Safeguarding the benefits people derive from nature is critical for sustainable development and human well-being. However, accelerating global change, including biodiversity loss and climate change, threatens both the provision and resilience of Nature's Contributions to People (NCP). Sustainable land use governance and management therefore depend on a robust understanding of how NCP are co-produced and maintained over time. Yet, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding how diversity across social and ecological elements shapes NCP provision and resilience. First, we still have a limited understanding of how societal demand for NCP varies across large spatial scales, and how biodiversity contributes to the ecological potential to meet these demands at scales relevant for international governance. Second, NCP assessments rarely account for temporal dynamics, and the resilience of NCP provision under increasingly intense, frequent, and unpredictable disturbances remains poorly understood. In particular, response diversity, a key property of resilience, is still sparsely studied in social-ecological systems. This thesis addresses these gaps by investigating how social and ecological diversity influence the provision and resilience of NCP at different spatial scales. Paper I empirically explores patterns of stakeholder preferences for NCP across Europe using a geographically stratified sample of studies covering diverse ecosystems and stakeholder groups. Results show that non-material NCP are consistently preferred, yet they remain underrepresented in key governance frameworks on terrestrial ecosystem management in the European Union. Paper II applies a trait-based approach to assess the role of biodiversity, in particular plant diversity, for the provision of NCP. Findings show that biodiversity contributes positively to multiple NCP, indicating that land-use management supporting biodiversity can potentially reduce trade-offs between them. In this paper, three priorities for advancing trait-based approaches are identified: expanding geographic coverage of species data, improving availability of trait data, and integrating traits linked to social-ecological processes. Paper III contributes to the conceptual development of response diversity and how it supports social-ecological resilience under conditions of polycrisis. It shows that beyond responses to different disturbances, response diversity must also support the three dimensions of resilience, that is, coping, adapting and transforming. Paper IV empirically explores these theoretical advances in the Vindelälven-Juhttátahkka Biosphere Reserve in northern Sweden. It focuses on the resilience of NCP provision to climate change, examining how response diversity is distributed across the three resilience dimensions. Findings reveal that despite a wide range of responses, actors in the region focus on adaptation more than coping and transformation. Together, these papers advance understanding of the social and ecological diversity underpinning NCP provision and resilience, offering conceptual and empirical insights to inform land use governance and management under accelerating global change.