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Career sustainability and perceived employability in assignment-based work: Evidence from umbrella company employment, solo self-employment, and temporary agency work in Sweden
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.ORCID iD: 0009-0001-2776-7258
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Assignment-based workers are an established group in the labor market, and their work is characterized by individual career responsibility, limited access to competence development, and uncertainty regarding, for example, income and career trajectories. Theoretical perspectives suggest that the sustainability of careers stems from the interplay of individual, time, and context. Employability, an individual’s perception of their chances of finding work elsewhere, can serve as a resource when navigating these careers. Research so far has paid little attention to how individuals in assignment-based work understand career sustainability and develop perceived employability. Further, the heterogeneity within assignment-based work has seldom been taken into account.

This thesis investigates career sustainability and perceived employability in assignment-based work in Sweden, examining three groups: employed gig workers operating through umbrella companies, solo self-employed workers with a registered business, and temporary agency workers. The thesis compiles three studies.

Study I explored how employed gig workers understand and create career sustainability, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 26 participants, analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis. Study II examined the role of movement capital for perceived employability in two groups of solo self-employed workers. Study III investigated the role of workplace learning, career proactivity, and education for perceived employability among a sample of temporary agency workers. Studies II and III are based on survey data.

In Study I, four themes were developed, demonstrating that career sustainability in employed gig work stems from individuals actively creating meaningful career sequences by navigating tensions across person, context, and time. Employed gig work was understood as a quest for betterment with self-employment acting as a main reference point. It was used in highly individualized ways and experienced as sustainable when workers could align it with their values, needs, and life circumstances, even though not necessarily in the long term.

In Study II, few significant associations between movement capital dimensions and perceived employability were found in both groups of solo self-employed workers. Psychological capital was positively associated with perceived employability across both groups, while age was negatively associated, especially for employed gig workers.

In Study III, informal learning was significantly and positively associated with both quantitative and qualitative perceived employability in temporary agency work, while proactive career behaviors did show this pattern for both dimensions of employability. However, these effects disappeared once education was added and age was controlled for, meaning that younger and more educated workers (for the quantitative dimension) and more educated workers (for the qualitative dimension) perceived themselves to be more employable.

The findings illustrate how career sustainability and perceived employability in assignment-based work depend on more than individual resources alone. They point to a shared responsibility among workers, clients, agencies, employers, and policymakers in supporting sustainable working lives.

Abstract [sv]

Att arbeta på uppdrag – som egenanställd, egenföretagare eller bemanningsanställd – är en etablerad arbetsform på dagens arbetsmarknad. Den här typen av arbete förknippas med autonomi och flexibilitet samtidigt som den enskilde ansvarar för sin egen kompetensutveckling och behöver navigera osäkerhet kring t ex inkomst och karriär.

I både samhället och forskningen har det skett en förskjutning i synen på vad det innebär att ha en karriär och att vara anställningsbar. Tidigare ansågs man göra karriär genom att klättra på en traditionell karriärstege inom en och samma organisation, men många har idag sina karriärer utanför ett sådant sammanhang. Att utveckla sin karriär och sin anställningsbarhet har dessutom blivit ett alltmer individuellt projekt, speciellt för dem som arbetar uppdragsbaserat. På senare tid har både samhällsdebatten och lagändringar inom arbetsrätten pekat åt samma håll: allt mer ansvar för kompetens- och karriärutveckling läggs på individen. Teoretiska perspektiv föreslår att hållbarhet i karriärer bygger på samspelet mellan individen, kontexten och tiden. Samtidigt kan anställningsbarhet, alltså hur individen själv upplever sina möjligheter att få ett arbete någon annanstans, fungera som en resurs när man navigera i dessa karriärer. Trots den här utvecklingen vet vi fortfarande lite om hållbara karriärer, och om vad som bidrar till att utveckla anställningsbarhet i karriärer som består av uppdragsbaserat arbete. Det är därför den här avhandlingen undersöker om och hur det är möjligt att ha en hållbar karriär, och vilka faktorer som har betydelse för anställningsbarhet i karriärer som inkluderar ett sådant arbete.

I Studie I undersöktes om, och i så fall hur, egenanställda kan skapa en hållbar karriär. Resultaten visar att egenanställning under vissa omständigheter kan upplevas som både hållbart och meningsfullt: flexibiliteten och möjligheten till individualisering gjorde att deltagarna kunde förena karriären med sina egna mål och värderingar, ofta efter tidigare karriärer präglade av ohållbarhet. Detta utmanar den vanliga bilden av gig-ekonomin som främst osäker. Samtidigt var deltagarna medvetna om begränsningarna: egenanställning ger ingen objektiv trygghet, passar i praktiken bara vissas behov och bygger snarare på tanken att mening kan finnas i själva strävan efter något bättre än i att hitta den "perfekta" karriären.

I Studie II var målet att undersöka betydelsen av ett antal individuella faktorer utifrån en modell som kallas movement capital (rörelsekapital på svenska). Detta gjordes i två grupper av egenföretagare: de med ett registrerat bolag och de som arbetar genom egenanställningsföretag. Rörelsekapital omfattar fyra dimensioner: humankapital, socialt kapital, karriärinsikt och anpassningsförmåga. Resultaten visade få samband mellan dessa dimensioner och den upplevda anställningsbarheten i båda grupperna. Däremot hängde psykologiskt kapital (mentala resurser som främjar hur man utvärderar och anpassar sig till ett föränderligt arbetsliv) positivt samman med anställningsbarhet i båda grupperna, medan högre ålder hängde samman med en lägre upplevd anställningsbarhet (särskilt för egenanställda).

Studie III utgick från frågan om vilken betydelse arbetsplatslärande, karriärproaktivitet och utbildning har för anställningsbarhet bland bemanningsanställda. Här visade resultaten att informellt lärande (t ex vad man lär sig genom att utföra själva arbetet) och proaktivt karriärbeteende (t ex att be om återkoppling eller planera sin karriär) till en början hängde samman med anställningsbarhet. Däremot försvann sambandet när utbildning och ålder lades in i analysen, vilket innebär att yngre individer och individer med högre utbildning upplevde sig som mer anställningsbara.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att hållbara karriärer och anställningsbarhet i uppdragsbaserat arbete beror på mer än individens egna resurser. Att stötta ett hållbart arbetsliv är därför ett delat ansvar – mellan dem som arbetar på uppdrag och kunder, bemanningsföretag, arbetsgivare och beslutsfattare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University , 2026. , p. 71
Keywords [en]
assignment-based work, career sustainability, employability, solo self-employment, employed gig work, temporary agency work, movement capital, career proactivity, workplace learning
National Category
Work Sciences
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-257987ISBN: 978-91-8107-698-1 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8107-699-8 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-257987DiVA, id: diva2:2091473
Public defence
2026-10-09, Pärlan, Hus 1, Vån 6, Albano, Albanovägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-09-16 Created: 2026-08-12 Last updated: 2026-09-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Under my umbrella? Gig workers' perspectives on career sustainability as employees in Swedish umbrella companies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Under my umbrella? Gig workers' perspectives on career sustainability as employees in Swedish umbrella companies
2025 (English)In: Journal of Vocational Behavior, ISSN 0001-8791, E-ISSN 1095-9084, Vol. 163, article id 104182Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The rise of non-standard work arrangements has increased the need for research on career sustainability within these contexts, yet insights remain limited. In this study, we explore how gig workers employed by so-called umbrella companies understand and navigate their seemingly contradictory work arrangement. Building on the framework of sustainable careers, we conducted a reflexive thematic analysis with gig workers employed by Swedish umbrella companies. Results challenge the common portrayal of gig work as inherently precarious, as workers found ways to create a meaningful and sustainable career sequence. Participants perceived umbrella companies as enabling hyper-flexibility and hyper-individualization, thereby enhancing their person-career fit. However, they also acknowledged the limitations and potential societal challenges of this work model. We discuss how the sustainable career framework can capture the complexity of how employed gig workers made sense of their careers.

Keywords
agency, career sustainability, gig work, hyper-flexibility, meaning, umbrella companies
National Category
Work Sciences
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-248259 (URN)10.1016/j.jvb.2025.104182 (DOI)001593440300001 ()2-s2.0-105017898038 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-10-22 Created: 2025-10-22 Last updated: 2026-08-12Bibliographically approved
2. Predicting Perceived Employability from Movement Capital in two Samples of the Solo Self-employed
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Predicting Perceived Employability from Movement Capital in two Samples of the Solo Self-employed
2026 (English)In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, ISSN 0143-831X, E-ISSN 1461-7099Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Perceived employability is a vital resource for individuals in uncertain work conditions, including the solo self-employed who manage their own careers. Although the movement capital model captures antecedents of perceived employability for employees, its relevance for solo self-employed workers remains unexplored. This study examines the four dimensions of the model in two groups: those with their own registered business (RBS) and those working via umbrella companies (employed gig worker (EGW)). A cross-sectional survey study of N = 750 individuals (RBS = 485, EGW = 265) was conducted. Path model analyses showed that while all movement capital dimensions (human capital, social capital, self-awareness, adaptability) were individually associated with perceived employability, only age (as part of human capital) and psychological capital (as part of adaptability) remained significant in the full model. Results were largely consistent across the two groups. The movement capital model demonstrated limited fit for both groups, particularly for registered business owners.

Keywords
employability, movement capital, solo self-employed, gig work, umbrella company, business owner
National Category
Work Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-257999 (URN)10.1177/0143831X261479458 (DOI)001856407100001 ()2-s2.0-105048116888 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2026-08-11 Created: 2026-08-11 Last updated: 2026-09-15
3. Learning to fly? Exploring the Roles of Workplace Learning, Career Proactivity and Education for Perceived Employability among Temporary Agency Workers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Learning to fly? Exploring the Roles of Workplace Learning, Career Proactivity and Education for Perceived Employability among Temporary Agency Workers
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Perceived employability is a key resource for workers in temporary agency work (TAW) to navigate their careers, both in terms of finding similar (quantitative employability) and better employment opportunities (qualitative employability). Drawing on human capital theory, the role of workplace learning, proactive career behaviors, and education may be vital for workers’ employability perceptions, but hitherto, studies in a TAW context are scarce. This study therefore investigated associations between informal learning, formal learning, proactive career behaviors, education, and perceived quantitative and qualitative employability in a sample of TAW workers in Sweden (N = 288). Main effects and moderation by work extent were tested with hierarchical regression analyses. For quantitative employability, informal learning, proactive career behaviors, and education showed significant positive associations, whereas formal learning did not. For qualitative employability, both proactive career behaviors and education were significantly and positively associated, while neither informal nor formal learning was. However, when age was controlled for, all associations became non-significant, except for the associations between education and both employability dimensions. In addition, age was a significant negative predictor of quantitative employability. None of these associations were moderated by work extent, i.e. full versus part-time status in TAW. 

Keywords
Career Proactivity, Employability, Formal Learning, Informal Learning, Proactive Career Behaviors, Temporary Agency Work, Workplace Learning
National Category
Psychology
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-257986 (URN)
Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-12

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