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Cryospheric influences on offshore Arctic groundwater systems: Offshore freshened groundwater and submarine groundwater discharge in a polar context
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geological Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0000-7363
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Offshore freshened groundwater has been increasingly observed along passive continental margins across the globe. In many regions, the emplacement of offshore freshwater is attributed to paleo ice sheets that overrode continental margins during the Last Glacial Maximum. Beyond creating potential unconventional freshwater resources and influencing near-seafloor physicochemical conditions, these relic groundwater systems also provide a window into past and ongoing cryosphere–groundwater interactions. However, the absence of observational constraints on offshore groundwater residence times and submarine groundwater discharge rates over geological timescales limits understanding of their long-term evolution and solute flux variations to the ocean. This dissertation addresses this gap by improving residence time constraints at freshened groundwater sites offshore northern Norway and Svalbard through radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon that is transported with the groundwater. In addition, the long-term evolution and flow dynamics of the freshened groundwater system offshore northern Norway under glacial advance and retreat were investigated using a coupled hydromechanical model. A meteoric water component was observed in porewaters as far as the continental shelf break offshore northern Norway and across multiple fjords in Svalbard. This freshwater is hypothesized to have been emplaced during time periods when ice sheets or glaciers advanced across the continental shelf or fjords, enabling subglacial meltwater recharge. Offshore northern Norway in particular, this mechanism is considered most probable, as water depths are sufficiently great such that the continental shelf was unlikely to have been exposed to the atmosphere during periods of sea-level lowstand during the Late Pleistocene. Residence time estimates of the saline groundwater component indicate that seawater infiltrated the Norwegian continental margin approximately 12,000 years after deglaciation of the outer continental shelf, replacing glacially driven freshwater recharge. This timing is corroborated by model results, which show that following a period of groundwater exfiltration after glacial retreat, seawater began infiltrating the subsurface of the outer continental shelf. The highest freshwater infiltration rates were modeled during periods of rapid glacial growth. Studies of the glacimarine fjords of Svalbard further highlight the role of sedimentation. High sedimentation rates inhibit submarine groundwater discharge and may effectively seal offshore freshened groundwater bodies. In conclusion, ice sheets can emplace large volumes of freshwater, resulting in subseafloor freshened groundwater bodies that still exist today. Moreover, mechanical loading from the ice influences groundwater flow, affecting submarine groundwater discharge rates alongside processes such as density-driven flow and sediment loading. Offshore freshened groundwater bodies emplaced by paleo ice sheets are expected to undergo progressive salinization, whereas the retreat of contemporary marine-terminating glaciers, ice tongues, and ice shelves is likely to cause a temporary increase in submarine groundwater discharge under low-sedimentation conditions, followed by a decline as the system adjusts to modern conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University , 2026. , p. 73
Keywords [en]
Offshore freshened groundwater, submarine groundwater discharge, cryohydrogeology, Arctic, radiocarbon dating, hydrogeological modeling
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources Geochemistry
Research subject
Geochemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-252220ISBN: 978-91-8107-512-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8107-513-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-252220DiVA, id: diva2:2036943
Public defence
2026-03-25, William-Olssonsalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 14 and online via Zoom, public link is available at the department website, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-02 Created: 2026-02-09 Last updated: 2026-02-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Deglaciation drove seawater infiltration and slowed submarine groundwater discharge
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Deglaciation drove seawater infiltration and slowed submarine groundwater discharge
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2025 (English)In: Nature Geoscience, ISSN 1752-0894, E-ISSN 1752-0908, Vol. 18, no 8, p. 779-786Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Submarine groundwater discharge—the flow of groundwater into the ocean—plays an important role in shaping coastal biogeochemical cycles. The absence of temporal constraints on offshore groundwater dynamics driven by proximal glacial loading hinders our assessment of how its circulation may vary in conceivable ice-free polar regions. Here we estimate residence times of saline groundwater at an active submarine groundwater discharge and methane seep site off the coast of northern Norway, near the continental shelf break. The subsurface hydrology in this area experienced drastic changes due to Fennoscandian Ice Sheet dynamics, offering insights into the consequences of glacial–interglacial transitions for offshore groundwater. Using radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon in the upwards-advected groundwater, we determined saline groundwater residence times of 11.5 to 8.8 kyr and 4.8 to 2.6 kyr at two distinct discharge sites. The presence of a meteoric water component in sediment porewaters confirms offshore groundwater freshening driven by past glacial loading. This indicates that, as the ice sheet retreated and sea levels rose, seawater began to infiltrate the subsurface, replacing freshwater recharge. Our results provide observational evidence pinpointing the onset of seawater infiltration following deglaciation of the margin. These findings suggest that retreating marine-terminating glaciers will profoundly alter offshore groundwater composition and reduce discharge rates.

National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-246814 (URN)10.1038/s41561-025-01750-z (DOI)001545098500001 ()2-s2.0-105012766580 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-09-15 Created: 2025-09-15 Last updated: 2026-02-09Bibliographically approved
2. Impact of glacial-interglacial cycles on the groundwater system of the Lofoten-Vesterålen continental margin, Norway, since the Last Interglacial: [Impact des cycles glaciaires-interglaciaires sur le système aquifère de la marge continentale des Lofoten-Vesterålen, en Norvège, depuis le dernier interglaciaire]
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of glacial-interglacial cycles on the groundwater system of the Lofoten-Vesterålen continental margin, Norway, since the Last Interglacial: [Impact des cycles glaciaires-interglaciaires sur le système aquifère de la marge continentale des Lofoten-Vesterålen, en Norvège, depuis le dernier interglaciaire]
2026 (English)In: Hydrogeology Journal, ISSN 1431-2174, E-ISSN 1435-0157Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Offshore freshening of groundwater has been observed over 100 km off Norway’s coast, sometimes beyond the continental shelf. Yet, no previous studies have modeled freshened groundwater emplacement along the Norwegian continental margin. This study employs a hydrogeological model to simulate groundwater flow along a two-dimensional transect driven by mechanical loading during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, encompassing three glaciation periods when the ice sheet extended onto the shelf. During glacial advances, glacial meltwater infiltrated the offshore groundwater system at 486 mm year−1, facilitated by intensified hydraulic head gradients from glacial loading. By 23 ka, fully freshened groundwater occupied 21.5 km2, while groundwater with chloride concentrations below 400 mM occupied 47.4 km2. These areas are 25 and 6.4 times greater, respectively, than in a simulation considering only eustatic sea-level changes. Conversely, glacial retreat and unloading led to groundwater discharge at maximum rates of 246 mm year−1, which may have inhibited seawater recharge after deglaciation in formerly glacially loaded regions. Near the glacial front, lateral groundwater advection remained below 2 mm year−1 as a result of weak horizontal hydraulic head gradients, characteristic of floating ice shelves. The findings challenge previous speculations of a lateral land–ocean connection as the primary mechanism for offshore freshening in the Norwegian continental margin. Instead, it was demonstrated that freshened groundwater was predominantly emplaced vertically when the Fennoscandian ice sheet advanced onto the shelf. Because of the lower hydraulic head potentials post-glaciation, significant portions of this freshened groundwater can persist well into subsequent interglacial or even glacial periods.

Abstract [fr]

Un renouvellement offshore des eaux souterraines par des eaux douces a été observé à plus de 100 km au large des côtes norvégiennes, parfois au-delà du plateau continental. Cependant, aucune étude n’a modélisé l’emplacement des eaux souterraines adoucies le long de la marge continentale norvégienne. Cette étude utilise un modèle hydrogéologique pour simuler l’écoulement des eaux souterraines le long d’un transect 2D sous l’effet d’une charge mécanique pendant le Pléistocène supérieur et l’Holocène, couvrant trois périodes de glaciation au cours desquelles la calotte glaciaire s’est étendue jusqu’au plateau continental. Au cours des avancées glaciaires, l’eau de fonte glaciaire s’est infiltrée dans le système aquifère offshore à un rythme de 486 mm par an, facilité par l’intensification des gradients de charge hydraulique dus à la charge glaciaire. Il y a 23,000 ans, les eaux souterraines entièrement renouvelées par des eaux douces occupaient une superficie de 21,5 km², tandis que les eaux souterraines dont la concentration en chlorure était inférieure à 400 mM occupaient une superficie de 47.4 km². Ces zones sont respectivement 25 et 6.4 fois plus étendues que dans une simulation tenant uniquement compte des changements eustatiques du niveau de la mer. À l’inverse, le recul des glaciers et le déchargement ont entraîné un débit maximal de 246 mm par an dans les eaux souterraines, ce qui a pu empêcher la recharge en eau de mer après la déglaciation dans les régions anciennement recouvertes de glaciers. Près du front glaciaire, l’advection latérale des eaux souterraines est restée inférieure à 2 mm par an en raison des faibles gradients de charge hydraulique horizontale, caractéristiques des plateaux glaciaires flottants. Ces résultats remettent en question les hypothèses précédentes selon lesquelles une connexion latérale terre-océan serait le principal mécanisme à l’origine du renouvellement des eaux au large de la marge continentale norvégienne. Au contraire, il a été démontré que les eaux souterraines adoucies se sont principalement mises en place verticalement lorsque la calotte glaciaire fennoscandienne a avancé sur le plateau continental. En raison de la baisse du potentiel hydraulique après la glaciation, une partie importante de ces eaux souterraines renouvelées par des eaux douces peut persister pendant une grande partie des périodes interglaciaires suivantes, voire pendant les périodes glaciaires.

Abstract [es]

Se ha observado un proceso de renovación del agua subterránea en alta mar a más de 100 km de la costa de Noruega, en ocasiones más allá de la plataforma continental. Sin embargo, ningún estudio anterior ha modelado la ubicación del agua subterránea en la costa continental de Noruega. Este estudio emplea un modelo hidrogeológico para simular el flujo de agua subterránea a lo largo de un corte transversal en 2D impulsado por la carga mecánica durante el Pleistoceno tardío y el Holoceno, que abarca tres períodos de glaciación en los que la capa de hielo se extendió hasta la plataforma continental. Durante los avances glaciales, el agua de deshielo glacial se infiltró en el sistema de aguas subterráneas costeras a un ritmo de 486 mm al año, facilitado por la intensificación de los gradientes de carga hidráulica debidos a la carga glacial. En 23 ka, el agua subterránea totalmente dulce ocupaba 21.5 km2, mientras que el agua subterránea con concentraciones de cloruro inferiores a 400 mM ocupaba 47.4 km2. Estas áreas son 25 y 6.4 veces mayores, respectivamente, que en una simulación que solo tiene en cuenta los cambios eustáticos del nivel del mar. Por el contrario, el retroceso y la descarga glacial provocaron una descarga de agua subterránea a tasas máximas de 246 mm al año, lo que pudo haber inhibido la recarga de agua de mar tras la desglaciación en regiones anteriormente cargadas por glaciares. Cerca del frente glacial, la advección lateral del agua subterránea se mantuvo por debajo de los 2 mm al año debido a los débiles gradientes de carga hidráulica horizontal, característicos de las plataformas de hielo flotantes. Los resultados cuestionan las especulaciones anteriores sobre una conexión lateral entre la tierra y el océano como mecanismo principal del aporte de agua dulce en alta mar en el margen continental noruego. En cambio, se demostró que el agua subterránea dulce se depositó predominantemente en vertical cuando la capa de hielo fennoscandiana avanzó hacia la plataforma continental. Debido a los menores potenciales de carga hidráulica tras la glaciación, una parte significativa de esta agua subterránea dulce puede persistir hasta bien entrados los períodos interglaciales o incluso glaciales posteriores.

Abstract [zh]

离岸地下水淡化现象已在挪威海岸线外约100公里处观测到,甚至有时超出大陆架范围。然而, 迄今尚无研究对挪威大陆边缘的淡化地下水的成位过程进行建模。本研究采用水文地质模型,对 沿一条二维横截面的地下水流动进行模拟,受晚更新世与全新世的机械荷载驱动,涵盖冰盖曾扩 展至陆架的三次冰期。在冰期推进期间,融水以486 mm yr-1速率渗入近海地下水系统,这一过程 受到由冰川加载增强的水头梯度的促进。至约2.3万年前,完全淡化的地下水覆盖面积为21.5 km2,而氯离子浓度低于400 mM的地下水覆盖面积为47.4 km2。这些面积分别比仅考虑海平面等 静变化情景的模拟大约扩大了25倍和6.4倍。相反,冰川退缩与荷载解除导致地下水排泄的最大 速率为246 mm yr-1,这可能在脱冰后抑制曾经被冰川负荷区域的海水再充灌。在靠近冰川前沿的 区域,由于水平水头梯度较弱,沿向水平方向的地下水平流仍低于2 mm yr-1,这与浮冰架的特征 相符。研究结果挑战了将陆-海侧向连通视为挪威大陆边缘近岸淡化主要机制的先前推测。相反,研究表明地下淡水主要在Fennoscandian冰盖推进至陆架时沿竖直方向被成位。由于冰后水头势能 下降,后续间冰期甚至下一次冰期中,这些淡化地下水的显著部分仍可长期存在。

Abstract [pt]

A dessalinização das águas subterrâneas em áreas no mar foi observada a mais de 100 km da costa da Noruega, por vezes para além da plataforma continental. No entanto, nenhum estudo anterior modelou a distribuição de águas subterrâneas dessalinizadas ao longo da margem continental norueguesa. Este estudo utiliza um modelo hidrogeológico para simular o fluxo de água subterrânea ao longo de uma seção transversal 2D, impulsionado pelo carregamento mecânico durante o Pleistoceno Superior e o Holoceno, abrangendo três períodos de glaciação em que a camada de gelo se estendeu sobre a plataforma continental. Durante os avanços glaciais, a água de degelo glacial infiltrou-se no sistema de águas subterrâneas no mar a uma taxa de 486 mm ano–1, facilitada pela intensificação dos gradientes de carga hidráulica devido ao carregamento glacial. Por volta de 23 ka, águas subterrâneas completamente dessalinizadas ocupavam 21.5 km2, enquanto águas subterrâneas com concentrações de cloreto abaixo de 400 mM ocupavam 47.4 km2. Essas áreas são 25 e 6.4 vezes maiores, respectivamente, do que em uma simulação que considera apenas as mudanças eustáticas do nível do mar. Por outro lado, o recuo e o descarregamento glacial levaram à descarga de água subterrânea a taxas máximas de 246 mm ano–1, o que pode ter inibido a recarga de água do mar após a deglaciação em regiões anteriormente carregadas por gelo. Perto da frente glacial, a advecção lateral de água subterrânea permaneceu abaixo de 2 mm ano–1 devido aos fracos gradientes de carga hidráulica horizontais, característicos de plataformas de gelo flutuantes. Os resultados desafiam as especulações anteriores sobre uma conexão lateral terra-oceano como o principal mecanismo para a dessalinização no mar na margem continental norueguesa. Em vez disso, demonstrou-se que a água subterrânea dessalinizada foi predominantemente distribuída verticalmente quando a camada de gelo da Fennoscândia avançou sobre a plataforma continental. Devido aos menores potenciais de carga hidráulica pós-glaciação, porções significativas dessa água subterrânea dessalinizada podem persistir até períodos interglaciais ou mesmo glaciais subsequentes.

Keywords
Cryohydrogeology, Submarine groundwater discharge, Numerical modeling, Offshore freshening, Norway
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-252209 (URN)10.1007/s10040-025-02994-0 (DOI)001657803600001 ()2-s2.0-105027144970 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Stockholm University
Available from: 2026-02-08 Created: 2026-02-08 Last updated: 2026-02-09
3. Glacimarine sediment sealing suppresses submarine groundwater discharge and preserves glacially recharged offshore freshened groundwater
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Glacimarine sediment sealing suppresses submarine groundwater discharge and preserves glacially recharged offshore freshened groundwater
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
Cryohydrogeology, Submarine groundwater discharge, Offshore freshened groundwater, Svalbard
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-252219 (URN)
Available from: 2026-02-08 Created: 2026-02-08 Last updated: 2026-02-09

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