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Att förändra män: en etnografisk utforskning av socialtjänstens förändringsarbete med våldsutövare
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8409-4320
2026 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Changing men : an ethnographic exploration of social services' treatment for perpetrators of violence (English)
Abstract [en]

Men’s violence against women and children in close relationships is a global social problem with severe consequences for those affected. In Sweden, since 2021, the social services have had a statutory responsibility to work toward changing the behavior of men who use violence, as part of a broader national and international effort aimed at ending such violence. However, knowledge about how social services work to change perpetrators is limited. If we are to be able to change those who use violence, and ultimately help the victims, both social workers and researchers need insight into how social services engage with perpetrators of mens violence.

The question addressed in this dissertation is how social services design their work to change the behavior of violent offenders and why this work has taken the form it has. The dissertation explores the Swedish social services’ change-oriented work with perpetrators ethnographically and analyzes why the work has come to be shaped in particular ways.

The ethnography is a compilation of four articles. The empirical material includes observations of a treatment group within the social services, interviews with professionals, and various legislative documents. The theoretical framework draws on theories of late-modern relationship ideals in Western societies and feminist critiques of these theories. It also uses Goffman’s theory of how people negotiate the moral meaning of their actions, as well as Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and social fields. Professional theory has been applied to analyze the interview material, and Bacchi’s WPR-approach has been used to conduct a policy analysis.

Through a mapping of the legislative background, the findings show how social services came to be responsible for changing perpetrators’ behavior. To manage perpetrators within the organisation, the social services have created a specialized space staffed by social workers with additional training in psychotherapy. In this space, social workers attempt to change the men, often through group-based treatment. Within the conversations of the studied treatment group, a negotiation of masculinity takes place, where social workers attempt to change the men into becoming more listening, vulnerable, communicative, and gender-equal. However, this negotiation does not appear to include an understanding of the men as fathers.

The dissertation illustrates a practical example of change-oriented work with perpetrators within the social services. It highlights the interactional dynamics in these settings, which encourage reflection before bringing together men with similar problems in group treatment. One conclusion is the importance of including fatherhood in the negotiation of masculinity. This is because power in relationships between mothers and fathers is closely intertwined with the care of children, meaning that power within a relationship cannot be renegotiated if different expectations are placed on women’s and men’s parenting. The dissertation also contributes with a theoretical understanding of masculinity as a lived experience. It discusses various possible explanations for why the work has developed as it has. Some factors that may have shaped the work include social workers’ pursuit of expanded jurisdiction, inspiration from Alternatives to Violence, the central role of treatment within the early support services and the social services more broadly, the Istanbul Convention, and the relatively high proportion of male social workers in this field. Finally, the dissertation argues for the importance of a power perspective in social work with perpetrators of violence.

Abstract [sv]

Mäns våld mot kvinnor och barn i nära relationer är ett världsomfattande socialt problem med allvarliga konsekvenser för de kvinnor och barn som drabbas. I Sverige har socialtjänsten sedan 2021 ett lagstadgat ansvar för att förändra de män som utövar våld vilket är led i ett långtgående nationellt och internationellt arbete som syftar till att få våldet att upphöra. Men kunskapen om socialtjänstens arbete för att förändra våldsutövare är begränsad. Om vi ska kunna förändra de som utövar våld, och i förlängningen kunna hjälpa de som utsätts, behöver både socialarbetare och forskare kunskap om socialtjänstens arbete med våldsutövare.

Frågan som adresseras i den här avhandlingen är hur socialtjänsten utformar arbetet för att förändra våldsutövares beteende. Frågan som ställs är också varför arbetet ser ut som det gör. Den här avhandlingen utforskar den svenska socialtjänstens förändringsarbete med våldsutövare etnografiskt och analyserar varför arbetet kommit att ta sig ett visst uttryck.

Etnografin är en sammanläggning av fyra artiklar. Empirin utgörs av observationer av en behandlingsgrupp inom socialtjänsten, intervjuer med professionella och olika lagstiftande dokument. Avhandlingens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av teorier om senmoderna relationsideal i västvärlden och feministisk kritik mot dessa. Även Goffmans teori om hur människor förhandlar moralisk innebörd av sina handlingar samt Bourdieus teori om habitus och sociala fält används. För att analysera intervjumaterialet har professionsteori tillämpats och slutligen har Bacchis WPR-approach använts för att kunna genomföra en policyanalys.

Resultaten visar, genom en kartläggning av bakgrunden till lagstiftningen, hur socialtjänsten fick ansvar för att förändra våldsutövarnas beteende. För att hantera våldsutövarna har socialtjänsten utformat ett särskilt specialiserat rum som befolkas av socialarbetare med vidareutbildning i psykoterapi. I det här rummet försöker socialarbetarna förändra männen, ofta genom behandling i grupp. Genom den studerade behandlingsgruppens samtal sker en förhandling av maskulinitet, där socialarbetarna försöker omskapa männen till att bli mer lyhörda, sårbara kommunikativa och jämställda. Förhandlingen verkar dock inte inkludera en förståelse av männen som fäder.

Avhandlingens ger en bild av hur socialtjänstens förändringsarbete med våldsutövare ser ut i praktiken. Den visar interaktionen i sammanhanget vilket uppmanar till eftertanke innan män med samma problematik sammanförs i behandling. En slutsats är vikten av att inkludera faderskap i förhandlingen av maskulinitet. Detta eftersom makten i relationen mellan mammor och pappor är nära sammanflätat med omsorg om barn, vilket innebär att makten i en relation inte kan förhandlas om olika krav ställs på kvinnors och mäns föräldraskap. Kunskapsbidraget består också i en teoretisk förståelse av manlighet som en levd erfarenhet. I studien diskuteras även olika tänkbara förklaringar till varför arbetet kommit att bli som det blivit. Några av dessa som tillsammans präglat arbetet kan vara socionomers strävan efter utökad jurisdiktion, Inspiration från Alternativ till Våld, behandlingens centrala roll inom det tidiga stödfältet och socialtjänsten, Istanbulkonventionen och den höga andelen av manliga socionomer som återfinns inom arbetet. Slutligen argumenteras för vikten av ett maktperspektiv på socialt arbete med våldsutövare.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Institutionen för socialt arbete, Stockholms universitet , 2026. , p. 89
Series
Rapport i socialt arbete, ISSN 0281-6288 ; 156
Keywords [en]
Social work, Social services, Treatment, Change-oriented work, Masculinity, Ethnography, Mens violence against women, Lived experience, Accounts, Sweden, Perpetrators of men's violence against women
Keywords [sv]
Socialt arbete, Socialtjänsten, Behandling, Förändringsarbete, Maskulinitet, Etnografi, Levd erfarenhet, Mäns våld mot kvinnor, Sverige, Våldsutövare
National Category
Social Sciences
Research subject
Social Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-254066ISBN: 978-91-8107-610-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8107-611-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-254066DiVA, id: diva2:2053042
Public defence
2026-06-05, Hörsal 1, hus 1, Albano, Albanovägen 28, Stockholm, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-11 Created: 2026-04-15 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Negotiating Masculinity: An ethnographic exploration of a treatment group within the Swedish Social Services for perpetrators of men’s violence against women and children.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Negotiating Masculinity: An ethnographic exploration of a treatment group within the Swedish Social Services for perpetrators of men’s violence against women and children.
(Swedish)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Social Work
Research subject
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-254200 (URN)
Available from: 2026-04-15 Created: 2026-04-15 Last updated: 2026-04-15
2. Strangers in the Field: An Ethnographic Exploration of Men's Accounts of Intimate Partner Violence in a Treatment Group
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Strangers in the Field: An Ethnographic Exploration of Men's Accounts of Intimate Partner Violence in a Treatment Group
2020 (English)In: British Journal of Social Work, ISSN 0045-3102, E-ISSN 1468-263X, Vol. 50, no 5, p. 1345-1362Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Researchers have investigated violent men's accounts of intimate partner violence and have, to various extent, emphasised self-presentation, external structures and lived experiences as understandings for these accounts. Through an ethnographic exploration of a treatment group for men who have been violent towards their female partners, I explore how we can understand the accounts of the violence. Similar to previous findings, this study initially lends support to a Goffmanian interpretation of the accounts as 'remedial work', highlighting how the members negotiate the moral meaning of offences by transferring culpability for violence to female partners. However, through an extended presence in the studied context, I discovered aspects of the therapeutic conversation which may challenge this interpretation. I use Bourdieu's concept of the habitus and analyse the accounts as a product of embodied dispositions. As such, the accounts do not harmonise with the structures of the late modern field of gender relations, dominated by ideals of equal intimate relations. I interpret the accounts as habitual and restricted. Finally, I argue that different understandings of the accounts give rise to different treatment options for social work and that factors such as lived experiences may contribute insights into why men use violence towards female partners.

Keywords
Accounts, ethnography, intimate partner violence, lived experience, men, treatment group
National Category
Sociology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-188638 (URN)10.1093/bjsw/bcz139 (DOI)000582710500004 ()
Available from: 2021-01-11 Created: 2021-01-11 Last updated: 2026-04-15Bibliographically approved
3. Professional understandings of men's violence against women
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Professional understandings of men's violence against women
2024 (English)In: European Journal of Social Work, ISSN 1369-1457, E-ISSN 1468-2664, Vol. 27, no 2, p. 413-426Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In Sweden, the social services have recently been given legal responsibility to act so that men who are violent against women in intimate relationships change their behaviour. However, research on how professionals in the social services understand intimate partner violence and the violent acts of men is still scarce. By drawing on interviews with 16 social workers who are practicing treatment for male perpetrators of violence, this article aims to explore the professionals’ understandings of the roots of men’s violence against women, what they perceive as the most effective way to help their clients to change their behaviour and what the end goal of the treatment is. The social workers describe the causes of their client’s violence as based in childhood trauma and that the men have severe problems regulating their emotions. It is believed that these difficulties are best treated through the establishment of a therapeutic alliance, allowing for an enhancement of their ability for empathy. Using professional theory, we interpret these results as an expression of a psychotherapeutic knowledge system. Finally, we discuss how a psychotherapeutic understanding has come to dominate work with men’s violence and what the consequences of this understanding are.

Abstract [sv]

Tidigare svensk forskning om personal som arbetar inom socialtjänsten med våldsutsatta har visat att psykoterapeutiska förklaringsmodeller kommit att betraktas som mer professionella än feministiska perspektiv på mäns våld. Flera argumenterar för att det kan leda till ett förlorat fokus på den maktobalans som råder mellan våldsutövare och våldsutsatt. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning undersöker den här artikeln socialarbetare som arbetar med behandling för våldsutövare, hur de förstår mäns våld, hur de försöker att förändra sina klienter och vad de betraktar som målet med behandlingen. Intervjuer genomfördes med 16 socialarbetare. De beskriver mäns våld som en konsekvens av ett trauma grundlagt i barndomen vilket gör att männen har svårigheter med att härbärgera sina känslor. Det försöker socialarbetarna förändra genom att bygga en terapeutisk allians och stärka männens empatiska förmåga. Den här psykoterapeutiska förståelsen tolkar vi som ett uttryck för vilken profession och organisation som kommit att äga problemet. I förlängningen innebär det att till vilken organisation man förlägger ett socialt problem kommer att få konsekvenser för det praktiska arbetet som kan bedrivas. På så sätt blir det viktigt för framtida forskning att undersöka hur frågan om behandling för män som utövar våld mot kvinnor kom att anses som hemmahörande inom socialtjänsten.

Keywords
Professionalism, Treatment for men's violence, Social work, Behandling for män som utövar våld mot kvinnor, Socialt arbete
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-225522 (URN)10.1080/13691457.2023.2297145 (DOI)001132281200001 ()2-s2.0-85180879564 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-01-17 Created: 2024-01-17 Last updated: 2026-04-15Bibliographically approved
4. Hur socialtjänsten fick ansvar för att förändra våldsutövares beteende
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hur socialtjänsten fick ansvar för att förändra våldsutövares beteende
2024 (Swedish)In: Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift, ISSN 1104-1420, E-ISSN 2003-5624, Vol. 31, no 2, p. 249-268Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Research has illustrated how victims of men’s violence became the responsibility of the Swedish Personal Social Services (PSS) and how its organisational conditions have professionalised and circumscribed practice for both victims and perpetrators. Since 2021, the responsibility of the PSS has been extended to include changing the violent behavioural patterns of perpetrators. The aim of this study has therefore been to explore the background of this legislation by asking how perpetrators of violence became the responsibility of the PSS. Following Bacchi ́s Whats the Problem represented to be-approach, I analyse representations of the problem in different poli-cies. Three phases are identified, stretching from late 1990 to 2021, when perpetrators of men’s violence are discussed on the political agenda and the PSS is given increased responsibility. First, the problem is not seen as the responsibility of the PSS; nevertheless, thereafter it is given some responsibility. Finally, in the last phase, the municipalities are given legislative responsibility. The problem thus transforms from initially being seen as caused by gender order and family problems to a behavioural issue that can be solved with treatment. In conclusion, I discuss possible expla-nations for why the PSS has been given responsibility for perpetrators of men’s violence. These include the limited number of actors the legislator had available, the Swedish history of men’s violence as a social problem and the knowledge base and practice that had developed over the years within the PSS. Finally, I discuss why the legislation has been realised as treatment. Overall, I argue that treatment for perpetrators of men’s violence existed in the emerging support field tar-geting men, which was then taken over and thereby professionalised by the PSS.

Keywords
Men’s Violence Against Women, Policy Analysis, Treatment, Social Services Act, WPR-Approach
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-253760 (URN)10.3384/svt.2024.31.2.4797 (DOI)
Available from: 2026-03-27 Created: 2026-03-27 Last updated: 2026-04-15Bibliographically approved
5. The Sender
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Sender
2023 (English)In: British Journal of Social Work, ISSN 0045-3102, E-ISSN 1468-263X, Vol. 53, no 3, p. 2p. 1911-1912Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) [Artistic work] Published
Publisher
p. 2
National Category
Social Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-253761 (URN)10.1093/bjsw/bcad076 (DOI)
Available from: 2026-03-27 Created: 2026-03-27 Last updated: 2026-04-15Bibliographically approved

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