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Natural plasmids of the dimorphic Caulobacteraceae
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8602-8095
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-2659-1771
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1469-4424
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Plasmids are DNA molecules that replicate independently from chromosomes and often transfer themselves between host cells, facilitating the rapid spread of adaptive traits in bacterial populations. Plasmids have mostly been studied in bacteria with simple cell morphologies. However, we recently identified several natural plasmids among Caulobacteraceae species, a family of ubiquitous environmental bacteria notable for their complex lifecycles, posing questions on how these plasmids propagate themselves inside their asymmetrically reproducing hosts. Here, we characterize 28 complete Caulobacteraceae plasmids and their core propagation modules. We find that most are conjugative plasmids of iteron- and/or RepABC-types, and that the secondary chromosomes of Asticcacaulis species are chromids that derive from plasmids. Despite sharing conserved core propagation systems, we show that related Caulobacteraceae plasmids encode diverse accessory genes, including modules for synthesis of novel antimicrobial compounds and adaptation against stressors such as heavy metals, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and toxic hydrocarbons. Finally, our data suggest that Caulobacteraceae plasmids are coordinated with the cell developmental program of their dimorphic hosts, as indicated by widespread CtrA binding sites, plasmid-encoded GcrA homologs, and GANTC methylation motifs in origins and promoters of replication initiators genes. In sum, our study provides a comprehensive characterization of a previously overlooked group of plasmids and highlights their role in the adaptability and evolution of a bacterial family of both ecological and scientific importance.

Keywords [en]
Comparative genomics, genome evolution, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), conjugative plasmids, chromids, cell cycle regulation
National Category
Microbiology Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Genetics and Genomics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-253164OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-253164DiVA, id: diva2:2044285
Available from: 2026-03-09 Created: 2026-03-09 Last updated: 2026-03-09
In thesis
1. Adaptive strategies in the Caulobacteraceae: From Starvation to Speciation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adaptive strategies in the Caulobacteraceae: From Starvation to Speciation
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Caulobacteraceae is an environmentally prevalent bacterial family that includes Caulobacter crescentus, a model organism well known for its complex lifecycle comprising motile non-reproductive cells and reproductive cells with stalks. However, despite their importance, surprisingly little is known about their phenotypic range, ecology, and evolution. To bridge this gap, this thesis characterizes the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of the Caulobacteraceae and investigates how they adapt to environmental changes across physiological and evolutionary timescales, significantly advancing our understanding of this widespread lineage.

In study I, we show that C. crescentus adapts to different forms of starvation by arresting its lifecycle at distinct points through differential regulation of cell differentiation and the replication initiator DnaA, which triggers either an accumulation of non-reproducing motile or sessile stalked cells.

In study II, we map out the evolutionary history, environmental distribution, and genetic potential of the order Caulobacterales. This uncovers convergent loss of the dimorphic lifecycle, crescentin-mediated cell curvature among other alphaproteobacteria, and widespread phototrophy, which includes the new genus Acaudatibacter—the first Caulobacterales lineage with photoautotrophic potential.

In study III, we expand the phenotypic and genomic repertoire of the Caulobacteraceae by isolating 58 new strains and describing 15 novel species. This uncovers previously unrecognized traits, including widespread quorum sensing modules and biofilm formation through later cell–cell interactions, likely involving giant secreted adhesins.

In study IV, we provide the first detailed portrait of the natural plasmids of the Caulobacteraceae. We identify their core propagation modules, uncover genes for novel antimicrobial compounds and distinct stress adaptation modules, and find evidence for these plasmids being regulated by the dimorphic lifecycles of their hosts. Our work reveal that plasmids have played key roles in the evolution of the Caulobacteraceae.

In study V, I synthesize knowledge on the evolution and diversity of alphaproteobacterial dimorphism. In particular, I delineate the defining characteristics of dimorphism, highlight analogous lifecycles across bacteria, and emphasize that prosthecae (stalks) are not inherently linked to dimorphism. Lastly, I underscore the value in establishing complementary model organisms to unravel the evolution of lifecycle complexity.

Abstract [sv]

Caulobacteraceae är en vitt förekommande bakteriefamilj som innefattar modellorganismen Caulobacter crescentus, känd för sin komplexa livscykel med en motil icke-reproduktiv fas och en reproduktiv fas med stjälkceller. Trots dess betydelse för forskningen är kunskapen om familjens fenotypiska bredd, ekologi och evolution begränsad. Denna avhandling överbryggar denna kunskapsklyfta genom att karaktärisera den genotypiska och fenotypiska diversiteten hos Caulobacteraceae samt undersöka hur de anpassar sig till miljöförändringar över fysiologiska och evolutionära tidsskalor. Arbetet bidrar därmed till en väsentligt fördjupad förståelse för denna vitt utbredda bakteriefamilj.

I studie I visar vi att C. crescentus anpassar sig till olika svältförhållanden genom att stoppa sin livscykel vid specifika stadier genom reglering av celldifferentiering och replikationsinitiatorn DnaA, vilket antingen triggar en ackumulering av icke-reproduktiva motila celler eller fastsittande stjälkceller.

I studie II kartlägger vi den evolutionära historian, miljöförekomsten, och genetiska potentialen hos ordningen Caulobacterales. Resultaten visar att den dimorfa livscykeln har gått förlorad genom konvergent evolution, att crescentinförmedlad cellkrökning förekommer hos andra alfaproteobakterier samt att fototrofi är utbrett. Detta inkluderar det nya släktet Acaudatibacter, ordningens första rapporterade evolutionära linje med gener för fotoautotrofi.

I studie III expanderar vi Caulobacteraceae-familjens fenotypiska och genomiska repertoar genom att isolera 58 nya stammar och därav beskriva 15 nya arter. Dessa uppvisar tidigare okända egenskaper, såsom kvorumavkänning (quorum sensing) och biofilmproduktion via laterala mellancellsinteraktioner, vilket sannolikt involverar enorma utsöndrade adhesiner.

I studie IV framför vi det första detaljerade porträttet av naturliga plasmider hos familjen Caulobacteraceae. Vi identifierar deras fortplantningsmoduler, upptäcker gener för nya antimikrobiella ämnen och diverse stressanpassningsmoduler, samt finner bevis för att plasmiderna regleras av sina värdcellers dimorfa livscykler. Våra resultat visar att plasmider har spelat nyckelroller under Caulobacteraceae-familjens evolution.

I studie V presenterar jag en syntes av evolutionen av alfaproteobakteriell dimorfism och dess diversitet. Detta gör jag genom att beskriva de definierande egenskaperna hos celldimorfism, belysa analoga livscykler hos andra bakterier, samt understryka att prosteker (stjälkar) inte har en inneboende koppling till dimorfism. Slutligen poängterar jag vikten av att utveckla nya, komplementära modellorganismer för att klarlägga hur komplexa livscykler har utvecklats.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 2026. p. 87
Keywords
Caulobacteraceae, bacterial dimorphism, prosthecate bacteria, cell cycle regulation, plasmids, microbial diversification, phototrophy, starvation responses, comparative genomics, bacterial taxonomy
National Category
Microbiology Cell Biology Evolutionary Biology Genetics and Genomics Biological Systematics Molecular Biology Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Research subject
Molecular Bioscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-253165 (URN)978-91-8107-536-6 (ISBN)978-91-8107-537-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-24, Vivi-Täckholmsalen (Q-salen), Svante Arrhenius väg 20, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-30 Created: 2026-03-09 Last updated: 2026-03-20Bibliographically approved

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