Non-human animals are a topic of intense philosophical interestin the modern day. It is often supposed that this is a recentdevelopment, but in fact pre-modern philosophers wereintensely interested in animals. Aristotle initiated a long-standingzoological tradition, but it was only part of the vast literatureon animals in antiquity and the middle ages. To do itjustice, this book gathers twenty-five studies of animals inGreek, Arabic, and Latin philosophy. Major themes includethe cognitive capacities of animals, the difference betweenhumans and animals and the question of how humans shouldtreat animals, as well as God’s relationship towards animals,animal diet and mating, language among animals, animalsuffering, animals as ethical exemplars, and reincarnation.