terrestrial Water and Earth System Connections From Catchment to Global Scale
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography.
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI). KTH, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9408-4425
Number of Authors: 22024 (English)In: Earth's Future, E-ISSN 2328-4277, Vol. 12, no 1, article id e2023EF003792Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The out-of-sight groundwater and visible but much less extensive surface waters on land constitute a linked terrestrial water system around the planet. Research is crucial for our understanding of these terrestrial water system links and interactions with other geosystems and key challenges of Earth System change. This study uses a scoping review approach to discuss and identify topical, methodological and geographical gaps and priorities for research on these links and interactions of the coupled ground- and surface water (GSW) system at scales of whole-catchments or greater. Results show that the large-scale GSW system is considered in just a small part (0.4%-0.8%) of all studies (order of 105 for each topic) of either groundwater or surface water flow, storage, or quality at any scale. While relatively many of the large-scale GSW studies consider links with the atmosphere or climate (8%-43%), considerably fewer address links with: (a) the cryosphere or coastal ocean as additional interacting geosystems (5%-9%); (b) change drivers/pressures of land-use, water use, or the energy or food nexus (2%-12%); (c) change impacts related to health, biodiversity or ecosystem services (1%-4%). Methodologically, use of remote sensing data and participatory methods is small, while South America and Africa emerge as the least studied geographic regions. The paper discusses why these topical, methodological and geographical findings indicate important research gaps and priorities for the large-scale coupled terrestrial GSW system and its roles in the future of the Earth System. The water on the land surface (surface water) and that beneath it (groundwater), along with the water that is continuously and increasingly used and managed in human societies, are connected and constitute a coherent natural-social water system around the world. Many unknowns and open questions remain for how the small-scale variations add up to large-scale variability and change of this water system on land, as an integral part of the whole Earth System. Relevant research is crucial for reducing the unknowns and answering the questions, and this study's scoping review aims to assess how they have been addressed in published research so far. The aim is to identify key research gaps and priorities for further research on how the integrated water system on land functions and evolves on large scales, from whole hydrological catchments and in multiple catchments around the world up to global scale. The scoping review results show key research gaps and priorities to be the coupling of surface water and groundwater on land, and the interactions of this coupled water system with other parts and major challenges of the Earth System. Geographically, the gaps and priorities emerge as particularly large and urgent for South America and Africa. Coupling of the ground-surface water system is a key gap in terrestrial water research, particularly at large scalesResearch on terrestrial water interactions with other geospheres and key challenges of Earth System change is rare but impactfulMajor geographic gaps in research on the large-scale coupled terrestrial water system emerge for South America and Africa

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2024. Vol. 12, no 1, article id e2023EF003792
Keywords [en]
scoping review, terrestrial water system, Earth System, coupled natural-social system, geospheres, societal challenges
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-225422DOI: 10.1029/2023EF003792ISI: 001134671000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85181491510OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-225422DiVA, id: diva2:1828952
Available from: 2024-01-17 Created: 2024-01-17 Last updated: 2026-04-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Integrating the Terrestrial Water System: Catchment to Global Scale Variations and Dynamics in the Changing Climate
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integrating the Terrestrial Water System: Catchment to Global Scale Variations and Dynamics in the Changing Climate
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Understanding terrestrial water system dynamics requires explicit account and integration of water fluxes and storage changes across spatial scales and datasets. However, hydrological processes are often examined in isolation or at specific spatial scales. This fragments the terrestrial water system, hinders a physically consistent interpretation of its variability, trends, and extremes, and leads to inconsistencies between observations and model-based assessments. This thesis addresses this fragmentation challenge by developing and applying a harmonized multi-dataset and multi-catchment synthesis framework for investigating terrestrial water system dynamics across different scales, from individual catchments up to global scale. The work integrates data and model estimates of precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and storage change within a unified water balance framework, enabling systematic evaluation of spatial and temporal variations and dataset realism across numerous hydrological catchments with worldwide distribution across diverse hydro-climatic regions. The thesis pursues four main objectives: (i) to assess how research on integrated water fluxes and storage changes at catchment and larger scales has evolved in the scientific literature, and identify important remaining knowledge gaps; (ii) to advance methodological approaches for consistent multi-scale and multi-dataset investigation of terrestrial water systems; (iii) to evaluate water balance closure, variations, trends, and extremes in distinct hydro-climatic regions, including the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa; and (iv) to quantify space-time variability and change of hydro-climatic conditions at the global scale. The results reveal that terrestrial water research remains fragmented across variables, datasets, spatial scales, and geographical regions, leading to divergent and sometimes physically implausible representations of water flux and storage dynamics. Comparative multi-dataset analysis shows that terrestrial water system responses to atmospheric climate change are strongly heterogeneous. They are also frequently non-binary, exhibiting concurrent acceleration in some and deceleration in other water fluxes, rather than uniform intensification or weakening of all fluxes. The water flux changes in time further indicate different dominant cause-effect relationships than those for the flux variations in space. Diagnostics of water balance closure emerge as an important tool for identifying physically plausible hydro-climatic patterns among divergent implications of different types of observational and model-based dataset combinations. By synthesizing and comparing water fluxes and storage changes across datasets and spatial scales, this thesis advances a physically consistent framework for interpreting terrestrial water variability and change. The findings strengthen the conceptual and methodological foundation for large-scale hydrological assessment and improve scientific understanding of terrestrial water system dynamics under ongoing climate change.

Abstract [sv]

För att förstå dynamiken i det terrestra vattensystemet behöver vi explicit beakta och integrera vattenflöden och förändringar i vattenlagring över olika rumsliga skalor och datamängder. Hydrologiska processer studeras dock ofta isolerat och småskaligt. Detta fragmenterar vattensystemet, begränsar en fysikaliskt baserad tolkning av dess variabilitet, trender och extremhändelser och leder till inkonsekvenser mellan observationer och modellbaserade analyser. Denna avhandling adresserar fragmenteringsutmaningen genom att utveckla och tillämpa ett harmoniserat ramverk som jämför flera kombinationer av olika typer av data för många avrinningsområden i syfte att undersöka det terrestra vattensystemets dynamik på olika skalor, från enskilda avrinningsområden upp till global skala. Arbetet integrerar observationsdata och modell-baserade data för nederbörd, evapotranspiration, avrinning och vattenlagringsförändringar inom ett enhetligt ramverk för vattenbalanskontroll. Detta möjliggör systematisk utvärdering av variationer i rum och tid, samt av de olika datakombinationernas realism över ett stort antal avrinningsområden med global spridning och i olika hydroklimatiska regioner. Avhandlingen har fyra huvudsakliga mål: (i) att analysera hur forskning om integrerade vattenflöden och vattenlagringsförändringar inom avrinningsområden och på större skalor har utvecklats i den vetenskapliga litteraturen, samt identifiera kvarstående kunskapsluckor; (ii) att vidareutveckla metodologiska angreppssätt för konsekventa analyser av det terrestra vattensystemet över olika skalor och baserat på olika datakombinationer; (iii) att utvärdera vattenbalansen och dess variationer, trender och extremförhållanden i distinkta hydroklimatiska regioner, inklusive Östersjöns avrinningsområde, Sydamerika och Afrika söder om Sahara; samt (iv) att kvantifiera hydroklimatiska variationer och förändringar i rum och tid på global skala. Resultaten visar att forskningen om terrestra vattensystem fortfarande är fragmenterad mellan olika variabler, datakombinationer, rumsliga skalor och geografiska regioner, vilket leder till divergerande och ibland fysikaliskt orimliga representationer av systemets flödes- och lagringsdynamik. Jämförande analyser baserade på flera olika datakombinationer visar att det terrestra vattensystemets respons på atmosfäriska klimatförändringar är starkt heterogen. Systemets respons är också ofta icke-binär, med samtidig intensifiering av vissa och försvagning av andra vattenflöden, snarare än en enhetlig intensifiering eller försvagning för alla flöden. Därutöver antyder vattenflödesförändringarna andra dominerande orsak-verkan-samband för förändringarna i tiden jämfört med variationerna i rummet. Vattenbalansbaserad diagnostik framträder som ett viktigt verktyg för att identifiera fysikalisk rimlighet bland divergerande representationer av hydroklimatiska mönster mellan olika kombinationer av observations- och modellbaserade data. Genom att syntetisera och jämföra hur de olika datakombinationerna kvantifierar vattenflöden och vattenlagringsförändringar på olika rumsliga skalor bidrar denna avhandling till ett fysikaliskt konsekvent ramverk för tolkning av det terrestra vattensystemets variabilitet och förändring. Resultaten stärker den konceptuella och metodologiska grunden för storskalig hydrologisk analys och förbättrar den vetenskapliga förståelsen av det terrestra vattensystemets dynamik under pågående klimatförändring.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 2026. p. 58
Series
Dissertations in Physical Geography, ISSN 2003-2358 ; 47
Keywords
Integrated terrestrial water system, water balance, hydro-climatic data, drought and flood extremes, catchment to global scales, Baltic Sea Drainage Basin, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Physical Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-254503 (URN)978-91-8107-638-7 (ISBN)978-91-8107-639-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-12, De Geersalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 14, Frescati and online via Zoom: https://stockholmuniversity.zoom.us/j/61114934184, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-20 Created: 2026-04-21 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved

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Zarei, MohannaDestouni, Georgia

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