Background: Human health and environmental sustainability constitute major local and global challenges which are also closely interconnected. Mental health and sleeping problems are e.g. public health concerns that are costly for society and for individuals.Exposure to natural environments such as green (vegetation) and blue (water) space are associated with a range of human health benefits, and are also central in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. However, population-based studies investigating high-resolution, individual-level residential greenspace are yet limited, as population-based studies have mainly assessed greenspace at more crude aggregated levels. Objective & methods: Thus, in a set of large-scale population-based longitudinal studies, on nationwide cohorts in Sweden, objective high-resolution individual-level residential greenspace land cover assessments were made, including availability and access to different greenspace qualities (incl. of high biodiversity). The role of different residential greenspace qualities was investigated longitudinally for: 1) objective prescription medication purchase for common mental health problems, and 2) self-reported symptoms. Furthermore behaviour-related use and exposure to different types of natural environments were assessed in a sub-cohort, and their significance for multiple health indicators.Results & discussion: Results across studies show that more residential greenspace especially in the immediate residential surrounding (50m and 100m buffer zones around home) is associated with lower insomnia, antidepressant and anxiolytic prescription medication purchases, and less symptoms. Furthermore, spending time in nature especially in the home environment and forests were important for several aspects of mental health and health behaviours.Results highlight the role of greenspace in the immediate residential surroundings, as well as access to high quality greenspaces (i.e. larger coherent green areas conferring higher biodiversity) for mental health and health related behaviours. The multiple pathways through which different greenspace qualities can affect human health, while also contributing to biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation and resilience are discussed.